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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
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Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
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HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, starch phosphorylase

Akihiro T, Mizuno K, Fujimura T. Gene expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch contents in rice cultured cells are cooperatively regulated by sucrose and ABA. Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 937-946 (2005).

Appeldoorn NJG, de Bruijn SM, Koot-Gronsveld EAM, Visser RGF, Vreugdenhil D, van der Plas LHW. Developmental changes of enzymes involved in conversion of sucrose to hexose-phosphate during early tuberisation of potato. Planta 202: 220-226 (1997).

Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Akazawa T, Pozueta-Romero J. Reappraisal of the currently prevailing model of starch biosynthesis in photosynthetic tissues: a proposal involving the cytosolic production of ADP-glucose by sucrose synthase and occurrence of cyclic turnover of starch in the chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1311-1320 (2001).

Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Akazawa T, Pozueta-Romero J. Reappraisal of the currently prevailing model of starch biosynthesis in photosynthetic tissues: a proposal involving the cytosolic production of ADP-glucose by sucrose synthase and occurrence of cyclic turnover of starch in the chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1311-1320 (2001).

Beckles DM, Smith AM, ap Rees T. A cytosolic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a feature of graminaceous endosperms, but not of other starch-storing organs. Plant Physiol. 125: 818-827 (2001).

Bologa KL, Fernie AR, Leisse A, Ehlers Loureiro M, Geigenberger P. A bypass of sucrose synthase leads to low internal oxygen and impaired metabolic performance in growing potato tubers. Plant Physiol. 132: 2058-2072 (2003).

Borisjuk L, Rolletschek H, Wobus U, Weber H. Differentiation of legume cotyledons as related to metabolic gradients and assimilate transport into seeds. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 503-512 (2003).

Brown CS, Piastuch WC. Starch metabolism in germinating soybean cotyledons is sensitive to clinorotation and centrifugation. Plant Cell Environ. 17: 341-344 (1994).

Buchner P, Borisjuk L, Wobus U. Glucan phosphorylases in Vicia faba L.: cloning, structural analysis and expression patterns of cytosolic and plastidic forms in relation to starch. Planta 199: 64-73 (1996).

Carvalho LJ, de Souza CR, de Mattos Cascardo JC, Junior CB, Campos L. Identification and characterization of a novel cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clone with high free sugar content and novel starch. Plant Mol. Biol. 56: 643-659 (2004).

Chen LS, Qi YP, Smith BR, Liu XH. Aluminum-induced decrease in CO2 assimilation in citrus seedlings is unaccompanied by decreased activities of key enzymes involved in CO2 assimilation. Tree Physiol. 25: 317-324 (2005).

Cheng L, Zhou R, Reidel EJ, Sharkey TD, Dandekar AM. Antisense inhibition of sorbitol synthesis leads to up-regulation of starch synthesis without altering CO2 assimilation in apple leaves. Planta 220: 767-776 (2005).

Cid E, Geremia RA, Guinovart JJ, Ferrer JC. Glycogen synthase: towards a minimum catalytic unit? FEBS Lett. 528: 5-11 (2002).

Ciereszko I, Johansson H, Hurry V, Kleczkowski LA. Phosphate status affects the gene expression, protein content and enzymatic activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in wild-type and pho mutants of Arabidopsis. Planta 212: 598-605 (2001).

Colleoni C, Dauvillee D, Mouille G, Buleon A, Gallant D, Bouchet B, Morell M, Samuel M, Delrue B, d'Hulst C, Bliard C, Nuzillard JM, Ball S. Genetic and biochemical evidence for the involvement of alpha-1,4 glucanotransferases in amylopectin synthesis. Plant Physiol. 120: 993-1004 (1999).

da Mota RV, Cordenunsi BR, Do Nascimento JR, Purgatto E, Rosseto MR, Lajolo FM. Activity and expression of banana starch phosphorylases during fruit development and ripening. Planta 216: 325-333 (2002).

daSilva PMFR, Eastmond PJ, Hill LM, Smith AM, Rawsthorne S. Starch metabolism in developing embryos of oilseed rape. Planta 203: 480-487 (1997).

Dauvillee D, Chochois V, Steup M, Haebel S, Eckermann N, Ritte G, Ral JP, Colleoni C, Hicks G, Wattebled F, Deschamps P, d'Hulst C, Lienard L, Cournac L, Putaux JL, Dupeyre D, Ball SG. Plastidial phosphorylase is required for normal starch synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J. 48: 274-285 (2006).

Dian W, Jiang H, Wu P. Evolution and expression analysis of starch synthase III and IV in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 623-632 (2005).

Dodd AN, Griffiths H, Taybi T, Cushman JC, Borland AM. Integrating diel starch metabolism with the circadian and environmental regulation of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Planta 216: 789-797 (2003).

Dumez S, Wattebled F, Dauvillee D, Delvalle D, Planchot V, Ball SG, D'Hulst C. Mutants of Arabidopsis lacking starch branching enzyme II substitute plastidial starch synthesis by cytoplasmic maltose accumulation. Plant Cell 18: 2694-2709 (2006).

Duwenig E, Steup M, Kossmann J. Induction of genes encoding plastidic phosphorylase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by exogenously supplied carbohydrates in excised leaf discs. Planta 203: 111-120 (1997).

Eimert K, Wang SM, Lue WI, Chen J. Monogenic recessive mutations causing both late floral initiation and excess starch accumulation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7: 1703-1712 (1995).

Emes MJ, Neuhaus HE. Metabolism and transport in non-photosynthetic plastids. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1995-2005 (1997).

Farre EM, Bachmann A, Willmitzer L, Trethewey RN. Acceleration of potato tuber sprouting by the expression of a bacterial pyrophosphatase. Nat. Biotechnol. 19: 268-272 (2001).

Farre EM, Geigenberger P, Willmitzer L, Trethewey RN. A possible role for pyrophosphate in the coordination of cytosolic and plastidial carbon metabolism within the potato tuber. Plant Physiol. 123: 681-688 (2000).

Farre EM, Tiessen A, Roessner U, Geigenberger P, Trethewey RN, Willmitzer L. Analysis of the compartmentation of glycolytic intermediates, nucleotides, sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and sugar alcohols in potato tubers using a nonaqueous fractionation method. Plant Physiol. 127: 685-700 (2001).

Fernie AR, Roessner U, Trethewey RN, Willmitzer L. The contribution of plastidial phosphoglucomutase to the control of starch synthesis within the potato tuber. Planta 213: 418-426 (2001).

Fernie AR, Tiessen A, Stitt M, Willmitzer L, Geigenberger P. Altered metabolic fluxes result from shifts in metabolite levels in sucrose phosphorylase-expressing potato tubers. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1219-1232 (2002).

Fettke J, Chia T, Eckermann N, Smith A, Steup M. A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG). Plant J. 46: 668-684 (2006).

Fettke J, Eckermann N, Poeste S, Pauly M, Steup M. The glycan substrate of the cytosolic (Pho 2) phosphorylase isozyme from Pisum sativum L.: identification, linkage analysis and subcellular localization. Plant J. 39: 933-946 (2004).

Fettke J, Eckermann N, Tiessen A, Geigenberger P, Steup M. Identification, subcellular localization and biochemical characterization of water-soluble heteroglycans (SHG) in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana L.: distinct SHG reside in the cytosol and in the apoplast. Plant J. 43: 568-585 (2005).

Fettke J, Nunes-Nesi A, Alpers J, Szkop M, Fernie AR, Steup M. Alterations in cytosolic glucose phosphate metabolism affect structural features and biochemical properties of starch-related heteroglycans. Plant Physiol. 148: 1614-1629 (2008).

Fritzius T, Aeschbacher R, Wiemken A, Wingler A. Induction of ApL3 expression by trehalose complements the starch-deficient Arabidopsis mutant adg2-1 lacking ApL1, the large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Plant Physiol. 126: 883-889 (2001).

Geigenberger P. Regulation of sucrose to starch conversion in growing potato tubers. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 457-465 (2003).

Geigenberger P, Geiger M, Stitt M. High-temperature perturbation of starch synthesis is attributable to inhibition of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by decreased levels of glycerate-3-phosphate in growing potato tubers. Plant Physiol. 117: 1307-1316 (1998).

Geigenberger P, Hajirezaei M, Geiger M, Deiting U, Sonnewald U, Stitt M. Overexpression of pyrophosphatase leads to increased sucrose degradation and starch synthesis, increased activities of enzymes for sucrose-starch interconversions, and increased levels of nucleotides in growing potato tubers. Planta 205: 428-437 (1998).

Geigenberger P, Kolbe A, Tiessen A. Redox regulation of carbon storage and partitioning in response to light and sugars. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1469-1479 (2005).

Geigenberger P, Muller-Rober B, Stitt M. Contribution of adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase to the control of starch synthesis is decreased by water stress in growing potato tubers. Planta 209: 338-345 (1999).

Geigenberger P, Reimholz R, Geiger M, Merlo L, Canale V, Stitt M. Regulation of sucrose and starch metabolism in potato tubers in response to short-term water deficit. Planta 201: 502-518 (1997).

Geigenberger P, Stamme C, Tjaden J, Schulz A, Quick PW, Betsche T, Kersting HJ, Neuhaus HE. Tuber physiology and properties of starch from tubers of transgenic potato plants with altered plastidic adenylate transporter activity. Plant Physiol. 125: 1667-1678 (2001).

Geigenberger P, Stitt M. Diurnal changes in sucrose, nucleotides, starch synthesis and AGPS transcript in growing potato tubers that are suppressed by decreased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase. Plant J. 23: 795-806 (2000).

Geigenberger P, Stitt M, Fernie AR. Metabolic control analysis and regulation of the conversion of sucrose to starch in growing potato tubers. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 655-673 (2004).

Geiger M, Haake V, Ludewig F, Sonnewald U, Stitt M. The nitrate and ammonium nitrate supply have a major influence on the response of photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and growth to elevated carbon dioxide in tobacco. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 1177-1199 (1999).

Gibon Y, Blasing OE, Palacios-Rojas N, Pankovic D, Hendriks JH, Fisahn J, Hohne M, Gunther M, Stitt M. Adjustment of diurnal starch turnover to short days. Plant J. 39: 847-862 (2004).

Griessler R, Schwarz A, Mucha J, Nidetzky B. Tracking interactions that stabilize the dimer structure of starch phosphorylase from Corynebacterium callunae. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 2126-2136 (2003).

Grimaud F, Rogniaux H, James MG, Myers AM, Planchot V. Proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of starch granule-associated proteins from normal maize and mutants affected in starch biosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 3395-3406 (2008).

Hausler RE, Schlieben NH, Nicolay P, Fischer K, Fischer KL, Flugge UI. Control of carbon partitioning and photosynthesis by the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacumL.). I. Comparative … Planta 210: 371-382 (2000).

Hausler RE, Schlieben NH, Schulz B, Flugge UI. Compensation of decreased triose phosphate/phosphate translocator activity by accelerated starch turnover and glucose transport in transgenic tobacco. Planta 204: 366-376 (1998).

Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Lin Q, Grimaud F, Planchot V, Keeling PL, James MG, Myers AM. Proteins from multiple metabolic pathways associate with starch biosynthetic enzymes in high molecular weight complexes: a model for regulation of carbon allocation in maize amyloplasts. Plant Physiol. 149: 1541-1559 (2009).

Johnson PE, Patron NJ, Bottrill AR, Dinges JR, Fahy BF, Parker ML, Waite DN, Denyer K. A low-starch barley mutant, Riso 16, lacking the cytosolic small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, reveals the importance of the cytosolic isoform and the identity of the plastidial small subunit. Plant Physiol. 131: 684-696 (2003).

Jossier M, Bouly JP, Meimoun P, Arjmand A, Lessard P, Hawley S, Grahame Hardie D, Thomas M. SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) has a central role in sugar and ABA signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 59: 316-328 (2009).

Kawagoe Y, Kubo A, Satoh H, Takaiwa F, Nakamura Y. Roles of isoamylase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in starch granule synthesis in rice endosperm. Plant J. 42: 164-174 (2005).

Klaus D, Ohlrogge JB, Neuhaus HE, Dormann P. Increased fatty acid production in potato by engineering of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Planta 219: 389-396 (2004).

Kortstee AJ, Appeldoorn NJ, Oortwijn ME, Visser RG. Differences in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during early fruit development between domesticated tomato and two wild relatives. Planta 226: 929-939 (2007).

Kram AM, Oostergetel GT, Van Bruggen E. Localization of branching enzyme in potato tuber cells with the use of immunoelectron microscopy. Plant Physiol. 101: 237-243 (1993).

Laisk A, Eichelmann H, Oja V. C3 photosynthesis in silico. Photosynth. Res. 90: 45-66 (2006).

Lalonde S, Morse D, Saini HS. Expression of a wheat ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene during development of normal and water-stress-affected anthers. Plant Mol. Biol. 34: 445-453 (1997).

Lee SK, Hwang SK, Han M, Eom JS, Kang HG, Han Y, Choi SB, Cho MH, Bhoo SH, An G, Hahn TR, Okita TW, Jeon JS. Identification of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms essential for starch synthesis in the leaf and seed endosperm of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Mol. Biol. 65: 531-546 (2007).

Li CY, Weiss D, Goldschmidt EE. Girdling affects carbohydrate-related gene expression in leaves, bark and roots of alternate-bearing citrus trees. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 92: 137-143 (2003).

Li CY, Weiss D, Goldschmidt EE. Effects of carbohydrate starvation on gene expression in citrus root. Planta 217: 11-20 (2003).

Li TH, Li SH. Leaf responses of micropropagated apple plants to water stress: nonstructural carbohydrate composition and regulatory role of metabolic enzymes. Tree Physiol. 25: 495-504 (2005).

Li WD, Duan W, Fan PG, Yan ST, Li SH. Photosynthesis in response to sink-source activity and in relation to end products and activities of metabolic enzymes in peach trees. Tree Physiol. 27: 1307-1318 (2007).

Lin Y, Ulanov AV, Lozovaya V, Widholm J, Zhang G, Guo J, Goodman HM. Genetic and transgenic perturbations of carbon reserve production in Arabidopsis seeds reveal metabolic interactions of biochemical pathways. Planta 225: 153-164 (2006).

Lloyd JR, Kossmann J, Ritte G. Leaf starch degradation comes out of the shadows. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 130-137 (2005).

Lloyd JR, Springer F, Buleon A, Muller-Rober B, Willmitzer L, Kossmann J. The influence of alterations in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activities on starch structure and composition in potato tubers. Planta 209: 230-238 (1999).

Loef I, Stitt M, Geigenberger P. Increased levels of adenine nucleotides modify the interaction between starch synthesis and respiration when adenine is supplied to discs from growing potato tubers. Planta 212: 782-791 (2001).

Lu Y, Steichen JM, Yao J, Sharkey TD. The role of cytosolic {alpha}-glucan phosphorylase in maltose metabolism and the comparison of amylomaltase in Arabidopsis and Escherichia coli. Plant Physiol. 142: 878-889 (2006).

Martindale W, Leegood RC. Acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperature in Spinacia oleracea L. 1. Effects of acclimation on CO2 assimilation and carbon partitioning. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1865-1872 (1997).

Miyazawa Y, Sakai A, Miyagishima Sy, Takano H, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. Auxin and cytokinin have opposite effects on amyloplast development and the expression of starch synthesis genes in cultured bright yellow-2 tobacco cells. Plant Physiol. 121: 461-470 (1999).

Mu-Forster C, Huang R, Powers JR, Harriman RW, Knight M, Singletary GW, Keeling PL, Wasserman BP. Physical association of starch biosynthetic enzymes with starch granules of maize endosperm. Granule-associated forms of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme II. Plant Physiol. 111: 821-829 (1996).

Nagai YS, Sakulsingharoj C, Edwards GE, Satoh H, Greene TW, Blakeslee B, Okita TW. Control of starch synthesis in cereals: metabolite analysis of transgenic rice expressing an up-regulated cytoplasmic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in developing seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 50: 635-643 (2009).

Nishi A, Nakamura Y, Tanaka N, Satoh H. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the effects of amylose-extender mutation in rice endosperm. Plant Physiol. 127: 459-472 (2001).

Ohdan T, Francisco PB Jr, Sawada T, Hirose T, Terao T, Satoh H, Nakamura Y. Expression profiling of genes involved in starch synthesis in sink and source organs of rice. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 3229-3244 (2005).

Oliver SN, Tiessen A, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P. Decreased expression of plastidial adenylate kinase in potato tubers results in an enhanced rate of respiration and a stimulation of starch synthesis that is attributable to post-translational redox-activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 315-325 (2008).

Parera CA, Cantliffe DJ, McCarty DR, Hannah LC. Improving vigor in shrunken-2 corn seedlings. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 121: 1069-1075 (1996).

Preiss J. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase: basic science and applications in biotechnology. Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 2: 259-279 (1996).

Qu le Q, Takaiwa F. Evaluation of tissue specificity and expression strength of rice seed component gene promoters in transgenic rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2: 113-125 (2004).

Ral JP, Colleoni C, Wattebled F, Dauvillee D, Nempont C, Deschamps P, Li Z, Morell MK, Chibbar R, Purton S, d'Hulst C, Ball SG. Circadian clock regulation of starch metabolism establishes GBSSI as a major contributor to amylopectin synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 142: 305-317 (2006).

Rober M, Geider K, Muller-Rober B, Willmitzer L. Synthesis of fructans in tubers of transgenic starch-deficient potato plants does not result in an increased allocation of carbohydrates. Planta 199: 528-536 (1996).

Rolletschek H, Koch K, Wobus U, Borisjuk L. Positional cues for the starch/lipid balance in maize kernels and resource partitioning to the embryo. Plant J. 42: 69-83 (2005).

Sasaki H, Edo E, Uehara N, Ishimaru T, Kawamitsu Y, Suganuma S, Ueda D, Ohsugi R. Effect of sucrose on activity of starch synthesis enzymes in rice ears in culture. Physiol. Plant. 124: 301-310 (2005).

Satoh H, Shibahara K, Tokunaga T, Nishi A, Tasaki M, Hwang SK, Okita TW, Kaneko N, Fujita N, Yoshida M, Hosaka Y, Sato A, Utsumi Y, Ohdan T, Nakamura Y. Mutation of the plastidial alpha-glucan phosphorylase gene in rice affects the synthesis and structure of starch in the endosperm. Plant Cell 20: 1833-1849 (2008).

Scheible WR, Gonzalez-Fontes A, Lauerer M, Muller-Rober B, Caboche M, Stitt M. Nitrate acts as a signal to induce organic acid metabolism and repress starch metabolism in tobacco. Plant Cell 9: 783-798 (1997).

Shannon JC, Pien FM, Cao H, Liu KC. Brittle-1, an adenylate translocator, facilitates transfer of extraplastidial synthesized ADP-glucose into amyloplasts of maize endosperms. Plant Physiol. 117: 1235-1252 (1998).

Siedlecka A, Ciereszko I, Mellerowicz E, Martz F, Chen J, Kleczkowski LA. The small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ApS) promoter mediates okadaic acid-sensitive uidA expression in starch-synthesizing tissues and cells in Arabidopsis. Planta 217: 184-192 (2003).

Sinha P, Dube BK, Chatterjee C. Amelioration of chromium phytotoxicity in spinach by withdrawal of chromium or iron application through different modes. Plant Sci. 169: 641-646 (2005).

Smith AM. Prospects for increasing starch and sucrose yields for bioethanol production. Plant J. 54: 546-558 (2008).

Souleyre EJF, Iannetta PPM, Ross HA, Hancock RD, Shepherd LVT, Viola R, Taylor MA, Davies HV. Starch metabolism in developing strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruits. Physiol. Plant. 121: 369-376 (2004).

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Sweetlove LJ, Burrell MM, ap Rees T. Characterization of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers with increased ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. Biochem. J. 320: 487-492 (1996).

Sweetlove LJ, Kruger NJ, Hill SA. Starch synthesis in transgenic potato tubers with increased 3-phosphoglyceric acid content as a consequence of increased 6-phosphofructokinase activity. Planta 213: 478-482 (2001).

Sweetlove LJ, Muller-Rober B, Willmitzer L, Hill SA. The contribution of adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase to the control of starch synthesis in potato tubers. Planta 209: 330-337 (1999).

Sweetlove LJ, Tomlinson KL, Hill SA. The effect of exogenous sugars on the control of flux by adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase in potato tuber discs. Planta 214: 741-750 (2002).

Tecsi LI, Maule AJ, Smith AM, Leegood RC. Metabolic alterations in cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo infected by cucumber mosaic virus. J. Exp. Bot. 45: 1541-1551 (1994).

Tetlow IJ, Wait R, Lu Z, Akkasaeng R, Bowsher CG, Esposito S, Kosar-Hashemi B, Morell MK, Emes MJ. Protein phosphorylation in amyloplasts regulates starch branching enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. Plant Cell 16: 694-708 (2004).

Thevenot C, Simond-Cote E, Reyss A, Manicacci D, Trouverie J, Le Guilloux M, Ginhoux V, Sidicina F, Prioul JL. QTLs for enzyme activities and soluble carbohydrates involved in starch accumulation during grain filling in maize. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 945-958 (2005).

Thyssen C, Schlichting R, Giersch C. The CO2-concentrating mechanism in the physiological context: lowering the CO2 supply diminishes culture growth and economises starch utilisation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 213: 629-639 (2001).

Tiessen A, Hendriks JH, Stitt M, Branscheid A, Gibon Y, Farre EM, Geigenberger P. Starch synthesis in potato tubers is regulated by post-translational redox modification of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase: a novel regulatory mechanism linking starch synthesis to the sucrose supply. Plant Cell 14: 2191-2213 (2002).

Trethewey RN, Fernie AR, Bachmann A, Fleischer-Notter H, Geigenberger P, Willmitzer L. Expression of a bacterial sucrose phosphorylase in potato tubers results in a glucose-independent induction of glycolysis. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 357-365 (2001).

Trethewey RN, Riesmeier JW, Willmitzer L, Stitt M, Geigenberger P. Tuber-specific expression of a yeast invertase and a bacterial glucokinase in potato leads to an activation of sucrose phosphate synthase and the creation of a sucrose futile cycle. Planta 208: 227-238 (1999).

Vigeolas H, Mohlmann T, Martini N, Neuhaus HE, Geigenberger P. Embryo-specific reduction of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase leads to an inhibition of starch synthesis and a delay in oil accumulation in developing seeds of oilseed rape. Plant Physiol. 136: 2676-2686 (2004).

Weber H, Heim U, Borisjuk L, Wobus U. Cell-type specific, coordinate expression of two ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase genes in relation to starch biosynthesis during seed development of Vicia faba L. Planta 195: 352-361 (1995).

Weber H, Rolletschek H, Heim U, Golombek S, Gubatz S, Wobus U. Antisense-inhibition of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in developing seeds of Vicia narbonensis moderately decreases starch but increases protein content and affects seed maturation. Plant J. 24: 33-43 (2000).

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Westram A, Lloyd JR, Roessner U, Riesmeier JW, Kossmann J. Increases of 3-phosphoglyceric acid in potato plants through antisense reduction of cytoplasmic phosphoglycerate mutase impairs photosynthesis and growth, but does not increase starch contents. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1133-1143 (2002).

Wingler A, Fritzius T, Wiemken A, Boller T, Aeschbacher RA. Trehalose induces the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene, ApL3, and starch synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 124: 105-114 (2000).

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Xing JP, Li XY, Luo YY, Gianfagna TJ, Janes HW. Isolation and expression analysis of two tomato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase S (large) subunit gene promoters. Plant Sci. 169: 882-893 (2005).

Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Xu G, Zhu Q. Activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in wheat grains subjected to water deficit during grain filling. Plant Physiol. 135: 1621-1629 (2004).

Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhu Q. Activities of starch hydrolytic enzymes and sucrose-phosphate synthase in the stems of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 2169-2179 (2001).

Young GH, Chen HM, Lin CT, Tseng KC, Wu JS, Juang RH. Site-specific phosphorylation of L-form starch phosphorylase by the protein kinase activity from sweet potato roots. Planta 223: 468-478 (2006).

Yu Y, Mu HH, Wasserman BP, Carman GM. Identification of the maize amyloplast stromal 112-kD protein as a plastidic starch phosphorylase. Plant Physiol. 125: 351-359 (2001).

Zabawinski C, Van den Koornhuyse N, D'Hulst C, Schlichting R, Giersch C, Delrue B, Lacroix JM, Preiss J, Ball S. Starchless mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lack the small subunit of a heterotetrameric ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. J. Bacteriol. 183: 1069-1077 (2001).

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Zeeman SC, Thorneycroft D, Schupp N, Chapple A, Weck M, Dunstan H, Haldimann P, Bechtold N, Smith AM, Smith SM. Plastidial alpha-glucan phosphorylase is not required for starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves but has a role in the tolerance of abiotic stress. Plant Physiol. 135: 849-858 (2004).

Zhu XG, de Sturler E, Long SP. Optimizing the distribution of resources between enzymes of carbon metabolism can dramatically increase photosynthetic rate: a numerical simulation using an evolutionary algorithm. Plant Physiol. 145: 513-526 (2007).

Number of references = 119

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