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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, spermidine or spermine

Abbott JJ, Pei J, Ford JL, Qi Y, Grishin VN, Pitcher LA, Phillips MA, Grishin NV. Structure prediction and active site analysis of the metal binding determinants in {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 42099-42107 (2001).

Alabadi D, Aguero MS, Perez-Amador MA, Carbonell J. Arginase, arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and polyamines in tomato ovaries. Changes in unpollinated ovaries and parthenocarpic fruits induced by auxin or gibberellin. Plant Physiol. 112: 1237-1244 (1996).

Alabadi D, Carbonell J. Differential expression of two spermidine synthase genes during early fruit development and in vegetative tissues of pea. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 933-943 (1999).

Alcazar R, Garcia-Martinez JL, Cuevas JC, Tiburcio AF, Altabella T. Overexpression of ADC2 in Arabidopsis induces dwarfism and late-flowering through GA deficiency. Plant J. 43: 425-436 (2005).

Ali R, Zielinski RE, Berkowitz GA. Expression of plant cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels in yeast. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 125-138 (2006).

Andersen SE, Bastola DR, Minocha SC. Metabolism of polyamines in transgenic cells of carrot expressing a mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Plant Physiol. 116: 299-307 (1998).

Anguera MC, Liu X, Stover PJ. Cloning, expression, and purification of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Mus musculus. Protein Expr. Purif. 35: 276-283 (2004).

Anke S, Gonde D, Kaltenegger E, Hansch R, Theuring C, Ober D. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids: developmental expression of alkaloid-specific homospermidine synthase in root tips and young flower buds. Plant Physiol. 148: 751-760 (2008).

Anke S, Niemuller D, Moll S, Hansch R, Ober D. Polyphyletic origin of pyrrolizidine alkaloids within the Asteraceae. Evidence from differential tissue expression of homospermidine synthase. Plant Physiol. 136: 4037-4047 (2004).

Antognoni F, Agostani S, Spinelli C, Koskinen M, Elo H, Bagni N. Effect of bis(guanylhydrazones) on growth and polyamine uptake in plant cells. J. Plant Growth Regul. 18: 39-44 (1999).

Antognoni F, Fornale S, Grimmer C, Komor E, Bagni N. Long-distance translocation of polyamines in phloem and xylem of Ricinus communis L. plants. Planta 204: 520-527 (1998).

Apelbaum A, Canellakis ZN, Applewhite PB, Kaur-Sawhney R, Galston AW. Binding of spermidine to a unique protein in thin-layer tobacco tissue culture. Plant Physiol. 88: 996-998 (1988).

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Aziz A. Spermidine and related-metabolic inhibitors modulate sugar and amino acid levels in Vitis vinifera L.: possible relationships with initial fruitlet abscission. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 355-363 (2003).

Bae H, Kim SH, Kim MS, Sicher RC, Lary D, Strem MD, Natarajan S, Bailey BA. The drought response of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and the regulation of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis by drought and other stresses. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 46: 174-188 (2008).

Bagga S, Rochford J, Klaene Z, Kuehn GD, Phillips GC. Putrescine aminopropyltransferase is responsible for biosynthesis of spermidine, spermine, and multiple uncommon polyamines in osmotic stress-tolerant alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 114: 445-454 (1997).

Bagni N, Tassoni A. Biosynthesis, oxidation and conjugation of aliphatic polyamines in higher plants. Amino Acids 20: 301-317 (2001).

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Bassie L, Noury M, Lepri O, Lahaye T, Christou P, Capell T. Promoter strength influences polyamine metabolism and morphogenic capacity in transgenic rice tissues expressing the oat ADC cDNA constitutively. Transgenic Res. 9: 33-42 (2000).

Bateman A, Rawlings ND. The CHAP domain: a large family of amidases including GSP amidase and peptidoglycan hydrolases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28: 234-237 (2003).

Bergmann H, Machelett B, Lippmann B, Friedrich Y. Influence of heavy metals on the accumulation of trimethylglycine, putrescine and spermine in food plants. Amino Acids 20: 325-329 (2001).

Berta G, Altamura MM, Fusconi A, Cerruti F, Capitani F, Bagni N. The plant cell wall is altered by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. New Phytol. 137: 569-577 (1997).

Bhatnagar P, Glasheen BM, Bains SK, Long SL, Minocha R, Walter C, Minocha SC. Transgenic manipulation of the metabolism of polyamines in poplar cells. Plant Physiol. 125: 2139-2153 (2001).

Bhatnagar P, Minocha R, Minocha SC. Genetic manipulation of the metabolism of polyamines in poplar cells. The regulation of putrescine catabolism. Plant Physiol. 128: 1455-1469 (2002).

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Bitonti AJ, McCann PP, Sjoerdsma A. Restriction of bacterial growth by inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by using monofluoromethylornithine, difluoromethylarginine and dicyclohexylammonium sulphate. Biochem. J. 208: 435-441 (1982).

Bouchereau A, Duhaze C, Martin-Tanguy J, Guegan JP, Larher F. Improved analytical methods for determination of nitrogenous stress metabolites occurring in Limonium species. J. Chromatogr. A. 836: 209-221 (1999).

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Bueso E, Alejandro S, Carbonell P, Perez-Amador MA, Fayos J, Belles JM, Rodriguez PL, Serrano R. The lithium tolerance of the Arabidopsis cat2 mutant reveals a cross-talk between oxidative stress and ethylene. Plant J. 52: 1052-1065 (2007).

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Butcher NJ, Broadhurst GM, Minchin RF. Polyamine-dependent regulation of spermidine-spermine N1-acetyltransferase mRNA translation. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 28530-28539 (2007).

Capell T, Bassie L, Christou P. Modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 9909-9914 (2004).

Capell T, Bassie L, Topsom L, Hitchin E, Christou P. Simultaneous reduction of the activity of two related enzymes, involved in early steps of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, by a single antisense cDNA in transgenic rice. Mol. Gen. Genet. 264: 470-476 (2000).

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Chen KY, Martynowicz H. Lack of detectable polyamines in an extremely halophilic bacterium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124: 423-429 (1984).

Chiang PK, Gordon RK, Tal J, Zeng GC, Doctor BP, Pardhasaradhi K, McCann PP. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylation. FASEB J. 10: 471-480 (1996).

Chini EN, de Faria FO, Cardoso CM, de Meis L. The enhancement of Ca2+ efflux from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by urea. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 299: 73-76 (1992).

Clay NK, Nelson T. Arabidopsis thickvein mutation affects vein thickness and organ vascularization, and resides in a provascular cell-specific spermine synthase involved in vein definition and in polar auxin transport. Plant Physiol. 138: 767-777 (2005).

Coello P, Vazquez-Ramos JM. Studies on the processivity of maize DNA polymerase 2, an [alpha]-type enzyme. Plant Physiol. 109: 645-650 (1995).

Cona A, Rea G, Botta M, Corelli F, Federico R, Angelini R. Flavin-containing polyamine oxidase is a hydrogen peroxide source in the oxidative response to the protein phosphatase inhibitor cantharidin in Zea mays L. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2277-2289 (2006).

Cowley T, Walters DR. Polyamine metabolism in barley reacting hypersensitively to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 461-468 (2002).

Cunningham-Rundles S, Maas WK. Isolation, characterization, and mapping of Escherichia coli mutants blocked in the synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase. J. Bacteriol. 124: 791-799 (1975).

Cvikrova M, Gemperlova L, Eder J, Zazímalova E. Excretion of polyamines in alfalfa and tobacco suspension-cultured cells and its possible role in maintenance of intracellular polyamine contents. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1147-1156 (2008).

Datta N, Schell MB, Roux SJ. Spermine stimulation of a nuclear NII kinase from pea plumules and its role in the phosphorylation of a nuclear polypeptide. Plant Physiol. 84: 1397-1401 (1987).

Davis RH, Ristow JL. Polyamine transport in Neurospora crassa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 267: 479-489 (1988).

De Luca V, Laflamme P. The expanding universe of alkaloid biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 225-233 (2001).

De Luca V, St Pierre B. The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 168-173 (2000).

De Zacchini M, De Agazio M. Dimethylthiourea, a hydrogen peroxide trap, partially prevents stress effects and ascorbate peroxidase increase in spermidine-treated maize roots. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 237-244 (2001).

Della Mea M, Caparros-Ruiz D, Claparols I, Serafini-Fracassini D, Rigau J. AtPng1p. The first plant transglutaminase. Plant Physiol. 135: 2046-2054 (2004).

Della Mea M, Di Sandro A, Dondini L, Del Duca S, Vantini F, Bergamini C, Bassi R, Serafini-Fracassini D. A Zea mays 39-kDa thylakoid transglutaminase catalyses the modification by polyamines of light-harvesting complex II in a light-dependent way. Planta 219: 754-764 (2004).

Di Paolo ML, Scarpa M, Corazza A, Stevanato R, Rigo A. Binding of cations of group IA and IIA to bovine serum amine oxidase: effect on the activity. Biophys. J. 83: 2231-2239 (2002).

Dufe VT, Luersen K, Eschbach ML, Haider N, Karlberg T, Walter RD, Al-Karadaghi S. Cloning, expression, characterisation and three-dimensional structure determination of Caenorhabditis elegans spermidine synthase. FEBS Lett. 579: 6037-6043 (2005).

Duhaze C, Gagneul D, Leport L, Larher FR, Bouchereau A. Uracil as one of the multiple sources of beta-alanine in Limonium latifolium, a halotolerant beta-alanine betaine accumulating Plumbaginaceae. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 993-998 (2003).

Echevarria-Machado I, Ku-Gonzalez A, Loyola-Vargas VM, Hernandez-Sotomayor SM. Interaction of spermine with a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipase C, during the growth of Catharanthus roseus transformed roots. Physiol. Plant. 120: 140-151 (2004).

Eichler W. Properties of purified L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) from Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Protozool. 36: 577-582 (1989).

Eichler W. Inhibition of L-arginine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Tetrahymena thermophila by putrescine and spermidine: feedback control of polyamine biosynthesis. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 370: 1127-1131 (1989).

Fellenberg C, Milkowski C, Hause B, Lange PR, Böttcher CT, Schmidt J, Vogt T. Tapetum specific location of a cation-dependent O-methyltransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 56: 132-145 (2008).

Fixon-Owoo S, Levasseur F, Williams K, Sabado TN, Lowe M, Klose M, Joffre Mercier A, Fields P, Atkinson J. Preparation and biological assessment of hydroxycinnamic acid amides of polyamines. Phytochemistry 63: 315-334 (2003).

Fornale S, Sarjala T, Bagni N. Endogenous polyamine content and metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytol. 143: 581-587 (1999).

Forouhar F, Lee IS, Vujcic J, Vujcic S, Shen J, Vorobiev SM, Xiao R, Acton TB, Montelione GT, Porter CW, Tong L. Structural and functional evidence for Bacillus subtilis PaiA as a novel N1-spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT). J. Biol. Chem. 280: 40328-40336 (2005).

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Galston AW, Sawhney RK. Polyamines in plant physiology. Plant Physiol. 94: 406-410 (1990).

Gamarnik A, Frydman R. Cadaverine, an essential diamine for the normal root development of germinating soybean (Glycine max) seeds. Plant Physiol. 97: 778-785 (1991).

Garufi A, Visconti S, Camoni L, Aducci P. Polyamines as physiological regulators of 14-3-3 interaction with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Plant Cell Physiol. 48: 434-440 (2007).

Geiger LE, Morris DR. Stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication fork movement by spermidine analogs in polyamine-deficient Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 141: 1192-1198 (1980).

Gemperlova L, Novakova M, Vankova R, Eder J, Cvikrova M. Diurnal changes in polyamine content, arginine and ornithine decarboxylase, and diamine oxidase in tobacco leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1413-1421 (2006).

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Gohda E, Takigawa M, Inoue H, Kato Y, Daikuhara Y, Takeda Y. Inhibition of polyamine synthesis and proliferation in mouse L cells by DL-alpha-hydrazino-delta-aminovaleric acid, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 94: 97-106 (1983).

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David Rhodes
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Last Update: 10/01/09