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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, sarcosine

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Boll M, Foltz M, Anderson CM, Oechsler C, Kottra G, Thwaites DT, Daniel H. Substrate recognition by the mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporter PAT1. Mol. Membr. Biol. 20: 261-269 (2003).

Burns SP, Holmes HC, Chalmers RA, Johnson A, Iles RA. Proton NMR spectroscopic analysis of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-capacity of the choline oxidation pathway for methylation in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1406: 274-282 (1998).

Chen SY, Lai MC, Lai SJ, Lee YC. Characterization of osmolyte betaine synthesizing sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis. Arch. Microbiol. Aug 20 [Epub ahead of print] (2009).

Chen TH, Murata N. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257 (2002).

Chlumsky LJ, Zhang L, Jorns MS. Sequence analysis of sarcosine oxidase and nearby genes reveals homologies with key enzymes of folate one-carbon metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 18252-18259 (1995).

Chow MK, Devlin GL, Bottomley SP. Osmolytes as modulators of conformational changes in serpins. Biol. Chem. 382: 1593-1599 (2001).

Diab F, Bernard T, Bazire A, Haras D, Blanco C, Jebbar M. Succinate-mediated catabolite repression control on the production of glycine betaine catabolic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 under low and elevated salinities. Microbiology 152: 1395-1406 (2006).

Dodt G, Kim DG, Reimann SA, Reuber BE, McCabe K, Gould SJ, Mihalik SJ. L-Pipecolic acid oxidase, a human enzyme essential for the degradation of L-pipecolic acid, is most similar to the monomeric sarcosine oxidases. Biochem. J. 345: 487-494 (2000).

Fan F, Ghanem M, Gadda G. Cloning, sequence analysis, and purification of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis: a bacterial enzyme involved in osmotic stress tolerance. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 421: 149-158 (2004).

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Huang Y, Komoto J, Konishi K, Takata Y, Ogawa H, Gomi T, Fujioka M, Takusagawa F. Mechanisms for auto-inhibition and forced product release in glycine N-methyltransferase: crystal structures of wild-type, mutant R175K and S-adenosylhomocysteine-bound R175K enzymes. J. Mol. Biol. 298: 149-162 (2000).

Jakoby M, Kramer R, Burkovski A. Nitrogen regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum: isolation of genes involved and biochemical characterization of corresponding proteins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173: 303-310 (1999).

Job V, Molla G, Pilone MS, Pollegioni L. Overexpression of a recombinant wild-type and His-tagged Bacillus subtilis glycine oxidase in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 1456-1463 (2002).

Kennedy DJ, Gatfield KM, Winpenny JP, Ganapathy V, Thwaites DT. Substrate specificity and functional characterisation of the H+/amino acid transporter rat PAT2 (Slc36a2). Br. J. Pharmacol. 144: 28-41 (2005).

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Lai MC, Wang CC, Chuang MJ, Wu YC, Lee YC. Effects of substrate and potassium on the betaine-synthesizing enzyme glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from a halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis. Res. Microbiol. 157: 948-955 (2006).

Lai MC, Yang DR, Chuang MJ. Regulatory factors associated with synthesis of the osmolyte glycine betaine in the halophilic Methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 828-833 (1999).

Laloknam S, Tanaka K, Buaboocha T, Waditee R, Incharoensakdi A, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6018-6026 (2006).

Le Rudulier D, Bernard T, Goas G, Hamelin J. Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and other related compounds. Can. J. Microbiol. 30: 299-305 (1984).

Lloyd AW, Baker JA, Smith G, Olliff CJ, Rutt KJ. A comparison of glycine, sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine, glycinebetaine and N-modified betaines as liposome cryoprotectants. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44: 507-511 (1992).

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Luka Z, Capdevila A, Mato JM, Wagner C. A glycine N-methyltransferase knockout mouse model for humans with deficiency of this enzyme. Transgenic Res. 15: 393-397 (2006).

Luka Z, Cerone R, Phillips JA 3rd, Mudd HS, Wagner C. Mutations in human glycine N-methyltransferase give insights into its role in methionine metabolism. Hum. Genet. 110: 68-74 (2002).

Luka Z, Pakhomova S, Loukachevitch LV, Egli M, Newcomer ME, Wagner C. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is bound in intersubunit areas of rat liver folate-binding protein glycine N-methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 4069-4075 (2007).

Matskevitch I, Wagner CA, Stegen C, Broer S, Noll B, Risler T, Kwon HM, Handler JS, Waldegger S, Busch AE, Lang F. Functional characterization of the betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 16709-16716 (1999).

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Meyer M, Granderath K, Andreesen JR. Purification and characterization of protein PB of betaine reductase and its relationship to the corresponding proteins glycine reductase and sarcosine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 234: 184-191 (1995).

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Nordstrom LJ, Clark CA, Andersen B, Champlin SM, Schwinefus JJ. Effect of ethylene glycol, urea, and N-methylated glycines on DNA thermal stability: the role of DNA base pair composition and hydration. Biochemistry 45: 9604-9614 (2006).

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Proctor LM, Lai R, Gunsalus RP. The methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 possesses a high-affinity glycine betaine transporter involved in osmotic adaptation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 2252-2257 (1997).

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Number of references = 69

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