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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, putrescine

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Alcazar R, Garcia-Martinez JL, Cuevas JC, Tiburcio AF, Altabella T. Overexpression of ADC2 in Arabidopsis induces dwarfism and late-flowering through GA deficiency. Plant J. 43: 425-436 (2005).

An Z, Jing W, Liu Y, Zhang W. Hydrogen peroxide generated by copper amine oxidase is involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 815-825 (2008).

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Apelbaum A, Canellakis ZN, Applewhite PB, Kaur-Sawhney R, Galston AW. Binding of spermidine to a unique protein in thin-layer tobacco tissue culture. Plant Physiol. 88: 996-998 (1988).

Arst HN Jr. Some genetical aspects of ornithine metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol. Gen. Genet. 151: 105-110 (1977).

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Bhatnagar P, Minocha R, Minocha SC. Genetic manipulation of the metabolism of polyamines in poplar cells. The regulation of putrescine catabolism. Plant Physiol. 128: 1455-1469 (2002).

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Chiang PK, Gordon RK, Tal J, Zeng GC, Doctor BP, Pardhasaradhi K, McCann PP. S-Adenosylmethionine and methylation. FASEB J. 10: 471-480 (1996).

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Chintapakorn Y, Hamill JD. Antisense-mediated down-regulation of putrescine N-methyltransferase activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. can lead to elevated levels of anatabine at the expense of nicotine. Plant Mol. Biol. 53: 87-105 (2003).

Cowley T, Walters DR. Polyamine metabolism in barley reacting hypersensitively to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 461-468 (2002).

Cuevas JC, Lopez-Cobollo R, Alcazar R, Zarza X, Koncz C, Altabella T, Salinas J, Tiburcio AF, Ferrando A. Putrescine is involved in Arabidopsis freezing tolerance and cold acclimation by regulating ABA levels in response to low temperature. Plant Physiol. 148: 1094-1105 (2008).

Cunningham-Rundles S, Maas WK. Isolation, characterization, and mapping of Escherichia coli mutants blocked in the synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase. J. Bacteriol. 124: 791-799 (1975).

Cvikrova M, Gemperlova L, Eder J, Zazímalova E. Excretion of polyamines in alfalfa and tobacco suspension-cultured cells and its possible role in maintenance of intracellular polyamine contents. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1147-1156 (2008).

Davis RH, Ristow JL. Polyamine transport in Neurospora crassa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 267: 479-489 (1988).

Davis RH, Ristow JL. Osmotic effects on the polyamine pathway of Neurospora crassa. Exp. Mycol. 19: 314-319 (1995).

De Luca V, St Pierre B. The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 168-173 (2000).

De Sutter V, Vanderhaeghen R, Tilleman S, Lammertyn F, Vanhoutte I, Karimi M, Inze D, Goossens A, Hilson P. Exploration of jasmonate signalling via automated and standardized transient expression assays in tobacco cells. Plant J. 44: 1065-1076 (2005).

De Zacchini M, De Agazio M. Dimethylthiourea, a hydrogen peroxide trap, partially prevents stress effects and ascorbate peroxidase increase in spermidine-treated maize roots. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 237-244 (2001).

Delis C, Dimou M, Flemetakis E, Aivalakis G, Katinakis P. A root- and hypocotyl-specific gene coding for copper-containing amine oxidase is related to cell expansion in soybean seedlings. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 101-111 (2006).

Della Mea M, Caparros-Ruiz D, Claparols I, Serafini-Fracassini D, Rigau J. AtPng1p. The first plant transglutaminase. Plant Physiol. 135: 2046-2054 (2004).

Della Mea M, Di Sandro A, Dondini L, Del Duca S, Vantini F, Bergamini C, Bassi R, Serafini-Fracassini D. A Zea mays 39-kDa thylakoid transglutaminase catalyses the modification by polyamines of light-harvesting complex II in a light-dependent way. Planta 219: 754-764 (2004).

Desbrosses GG, Kopka J, Udvardi MK. Lotus japonicus metabolic profiling. Development of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry resources for the study of plant-microbe interactions. Plant Physiol. 137: 1302-1318 (2005).

Eichler W. Properties of purified L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) from Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Protozool. 36: 577-582 (1989).

Eichler W. Inhibition of L-arginine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.6) from Tetrahymena thermophila by putrescine and spermidine: feedback control of polyamine biosynthesis. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 370: 1127-1131 (1989).

Ekstrom JL, Tolbert WD, Xiong H, Pegg AE, Ealick SE. Structure of a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase self-processing ester intermediate and mechanism of putrescine stimulation of processing as revealed by the H243A mutant. Biochemistry 40: 9495-9504 (2001).

Fliniaux O, Mesnard F, Raynaud-Le Grandic S, Baltora-Rosset S, Bienaime C, Robins RJ, Fliniaux MA. Altered nitrogen metabolism associated with de-differentiated suspension cultures derived from root cultures of Datura stramonium studied by heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) NMR spectroscopy. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1053-1060 (2004).

Flipphi M, Kocialkowska J, Felenbok B. Relationships between the ethanol utilization (alc) pathway and unrelated catabolic pathways in Aspergillus nidulans. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 3555-3564 (2003).

Ford YY, Ratcliffe RG, Robins RJ. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of polyamine and alkaloid metabolism in transformed root cultures of Datura stramonium L.: evidence for the involvement of putrescine in phytohormone-induced de-differentiation Planta 205: 205-213 (1998).

Fornale S, Sarjala T, Bagni N. Endogenous polyamine content and metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytol. 143: 581-587 (1999).

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Frolich C, Ober D, Hartmann T. Tissue distribution, core biosynthesis and diversification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the lycopsamine type in three Boraginaceae species. Phytochemistry 68: 1026-1037 (2007).

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David Rhodes
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Last Update: 10/01/09