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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
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Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, phosphatidylethanolamine

Aktas M, Narberhaus F. In vitro characterization of the enzyme properties of the phospholipid N-methyltransferase PmtA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J. Bacteriol. 191: 2033-2041 (2009).

Arisz SA, Valianpour F, Van Gennip AH, Munnik T. Substrate preference of stress-activated phospholipase D in Chlamydomonas and its contribution to PA formation. Plant J. 34: 595-604 (2003).

Austin-Brown SL, Chapman KD. Inhibition of phospholipase Dalpha by N-acylethanolamines. Plant Physiol. 129: 1892-1898 (2002).

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Mailliard ME, Kharbanda KK, Tuma DJ. Betaine lowers elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine levels in hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats. J. Nutr. 133: 2845-2848 (2003).

Batrakov SG, Konova IV, Sheichenko VI, Esipov SE, Galanina LA, Istratova LN, Sergeeva YE. Lipids of the zygomycete Absidia corymbifera F-965. Phytochemistry 65: 1239-1246 (2004).

Bonaventure G, Bao X, Ohlrogge J, Pollard M. Metabolic responses to the reduction in palmitate caused by disruption of the FATB gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 135: 1269-1279 (2004).

Boumann HA, de Kruijff B, Heck AJ, de Kroon AI. The selective utilization of substrates in vivo by the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic enzymes Ept1p and Cpt1p in yeast. FEBS Lett. 569: 173-177 (2004).

Brosnan JT, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME. Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism. Acta Biochim. Pol. 51: 405-413 (2004).

Cahoon EB, Dietrich CR, Meyer K, Damude HG, Dyer JM, Kinney AJ. Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds. Phytochemistry 67: 1166-1176 (2006).

Chagoya de Sanchez V, Hernandez-Munoz R, Sanchez L, Vidrio S, Yanez L, Suarez J. Twenty-four-hour changes of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine adenosine and their metabolizing enzymes in rat liver; possible physiological significance in phospholipid methylation. Int. J. Biochem. 23: 1439-1443 (1991).

Chapman KD, Moore TS Jr. Catalytic properties of a newly discovered acyltransferase that synthesizes N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine in cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) microsomes. Plant Physiol. 102: 761-769 (1993).

Choi JY, Martin WE, Murphy RC, Voelker DR. Phosphatidylcholine and N-methylated phospholipids are non-essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 42321-42330 (2004).

Chung T, Suttangkakul A, Vierstra RD. The ATG autophagic conjugation system in maize: ATG transcripts and abundance of the ATG8-lipid adduct are regulated by development and nutrient availability. Plant Physiol. 149: 220-234 (2009).

da Costa KA, Kozyreva OG, Song J, Galanko JA, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH. Common genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient choline. FASEB J. 20: 1336-1344..

Darwish E, Testerink C, Khalil M, El-Shihy O, Munnik T. Phospholipid signaling responses in salt-stressed rice leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 50: 986-997 (2009).

de Rudder KE, Lopez-Lara IM, Geiger O. Inactivation of the gene for phospholipid N-methyltransferase in Sinorhizobium meliloti: phosphatidylcholine is required for normal growth. Mol. Microbiol. 37: 763-772 (2000).

de Rudder KE, Thomas-Oates JE, Geiger O. Rhizobium meliloti mutants deficient in phospholipid N-methyltransferase still contain phosphatidylcholine. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6921-6928 (1997).

de Rudder KEE, Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Plant exuded choline is used for rhizobial membrane lipid biosynthesis by phosphatidylcholine synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 20011-20016 (1999).

de Virville JD, Cantrel C, Bousquet AL, Hoffelt M, Tenreiro AM, Pinto VV, Arrabaca JD, Caiveau O, Moreau F, Zachowski A. Homeoviscous and functional adaptations of mitochondrial membranes to growth temperature in soybean seedlings. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1289-1297 (2002).

DeLong CJ, Shen YJ, Thomas MJ, Cui Z. Molecular distinction of phosphatidylcholine synthesis between the CDP-choline pathway and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 29683-29688 (1999).

Demmers JAA, van Dalen A, de Kruijff B, Heck AJR, Killian JA. Interaction of the K+ channel KcsA with membrane phospholipids as studied by ESI mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett. 541: 28-32 (2003).

Devaiah SP, Roth MR, Baughman E, Li M, Tamura P, Jeannotte R, Welti R, Wang X. Quantitative profiling of polar glycerolipid species from organs of wild-type Arabidopsis and a phospholipase Dalpha1 knockout mutant. Phytochemistry 67: 1907-1924 (2006).

Doronina N, Darmaeva T, Trotsenko Y. Methylophaga natronica sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic, restricted-facultatively methylotrophic bacterium from soda lake of the Southern Transbaikal region. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 382-389 (2003).

Dowhan W. Molecular basis for membrane phospholipid diversity: why are there so many lipids? Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66: 199-232 (1997).

Elkahoui S, Smaoui A, Zarrouk M, Ghrir R, Limam F. Salt-induced lipid changes in Catharanthus roseus cultured cell suspensions. Phytochemistry 65: 1911-1917 (2004).

Fauconnier ML, Williams TD, Marlier M, Welti R. Potato tuber phospholipids contain colneleic acid in the 2- position. FEBS Lett. 538: 155-158 (2003).

Fisher MC, Zeisel SH, Mar MH, Sadler TW. Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro. FASEB J. 16: 619-621 (2002).

Gaude N, Nakamura Y, Scheible WR, Ohta H, Dörmann P. Phospholipase C5 (NPC5) is involved in galactolipid accumulation during phosphate limitation in leaves of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 56: 28-39 (2008).

Gohil VM, Thompson MN, Greenberg ML. Synthetic lethal interaction of the mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin biosynthetic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 35410-35416 (2005).

Gyllenstrand N, Clapham D, Källman T, Lagercrantz U. A Norway spruce FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog is implicated in control of growth rhythm in conifers. Plant Physiol. 144: 248-257 (2007).

Hedman H, Kallman T, Lagercrantz U. Early evolution of the MFT-like gene family in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 70: 359-369 (2009).

Heinrich R, Brumen M, Jaeger A, Muller P, Herrmann A. Modelling of phospholipid translocation in the erythrocyte membrane: a combined kinetic and thermodynamic approach. J. Theor. Biol. 185: 295-312 (1997).

Hellgren LI, Sandelius AS. Age-dependent variation in membrane lipid synthesis in leaves of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 52: 2275-2282 (2001).

Hincha DK. High concentrations of the compatible solute glycinebetaine destabilize model membranes under stress conditions. Cryobiology 53: 58-68 (2006).

Innis SM, Davidson AG, Chen A, Dyer R, Melnyk S, James SJ. Increased plasma homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine and decreased methionine is associated with altered phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatr. 143: 351-356 (2003).

Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Devlin C, Tabas I, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Vance DE. Physiological regulation of phospholipid methylation alters plasma homocysteine in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 28299-28305 (2005).

Ji C, Shinohara M, Vance D, Than TA, Ookhtens M, Chan C, Kaplowitz N. Effect of transgenic extrahepatic expression of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase on alcohol or homocysteine-induced fatty liver. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 32: 1049-1058 (2008).

Justin AM, Kader JC, Collin S. Synthetic capacity of Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol synthase 1 expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1634: 52-60 (2003).

Kent C. Eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64: 315-343 (1995).

Keogh MR, Courtney PD, Kinney AJ, Dewey RE. Functional characterization of phospholipid N-methyltransferases from Arabidopsis and soybean. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 15439-15447 (2009).

Kikuchi R, Kawahigashi H, Ando T, Tonooka T, Handa H. Molecular and functional characterization of PEBP genes in barley reveal the diversification of their roles in flowering. Plant Physiol. 149: 1341-1353 (2009).

Kim K, Kim KH, Storey MK, Voelker DR, Carman GM. Isolation and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae EKI1 gene encoding ethanolamine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 14857-14866 (1999).

Kodaki T, Yamashita S. Characterization of the methyltransferases in the yeast phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway by selective gene disruption. Eur. J. Biochem. 185: 243-251 (1989).

Kuge O, Hasegawa K, Saito K, Nishijima M. Control of phosphatidylserine biosynthesis through phosphatidylserine-mediated inhibition of phosphatidylserine synthase I in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 4199-4203 (1998).

Kunzler K, Eichenberger W. Betaine lipids and zwitterionic phospholipids in plants and fungi. Phytochemistry 46: 883-892 (1997).

Li W, Wang R, Li M, Li L, Wang C, Welti R, Wang X. Differential degradation of extraplastidic and plastidic lipids during freezing and post-freezing recovery in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 461-468 (2008).

Li Z, Vance DE. Thematic review series: glycerolipids. Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis. J. Lipid Res. 49: 1187-1194 (2008).

Lieber CS. New concepts of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease lead to novel treatments. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 6: 60-65 (2004).

Linde K, Grobner G, Rilfors L. Lipid dependence and activity control of phosphatidylserine synthase from Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 575: 77-80 (2004).

Malanovic N, Streith I, Wolinski H, Rechberger G, Kohlwein SD, Tehlivets O. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, key enzyme of methylation metabolism, regulates phosphatidylcholine synthesis and triacylglycerol homeostasis in yeast: implications for homocysteine as a risk factor of atherosclerosis. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 23989-23999 (2008).

Manoharan K, Chae HS, Cha JM, Cho SH, Shin SH, Cho BH, Lee WS. Synthesis of phosphatidylserine in carrot cells cultured under carbon-source starvation. Plant Cell Physiol. 41: 1143-1148 (2000).

Moore TS, Du Z, Chen Z. Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Plant Physiol. 125: 423-429 (2001).

Munnik T. Phosphatidic acid: an emerging plant lipid second messenger. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 227-233 (2001).

Nerlich A, von Orlow M, Rontein D, Hanson AD, Dormann P. Deficiency in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity in the psd1 psd2 psd3 triple mutant of Arabidopsis affects phosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 144: 904-914 (2007).

Nieman KM, Hartz CS, Szegedi SS, Garrow TA, Sparks JD, Schalinske KL. Folate status modulates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and homocysteine metabolism in diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291: E1235-E1242 (2006).

Noga AA, Stead LM, Zhao Y, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Vance DE. Plasma homocysteine is regulated by phospholipid methylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 5952-5955 (2003).

Nuccio ML, Ziemak MJ, Henry SA, Weretilnyk EA, Hanson AD. cDNA cloning of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase from spinach by complementation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14095-14101 (2000).

Ostrander DB, O'Brien DJ, Gorman JA, Carman GM. Effect of CTP synthetase regulation by CTP on phospholipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 18992-19001 (1998).

Palta JP, Whitaker BD, Weiss LS. Plasma membrane lipids associated with genetic variability in freezing tolerance and cold acclimation of Solanum species. Plant Physiol. 103: 793-803 (1993).

Pasternack LB, Laude DA Jr, Appling DR. 13C NMR analysis of intercompartmental flow of one-carbon units into choline and purines in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 33: 74-82 (1994).

Poli A, Esposito E, Orlando P, Lama L, Giordano A, de Appolonia F, Nicolaus B, Gambacorta A. Halomonas alkaliantarctica sp. nov., isolated from saline lake Cape Russell in Antarctica, an alkalophilic moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30: 31-38 (2007).

Price-Jones MJ, Harwood JL. The control of CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Biochem. J. 240: 837-842 (1986).

Qi Q, Huang YF, Cutler AJ, Abrams SR, Taylor DC. Molecular and biochemical characterization of an aminoalcoholphosphotransferase (AAPT1) from Brassica napus. Planta 217: 547-558 (2003).

Qin C, Wang X. The Arabidopsis phospholipase D family. Characterization of a calcium-independent and phosphatidylcholine-selective PLDzeta1 with distinct regulatory domains. Plant Physiol. 128: 1057-1068 (2002).

Quartacci MF, Glisic O, Stevanovic B, Navari-Izzo F. Plasma membrane lipids in the resurrection plant Ramonda serbica following dehydration and rehydration. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 2159-2166 (2002).

Rajashekar CB, Zhou HE, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang X. Suppression of phospholipase Dalpha1 induces freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis: response of cold-responsive genes and osmolyte accumulation. J. Plant Physiol. 163: 916-926 (2006).

Ransom WD, Lao PC, Gage DA, Boss WF. Phosphoglycerylethanolamine posttranslational modification of plant eukaryotic elongation factor 1alpha. Plant Physiol. 117: 949-960 (1998).

Rawyler A, Arpagaus S, Braendle R. Impact of oxygen stress and energy availability on membrane stability of plant cells. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 90: 499-507 (2002).

Rawyler AJ, Braendle RA. N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine accumulation in potato cells upon energy shortage caused by anoxia or respiratory inhibitors. Plant Physiol. 127: 240-251 (2001).

Reo NV, Adinehzadeh M, Foy BD. Kinetic analyses of liver phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1580: 171-188 (2002).

Rezanka T, Nedbalova L, Elster J, Cajthaml T, Sigler K. Very-long-chain iso and anteiso branched fatty acids in N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines from a natural cyanobacterial mat of Calothrix sp. Phytochemistry 70: 655-663 (2009).

Riekhof WR, Voelker DR. Uptake and utilization of lysophosphatidylethanolamine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 36588-36596 (2006).

Rontein D, Rhodes D, Hanson AD. Evidence from engineering that decarboxylation of free serine is the major source of ethanolamine moieties in plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 1185-1191 (2003).

Rozentsvet OA, Dembitsky VM, Saksonov SV. Occurrence of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserines and major phospholipids in some plants. Phytochemistry 54: 401-407 (2000).

Rudolph AS, Crowe JH, Crowe LM. Effects of three stabilizing agents--proline, betaine, and trehalose--on membrane phospholipids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 245: 134-143 (1986).

Sandoval JA, Huang ZH, Garrett DC, Gage DA, Chapman KD. N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine in dry and imbibing cottonseeds. Amounts, molecular species, and enzymatic synthesis. Plant Physiol. 109: 269-275 (1995).

Sanina NM, Goncharova SN, Kostetsky EY. Fatty acid composition of individual polar lipid classes from marine macrophytes. Phytochemistry 65: 721-730 (2004).

Sanina NM, Goncharova SN, Kostetsky EY. Seasonal changes of fatty acid composition and thermotropic behavior of polar lipids from marine macrophytes. Phytochemistry 69: 1517-1527 (2008).

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Sehayek E, Wang R, Ono JG, Zinchuk VS, Duncan EM, Shefer S, Vance DE, Ananthanarayanan M, Chait BT, Breslow JL. Localization of the PE methylation pathway and SR-BI to the canalicular membrane: evidence for apical PC biosynthesis that may promote biliary excretion of phospholipid and cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 44: 1605-1613 (2003).

She QB, Hayakawa T, Tsuge H. Alteration in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis of rat liver microsomes caused by vitamin B6 deficiency. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59: 163-167 (1995).

Stead LM, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Is it time to reevaluate methyl balance in humans? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 5-10 (2006).

Steponkus PL, Uemura M, Joseph RA, Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF. Mode of action of the COR15a gene on the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 14570-14575 (1998).

Storey MK, Wu W, Voelker DR. A genetic screen for ethanolamine auxotrophs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies a novel mutation in Mcd4p, a protein implicated in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1532: 234-247 (2001).

Stupnikova I, Benamar A, Tolleter D, Grelet J, Borovskii G, Dorne AJ, Macherel D. Pea seed mitochondria are endowed with a remarkable tolerance to extreme physiological temperatures. Plant Physiol. 140: 326-335 (2006).

Szczegielniak J, Klimecka M, Liwosz A, Ciesielski A, Kaczanowski S, Dobrowolska G, Harmon AC, Muszynska G. A wound-responsive and phospholipid-regulated maize calcium-dependent protein kinase. Plant Physiol. 139: 1970-1983 (2005).

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Uemura M, Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF, Steponkus PL. Effects of COR6.6 and COR15am polypeptides encoded by COR (cold-regulated) genes of Arabidopsis thaliana on the freeze-induced fusion and leakage of liposomes. Plant Physiol. 111: 313-327 (1996).

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Voelker DR. New perspectives on the regulation of intermembrane glycerophospholipid traffic. J. Lipid Res. 44: 441-449 (2003).

Waite KA, Vance DE. Why expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase does not rescue chinese hamster ovary cells that have an impaired CDP-choline pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 21197-21202 (2000).

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Number of references = 100

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David Rhodes
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Last Update: 10/01/09