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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
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Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, proline oxidase

Abdul Jaleel C, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Panneerselvam R. Calcium chloride effects on salinity-induced oxidative stress, proline metabolism and indole alkaloid accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. C. R. Biol. 330: 674-683 (2007).

Abrahamson JL, Baker LG, Stephenson JT, Wood JM. Proline dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K12. Properties of the membrane-associated enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 134: 77-82 (1983).

Atkinson MR, Wray LV Jr, Fisher SH. Regulation of histidine and proline degradation enzymes by amino acid availability in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 172: 4758-4765 (1990).

Banu MN, Hoque MA, Watanabe-Sugimoto M, Matsuoka K, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y. Proline and glycinebetaine induce antioxidant defense gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 146-156 (2009).

Becker DF, Thomas EA. Redox properties of the PutA protein from Escherichia coli and the influence of the flavin redox state on PutA-DNA interactions. Biochemistry 40: 4714-4721 (2001).

Bloom FR, Streicher SL, Tyler B. Regulation of enzyme synthesis by the glutamine synthetase of Salmonella typhimurium: a factor in addition to glutamine synthetase is required for activation of enzyme formation. J. Bacteriol. 130: 983-990 (1977).

Brandriss MC, Magasanik B. Proline: an essential intermediate in arginine degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 143: 1403-1410 (1980).

Brandriss MC, Magasanik B. Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mutation causing constitutive enzyme expression. J. Bacteriol. 140: 504-507 (1979).

Brandriss MC, Magasanik B. Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline. J. Bacteriol. 140: 498-503 (1979).

Camacho Barron M, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Comparative study of enzymes related to proline metabolism in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under drought and irrigated conditions, and various urea concentrations. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 52: 119-132 (1998).

Campbell HD, Webb GC, Young IG. A human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster sluggish-A (proline oxidase) gene maps to 22q11.2, and is a candidate gene for type-I hyperprolinaemia. Hum. Genet. 101: 69-74 (1997).

Chen H, Rosin FM, Prat S, Hannapel DJ. Interacting transcription factors from the three-amino acid loop extension superclass regulate tuber formation. Plant Physiol. 132: 1391-1404 (2003).

Chen TH, Murata N. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257 (2002).

De Tullio MC, Paciolla C, Dalla Vecchia F, Rascio N, D'Emerico S, De Gara L, Liso R, Arrigoni O. Changes in onion root development induced by the inhibition of peptidyl-prolyl hydroxylase and influence of the ascorbate system on cell division and elongation. Planta 209: 424-434 (1999).

Deepak S, Shailasree S, Kini RK, Hause B, Shetty SH, Mithofer A. Role of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins in resistance of pearl millet against downy mildew pathogen Sclerospora graminicola. Planta 226: 323-333 (2007).

Deutch CE, Soffer RL. Regulation of proline catabolism by leucyl,phenylalanyl-tRNA-protein transferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72: 405-408 (1975).

Dey PM, Brownleader MD, Pantelides AT, Trevan M, Smith JJ, Saddler G. Extensin from suspension-cultured potato cells: a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, devoid of agglutinin activity. Planta 202: 179-187 (1997).

Diab F, Bernard T, Bazire A, Haras D, Blanco C, Jebbar M. Succinate-mediated catabolite repression control on the production of glycine betaine catabolic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 under low and elevated salinities. Microbiology 152: 1395-1406 (2006).

Dinakar N, Nagajyothi PC, Suresh S, Udaykiran Y, Damodharam T. Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings. J. Environ. Sci. (China) 20: 199-206 (2008).

Donald SP, Sun XY, Hu CA, Yu J, Mei JM, Valle D, Phang JM. Proline oxidase, encoded by p53-induced gene-6, catalyzes the generation of proline-dependent reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res. 61: 1810-1815 (2001).

Downing SJ, Phang JM, Kowaloff EM, Valle D, Smith RJ. Proline oxidase in cultured mammalian cells. J. Cell Physiol. 91: 369-376 (1977).

Ekena K, Maloy S. Regulation of proline utilization in Salmonella typhimurium: how do cells avoid a futile cycle? Mol. Gen. Genet. 220: 492-494 (1990).

El-Tayeb MA. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regul. 45: 215-224 (2005).

Facklam TJ, Marzluf GA. Nitrogen regulation of amino acid catabolism in Neurospora crassa. Biochem. Genet. 16: 343-354 (1978).

Fedina IS, Tsonev T, Guleva EI. The effect of pretreatment with proline on the responses of Pisum sativum to salt stress. Photosynthetica 29: 521-527 (1993).

Gu R, Fonseca S, Puskas LG, Hackler L Jr, Zvara A, Dudits D, Pais MS. Transcript identification and profiling during salt stress and recovery of Populus euphratica. Tree Physiol. 24: 265-276 (2004).

Hagedorn CH, Phang JM. Transfer of reducing equivalents into mitochondria by the interconversions of proline and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225: 95-101 (1983).

Hagedorn CH, Yeh GC, Phang JM. Transfer of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate as oxidizing potential from hepatocytes to erythrocytes. Biochem. J. 202: 31-39 (1982).

Hayward DC, Delaney SJ, Campbell HD, Ghysen A, Benzer S, Kasprzak AB, Cotsell JN, Young IG, Miklos GL. The sluggish-A gene of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in the nervous system and encodes proline oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in glutamate biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 2979-2983 (1993).

Herzfeld A, Mezl VA, Knox WE. Enzymes metabolizing delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate in rat tissues. Biochem. J. 166: 95-103 (1977).

Hill AP, Modi S, Sutcliffe MJ, Turner DD, Gilfoyle DJ, Smith AT, Tam BM, Lloyd E. Chemical, spectroscopic and structural investigation of the substrate-binding site in ascorbate peroxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 248: 347-354 (1997).

Hoque MA, Banu MN, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y. Proline and glycinebetaine enhance antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems and reduce NaCl-induced damage in cultured tobacco cells. J. Plant Physiol. 165: 813-824 (2008).

Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MN, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y. Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 553-561 (2007).

Hu CA, Bart Williams D, Zhaorigetu S, Khalil S, Wan G, Valle D. Functional genomics and SNP analysis of human genes encoding proline metabolic enzymes. Amino Acids 35: 655-664 (2008).

Huang AHC, Cavalieri AJ. Proline oxidase and water-stress induced proline accumulation in spinach leaves. Plant Physiol. 63: 531-535 (1979).

Humbertclaude V, Rivier F, Roubertie A, Echenne B, Bellet H, Vallat C, Morin D. Is hyperprolinemia type I actually a benign trait? Report of a case with severe neurologic involvement and vigabatrin intolerance. J. Child Neurol. 16: 622-623 (2001).

Islam MM, Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MN, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1587-1597 (2009).

Jaeken J, Goemans N, Fryns JP, Francois I, de Zegher F. Association of hyperprolinaemia type I and heparin cofactor II deficiency with CATCH 22 syndrome: evidence for a contiguous gene syndrome locating the proline oxidase gene. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 19: 275-277 (1996).

Jones MA, Raymond MJ, Smirnoff N. Analysis of the root-hair morphogenesis transcriptome reveals the molecular identity of six genes with roles in root-hair development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 45: 83-100 (2006).

Kamiya A, Inoue Y, Kodama T, Gonzalez FJ. Hepatocyte nuclear factors 1alpha and 4alpha control expression of proline oxidase in adult liver. FEBS Lett. 578: 63-68 (2004).

Khedr AH, Abbas MA, Wahid AA, Quick WP, Abogadallah GM. Proline induces the expression of salt-stress-responsive proteins and may improve the adaptation of Pancratium maritimum L. to salt-stress. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 2553-2562 (2003).

Kiyosue T, Yoshiba Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K. A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial proline dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in proline metabolism, is upregulated by proline but downregulated by dehydration in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8: 1323-1335 (1996).

Kocsy G, Laurie R, Szalai G, Szilagyi V, Simon-Sarkadi L, Galiba G, de Ronde JA. Genetic manipulation of proline levels affects antioxidants in soybean subjected to simultaneous drought and heat stresses. Physiol. Plant. 124: 227-235 (2005).

Kowaloff EM, Phang JM, Granger AS, Downing SJ. Regulation of proline oxidase activity by lactate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 5368-5371 (1977).

Kumar SG, Reddy AM, Sudhakar C. NaCl effects on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) with contrasting salt tolerance. Plant Sci. 165: 1245-1251 (2003).

Lee H, Lee JS, Noh EW, Bae EK, Choi YI, Han MS. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from poplar (Populus alba x P-tremula var. glandulosa) suspension cells. Plant Sci. 169: 1118-1124 (2005).

Leranoz AM, Fuste MC, Vinas M, Hull RA, Williams RP. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding proline oxidase of Serratia marcescens. Microbios 67: 87-94 (1991).

Lin CC, Kao CH. Cell wall peroxidase against ferulic acid, lignin, and NaCl-reduced root growth of rice seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 667-671 (2001).

Macaluso A, Best EA, Bender RA. Role of the nac gene product in the nitrogen regulation of some NTR-regulated operons of Klebsiella aerogenes. J. Bacteriol. 172: 7249-7255 (1990).

Maggio A, Miyazaki S, Veronese P, Fujita T, Ibeas JI, Damsz B, Narasimhan ML, Hasegawa PM, Joly RJ, Bressan RA. Does proline accumulation play an active role in stress-induced growth reduction? Plant J. 31: 699-712 (2002).

Maloy SR, Roth JR. Regulation of proline utilization in Salmonella typhimurium: characterization of put::Mu d(Ap, lac) operon fusions. J. Bacteriol. 154: 561-568 (1983).

Manivannan P, Jaleel CA, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Somasundaram R, Lakshmanan GM, Panneerselvam R. Growth, biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 59: 141-149 (2007).

Manivannan P, Jaleel CA, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R. Osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism in drought-stressed Helianthus annuus under triadimefon drenching. C. R. Biol. 331: 418-425 (2008).

Marczak JE, Brandriss MC. Isolation of constitutive mutations affecting the proline utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and molecular analysis of the PUT3 transcriptional activator. Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 4696-4705 (1989).

Maxwell SA, Davis GE. Differential gene expression in p53-mediated apoptosis- resistant vs. apoptosis-sensitive tumor cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 13009-13014 (2000).

Menzel R, Roth J. Enzymatic properties of the purified putA protein from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 9762-9766 (1981).

Menzel R, Roth J. Purification of the putA gene product. A bifunctional membrane-bound protein from Salmonella typhimurium responsible for the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 9755-9761 (1981).

Misener SR, Chen C, Walker VK. Cold tolerance and proline metabolic gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol. 47: 393-400 (2001).

Misra N, Gupta AK. Effect of salt stress on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of green gram. Plant Sci. 169: 331-339 (2005).

Mohamed SA, Mohamed TM, Fahmy AS, El-Badry MO, Abdel-Gany SS. Fasciola gigantica: enzymes of the ornithine-proline-glutamate pathway - characterization of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. Exp. Parasitol. 118: 47-53 (2008).

Molla G, Motteran L, Job V, Pilone MS, Pollegioni L. Kinetic mechanisms of glycine oxidase from Bacillus subtilis. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 1474-1482 (2003).

Newman BM, Cole JA. Lack of a regulatory function for glutamine synthetase protein in the synthesis of glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase in Escherichia coli K12. J. Gen. Microbiol. 98: 369-377 (1977).

O'Quinn PR, Knabe DA, Wu G. Arginine catabolism in lactating porcine mammary tissue. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 467-474 (2002).

Oyanagi K, Tsuchiyama A, Itakura Y, Tamura Y, Nakao T, Fujita S, Shiono H. Clinical, biochemical and enzymatic studies in type I hyperprolinemia associated with chromosomal abnormality. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 151: 465-475 (1987).

Pahel G, Zelenetz AD, Tyler BM. gltB gene and regulation of nitrogen metabolism by glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 133: 139-148 (1978).

Parvanova D, Ivanov S, Konstantinova T, Karanov E, Atanassov A, Tsvetkov T, Alexieva V, Djilianov D. Transgenic tobacco plants accumulating osmolytes show reduced oxidative damage under freezing stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 57-63 (2004).

Peng Z, Lu Q, Verma DP. Reciprocal regulation of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253: 334-341 (1996).

Phang JM, Downing SJ, Valle DL, Kowaloff EM. A radioisotopic assay for proline oxidase activity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85: 312-317 (1975).

Phang JM, Downing SJ, Yeh GC, Smith RJ, Williams JA, Hagedorn CH. Stimulation of the hexosemonophosphate-pentose pathway by pyrroline-5-carboxylate in cultured cells. J. Cell Physiol. 110: 255-261 (1982).

Phutela A, Jain V, Dhawan K, Nainawatee HS. Proline metabolism under water stress in the leaves and roots of Brassica juncea cultivars differing in drought tolerance. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 9: 35-39 (2000).

Popova YG, Padkina MV, Sambuk EV. Effect of mutations in genes PH085 and PH04 on proline utilization in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Russ. J. Genet. 36: 1364-1369 (2000).

Quintero MJ, Muro-Pastor AM, Herrero A, Flores E. Arginine catabolism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 involves the urea cycle and arginase pathway. J. Bacteriol. 182: 1008-1015 (2000).

Rajesh A, Arumugam R, Venkatesalu V. Responses of Ceriops roxburghiana to NaCl stress. Biol. Plant. 42: 143-148 (1999).

Ramanjulu S, Sudhakar C. Proline metabolism during dehydration in two mulberry genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. J. Plant Physiol. 157: 81-85 (2000).

Ratzkin B, Grabnar M, Roth J. Regulation of the major proline permease gene of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 133: 737-743 (1978).

Ratzkin B, Roth J. Cluster of genes controlling proline degradation in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 133: 744-754 (1978).

Resnick AD, Magasanik B. L-Asparaginase of Klebsiella aerogenes. Activation of its synthesis by glutamine synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 2722-2728 (1976).

Rivero RM, Ruiz JM, Romero LM. Importance of N source on heat stress tolerance due to the accumulation of proline and quaternary ammonium compounds in tomato plants. Plant Biol. (Stuttg.) 6: 702-707 (2004).

Rossi JJ, Vender J, Berg CM, Coleman WH. Partial purification and some properties of delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 129: 108-114 (1977).

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Samuels SE, Acton KS, Ball RO. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline oxidase activity in the neonatal pig. J. Nutr. 119: 1999-2004 (1989).

Santos CV, Falcao IP, Pinto GC, Oliveira H, Loureiro J. Nutrient responses and glutamate and proline metabolism in sunflower plants and calli under Na2SO4 stress. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.-Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. 165: 366-372 (2002).

Schwartz AC, Muller W. NADH-dependent reduction of D-proline in Clostridium sticklandii. Reconstitution from three fractions containing NADH dehydrogenase, D-proline reductase, and a third protein factor. Arch. Microbiol. 123: 203-208 (1979).

Shayan AJ, Brodin L, Ottersen OP, Birinyi A, Hill CE, Govind CK, Atwood HL, Shupliakov O. Neurotransmitter levels and synaptic strength at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction are not altered by mutation in the sluggish-A gene, which encodes proline oxidase and affects adult locomotion. J. Neurogenet. 14: 165-192 (2000).

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Shvaleva AL, Costa E Silva F, Breia E, Jouve J, Hausman JF, Almeida MH, Maroco JP, Rodrigues ML, Pereira JS, Chaves MM. Metabolic responses to water deficit in two Eucalyptus globulus clones with contrasting drought sensitivity. Tree Physiol. 26: 239-248 (2005).

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Sudhakar C, Reddy PS, Veeranjaneyuluk. Effect of salt stress on the enzymes of proline synthesis and oxidation in greengram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb) seedlings. J. Plant Physiol. 141: 621-623 (1993).

Takagi H, Sakai K, Morida K, Nakamori S. Proline accumulation by mutation or disruption of the proline oxidase gene improves resistance to freezing and desiccation stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184: 103-108 (2000).

Thompson SG, Wong PT, Leong SF, McGeer EG. Regional distribution in rat brain of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and its localization to specific glial cells. J. Neurochem. 45: 1791-1796 (1985).

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Tsuge H, Kawakami R, Sakuraba H, Ago H, Miyano M, Aki K, Katunuma N, Ohshima T. Crystal structure of novel FAD, FMN and ATP-containing L-proline dehydrogenase complex from Pyrococcus horikoshii. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 31045-31049 (2005).

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Wang SS, Brandriss MC. Proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of the cloned PUT1 gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 2638-2645 (1986).

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Number of references = 104

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