Purdue University Logo
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture
 
Horticulture Home Page
Agriculture Home Page
Purdue Home Page
Blackboard
HORT640 Home Page
N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Abenavoli MR, Sorgona A, Sidari M, Badiani M, Fuggi A. Coumarin inhibits the growth of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Saint Valery) cells in suspension culture. J. Plant Physiol. 160: 227-237 (2003).

Aivalakis G, Dimou M, Flemetakis E, Plati F, Katinakis P, Drossopoulos JB. Immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in developing seeds of Medicago sativa. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42: 181-186 (2004).

Alvarez R, Garcia-Maurino S, Feria AB, Vidal J, Echevarria C. A conserved 19-amino acid synthetic peptide from the carboxy terminus of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase inhibits the in vitro phosphorylation of the enzyme by the calcium-independent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase. Plant Physiol. 132: 1097-1106 (2003).

Arriodupont M, Bakrim N, Echevarria C, Gadal P, Lemarechal P, Vidal J. Compared properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from dark-adapted and light-adapted Sorghum leaves. Use of a rapid purification technique by innumochromatography. Plant Sci. 81: 37-46 (1992).

Astolfi S, Zuchi S, Passera C. Role of sulphur availability on cadmium-induced changes of nitrogen and sulphur metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 161: 795-802 (2004).

Bailey KJ, Battistelli A, Dever LV, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Control of C4 photosynthesis: effects of reduced activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase on CO2 assimilation in Amaranthus edulis L. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 339-346 (2000).

Bailey KJ, Gray JE, Walker RP, Leegood RC. Coordinate regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by light and CO2 during C4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 144: 479-486 (2007).

Bakrim N, Brulfert J, Vidal J, Chollet R. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is controlled by a similar signaling cascade in CAM and C4 plants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286: 1158-1162 (2001).

Bakrim N, Echevarria C, Cretin C, Arriodupont M, Pierre JN, Vidal J, Chollet R, Gadal P. Regulatory phosphorylation of Sorghum leaf phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. Identification of the protein-serine kinase and some elements of the signal-transduction cascade. Eur. J. Biochem. 204: 821-830 (1992).

Bakrim N, Nhiri M, Pierre JN, Vidal J. Metabolite control of Sorghum C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase catalytic activity and phosphorylation state. Photosynth. Res. 58: 153-162 (1998).

Bakrim N, Prioul JL, Deleens E, Rocher JP, Arrio-Dupont M, Vidal J, Gadal P, Chollet R. Regulatory phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. A cardinal event influencing the photosynthesis rate in sorghum and maize. Plant Physiol. 101: 891-897 (1993).

Barkla BJ, Vera-Estrella R, Pantoja O. Towards the production of salt-tolerant crops. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 464: 77-89 (1999).

Bastide B, Sipes D, Hann J, Ting IP. Effect of severe water stress on aspects of Crassulacean acid metabolism in Xerosicyos. Plant Physiol. 103: 1089-1096 (1993).

Becker J, Klopprogge C, Wittmann C. Metabolic responses to pyruvate kinase deletion in lysine producing Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb. Cell Fact. 7: 8 (2008).

Beyel V, Bruggemann W. Differential inhibition of photosynthesis during pre-flowering drought stress in Sorghum bicolor genotypes with different senescence traits. Physiol. Plant. 124: 249-259 (2005).

Biemelt S, Hajirezaei MR, Melzer M, Albrecht G, Sonnewald U. Sucrose synthase activity does not restrict glycolysis in roots of transgenic potato plants under hypoxic conditions. Planta 210: 41-49 (1999).

Bisbis B, Kevers C, Gaspar T. Atypical TCA cycle and replenishment in a non-photosynthetic fully habituated sugarbeet callus overproducing polyamines. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35: 363-368 (1997).

Blasing OE, Ernst K, Streubel M, Westhoff P, Svensson P. The non-photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases of the C4 dicot Flaveria trinervia - implications for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Planta 215: 448-456 (2002).

Borland A, Elliott S, Patterson S, Taybi T, Cushman J, Pater B, Barnes J. Are the metabolic components of Crassulacean acid metabolism up-regulated in response to an increase in oxidative burden? J. Exp. Bot. 57: 319-328 (2006).

Borland AM, Hartwell J, Jenkins GI, Wilkins MB, Nimmo HG. Metabolite control overrides circadian regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase and CO(2) fixation in Crassulacean acid metabolism. Plant Physiol. 121: 889-896 (1999).

Borland AM, Taybi T. Synchronization of metabolic processes in plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1255-1265 (2004).

Borland AM, Tecsi LI, Leegood RC, Walker RP. Inducibility of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Clusia species; physiological/biochemical characterisation and intercellular localization of carboxylation and decarboxylation processes in three species which exhibit different degrees of CAM. Planta 205: 342-351 (1998).

Borsani J, Budde CO, Porrini L, Lauxmann MA, Lombardo VA, Murray R, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF, Lara MV. Carbon metabolism of peach fruit after harvest: changes in enzymes involved in organic acid and sugar level modifications. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 1823-1837 (2009).

Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Nitrogen acquisition, PEP carboxylase, and cellular pH homeostasis: new views on old paradigms. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1396-1409 (2005).

Brown RH, Byrd GT. Estimation of bundle sheath cell conductance in C4 species and O2 insensitivity of photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 103: 1183-1188 (1993).

Brown RH, Byrd GT, Bouton JH, Bassett CL. Photosynthetic characteristics of segregates from hybrids between Flaveria brownii (C4 like) and Flaveria linearis (C3-C4). Plant Physiol. 101: 825-831 (1993).

Calatayud PA, Baron CH, Velasquez H, Arroyave JA, Lamaze T. Wild Manihot species do not possess C4 photosynthesis. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 89: 125-127 (2002).

Cameron DC, Chaplen FW. Developments in metabolic engineering. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8: 175-80 (1997).

Carter PJ, Nimmo HG, Fewson CA, Wilkins MB. Circadian rhythms in the activity of a plant protein kinase. EMBO J. 10: 2063-2068 (1991).

Carvalho HG, Lopes-Cardoso IA, Lima LM, Melo PM, Cullimore JV. Nodule-specific modulation of glutamine synthetase in transgenic Medicago truncatula leads to inverse alterations in asparagine synthetase expression. Plant Physiol. 133: 243-252 (2003).

Casati P, Lara MV, Andreo CS. Induction of a C(4)-like mechanism of CO(2) fixation in Egeria densa, a submersed aquatic species. Plant Physiol. 123: 1611-1622 (2000).

Chen ZH, Walker RP, Acheson RM, Leegood RC. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase assayed at physiological concentrations of metal ions has a high affinity for CO2. Plant Physiol. 128: 160-164 (2002).

Chen LM, Li KZ, Miwa T, Izui K. Overexpression of a cyanobacterial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with diminished sensitivity to feedback inhibition in Arabidopsis changes amino acid metabolism. Planta 219: 440-449 (2004).

Chen WH, Tseng YC, Liu YC, Chuo CM, Chen PT, Tseng KM, Yeh YC, Ger MJ, Wang HL. Cool-night temperature induces spike emergence and affects photosynthetic efficiency and metabolizable carbohydrate and organic acid pools in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1667-1675 (2008).

Chen ZH, Jenkins GI, Nimmo HG. pH and carbon supply control the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 1844-1850 (2008).

Chen ZH, Walker RP, Acheson RM, Tecsi LI, Wingler A, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Are isocitrate lyase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase involved in gluconeogenesis during senescence of barley leaves and cucumber cotyledons? Plant Cell Physiol. 41: 960-967 (2000).

Chinthapalli B, Murmu J, Raghavendra AS. Dramatic difference in the responses of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to temperature in leaves of C3 and C4 plants. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 707-714 (2003).

Chistoserdova LV, Lidstrom ME. Cloning, mutagenesis, and physiological effect of a hydroxypyruvate reductase gene from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. J. Bacteriol. 174: 71-77 (1992).

Chivasa S, Berry JO, ap Rees T, Carr JP. Changes in gene expression during development and thermogenesis in Arum. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 391-399 (1999).

Chollet R, Vidal J, O'Leary MH. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: a ubiquitous, highly regulated enzyme in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 273-298 (1996).

Colebatch G, Kloska S, Trevaskis B, Freund S, Altmann T, Udvardi MK. Novel aspects of symbiotic nitrogen fixation uncovered by transcript profiling with cDNA arrays. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 15: 411-420 (2002).

Coursol S, Giglioli-Guivarc'H N, Vidal J, Pierre JN. An increase in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity precedes induction of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation in illuminated and NH4Cl-treated protoplasts from Digitaria sanguinalis. Plant J. 23: 497-506 (2000).

Cousins AB, Adam NR, Wall GW, Kimball BA, Pinter PJ Jr, Ottman MJ, Leavitt SW, Webber AN. Development of C4 photosynthesis in sorghum leaves grown under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1969-1975 (2003).

Cousins AB, Bloom AJ. Oxygen consumption during leaf nitrate assimilation in a C-3 and C-4 plant: the role of mitochondrial respiration. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 1537-1545 (2004).

Crafts-Brandner SJ, Salvucci ME. Sensitivity of photosynthesis in a C4 plant, maize, to heat stress. Plant Physiol. 129: 1773-1780 (2002).

Crecelius F, Streb P, Feierabend J. Malate metabolism and reactions of oxidoreduction in cold-hardened winter rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1075-1083 (2003).

Cretin C, Bakrim N, Keryer E, Santi S, Lepiniec L, Vidal J, Gadal P. Production in Escherichia coli of active Sorghum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase which can be phosphorylated. Plant Mol. Biol. 17: 83-88 (1991).

Curioni PM, Hartwig UA, Nosberger J, Schuller KA. Glycolytic flux is adjusted to nitrogenase activity in nodules of detopped and argon-treated alfalfa plants. Plant Physiol. 119: 445-454 (1999).

Cushman JC, Borland AM. Induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism by water limitation. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 295-310 (2002).

Cushman JC, Meyer G, Michalowski CB, Schmitt JM, Bohnert HJ. Salt stress leads to differential expression of two isogenes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during crassulacean acid metabolism induction in the common ice plant. Plant Cell 1: 715-725 (1989).

de Graaf AA, Striegel K, Wittig RM, Laufer B, Schmitz G, Wiechert W, Sprenger GA, Sahm H. Metabolic state of Zymomonas mobilis in glucose-, fructose-, and xylose-fed continuous cultures as analysed by 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 371-385 (1999).

Delaunay S, Uy D, Baucher MF, Engasser JM, Guyonvarch A, Goergen JL. Importance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Corynebacterium glutamicum during the temperature triggered glutamic acid fermentation. Metab. Eng. 1: 334-343 (1999).

Delgado-Alvarado A, Walker RP, Leegood RC. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in developing pea seeds is associated with tissues involved in solute transport and is nitrogen-responsive. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 225-235 (2007).

Des Rosiers C, Di Donato L, Comte B, Laplante A, Marcoux C, David F, Fernandez CA, Brunengraber H. Isotopomer analysis of citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis in rat liver. Reversibility of isocitrate dehydrogenase and involvement of ATP-citrate lyase in gluconeogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10027-10036 (1995).

Dever LV, Bailey KJ, Lacuesta M, Leegood RC, Lea PJ. The isolation and characterization of mutants of the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Ser. III-Sci. Vie-Life Sci. 319: 951-959 (1996).

Dever LV, Bailey KJ, Leegood RC, Lea PJ. Control of photosynthesis in Amaranthus edulis mutants with reduced amounts of PEP carboxylase. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 469-476 (1997).

Dever LV, Blackwell RD, Fullwood NJ, Lacuesta M, Leegood RC, Onek LA, Pearson M, Lea PJ. The isolation and characterization of mutants of the C4 photosynthetic pathway. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 1363-1376 (1995).

Devi MT, Raghavendra AS. Partial reduction in activities of photorespiratory enzymes in C3-C4 intermediates of Alternanthera and Parthenium. J. Exp. Bot. 44: 779-784 (1993).

Devi MT, Raghavendra AS. Light activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize mesophyll protoplasts. J. Plant Physiol. 139: 431-435 (1992).

Devi MT, Rajagopalan AV, Raghavendra AS. Purification and properties of glycolate oxidase from plants with different photosynthetic pathways: Distinctness of C-4 enzyme from that of a C-3 species and a C-3-C-4 intermediate. Photosynth. Res. 47: 231-238 (1996).

Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Canioni P, Raymond P. Sugar starvation induced changes of carbon metabolism in excised maize root tips. Plant Physiol. 115: 1505-1513 (1997).

Ding L, Wang KJ, Jiang GM, Biswas DK, Xu H, Li LF, Li YH. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 96: 925-930 (2005).

Dionisio-Sese ML, Shono M, Tobita S. Effects of proline and betaine on heat inactivation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in crude extracts of rice seedlings. Photosynthetica 36: 557-563 (1999).

Doncaster HD, Leegood RC. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in maize leaves. Plant Physiol. 84: 82-87 (1987).

Dong DF, Peng XX, Yan XL. Organic acid exudation induced by phosphorus deficiency and/or aluminium toxicity in two contrasting soybean genotypes. Physiol. Plant. 122: 190-199 (2004).

Dong L, Ermolova NV, Chollet R. Partial purification and biochemical characterization of a heteromeric protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme from maize (Zea mays L.) leaves that dephosphorylates C4 phosophoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Planta 213: 379-389 (2001).

Drennan PM, Nobel PS. Responses of CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 767-781 (2000).

Du Z, Aghoram K, Outlaw WH Jr. In vivo phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in guard cells of Vicia faba L. is enhanced by fusicoccin and suppressed by abscisic acid. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 337: 345-350 (1997).

Dwyer SA, Ghannoum O, Nicotra A, von Caemmerer S. High temperature acclimation of C4 photosynthesis is linked to changes in photosynthetic biochemistry. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 53-66 (2007).

Echevarria C, Garcia-Maurino S, Alvarez R, Soler A, Vidal J. Salt stress increases the Ca2+-independent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity in Sorghum leaves. Planta 214: 283-287 (2001).

Echevarria C, Pacquit V, Bakrim N, Osuna L, Delgado B, Arriodupont M, Vidal J. The effect of pH on the covalent and metabolic control of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from sorghum leaf. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 315: 425-430 (1994).

Echevarria C, Vidal J, Jiao JA, Chollet R. Reversible light activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein-serine kinase in maize leaves. FEBS Lett. 275: 25-28 (1990).

Edwards S, Nguyen BT, Do B, Roberts JKM. Contribution of malic enzyme, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and the Krebs cycle to respiration and biosynthesis and to intracellular pH regulation during hypoxia in maize root tips observed by NMR and GC-MS. Plant Physiol. 116: 1073-1081 (1998).

Emmerling M, Dauner M, Ponti A, Fiaux J, Hochuli M, Szyperski T, Wuthrich K, Bailey JE, Sauer U. Metabolic flux responses to pyruvate kinase knockout in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 184: 152-164 (2002).

Endo T, Mihara Y, Furumoto T, Matsumura H, Kai Y, Izui K. Maize C4-form phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase engineered to be functional in C3 plants: mutations for diminished sensitivity to feedback inhibitors and for increased substrate affinity. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 1811-1818 (2008).

Engelmann S, Blasing OE, Gowik U, Svensson P, Westhoff P. Molecular evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the genus Flaveria: a gradual increase from C3 to C4 characteristics. Planta 217: 717-725 (2003).

Engelmann S, Blasing OE, Westhoff P, Svensson P. Serine 774 and amino acids 296 to 437 comprise the major C4 determinants of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Flaveria trinervia. FEBS Lett. 524: 11-14 (2002).

Ermolayev V, Weschke W, Manteuffel R. Comparison of Al-induced gene expression in sensitive and tolerant soybean cultivars. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 2745-2756 (2003).

Ernst K, Westhoff P. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc) gene family of Flaveria trinervia (C4) and F. pringlei (C3): molecular characterization and expression analysis of the ppcB and ppcC genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 34: 427-443 (1997).

Espen L, Dell'Orto M, De Nisi P, Zocchi G. Metabolic responses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) roots under Fe-deficiency: a 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance in-vivo study. Planta 210: 985-992 (2000).

Famiani F, Cultrera NG, Battistelli A, Casulli V, Proietti P, Standardi A, Chen ZH, Leegood RC, Walker RP. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and its potential role in the catabolism of organic acids in the flesh of soft fruit during ripening. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 2959-2969 (2005).

Famiani F, Walker RP, Tecsi L, Chen ZH, Proietti P, Leegood RC. An immunohistochemical study of the compartmentation of metabolism during the development of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 675-683 (2000).

Farmer WR, Liao JC. Reduction of aerobic acetate production by Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3205-3210 (1997).

Feria AB, Alvarez R, Cochereau L, Vidal J, Garcia-Maurino S, Echevarria C. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation by metabolites and ABA during the development and germination of barley seeds. Plant Physiol. 148: 761-774 (2008).

Fernandez CA, Des Rosiers C. Modeling of liver citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis based on 13C mass isotopomer distribution analysis of intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10037-10042 (1995).

Ferrario-Mery S, Hodges M, Hirel B, Foyer CH. Photorespiration-dependent increases in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase in transformed tobacco plants deficient in ferredoxin-dependent glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. Planta 214: 877-886 (2002).

Ferrario-Mery S, Hodges M, Hirel B, Foyer CH. Photorespiration-dependent increases in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase in transformed tobacco plants deficient in ferredoxin-dependent glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. Planta 214: 974 (2002).

Finkemeier I, Kluge C, Metwally A, Georgi M, Grotjohann N, Dietz KJ. Alterations in Cd-induced gene expression under nitrogen deficiency in Hordeum vulgare. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 821-833 (2003).

Flores HE, Dai Y, Cuello JL, Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Loyola-Vargas VM. Green roots: photosynthesis and photoautotrophy in an underground plant organ. Plant Physiol. 101: 363-371 (1993).

Fontaine V, Hartwell J, Jenkins GI, Nimmo HG. Arabidopsis thaliana contains two phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes with different expression patterns. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 115-122 (2002).

Fortunati A, Barta C, Brilli F, Centritto M, Zimmer I, Schnitzler JP, Loreto F. Isoprene emission is not temperature-dependent during and after severe drought-stress: a physiological and biochemical analysis. Plant J. 55: 687-697 (2008).

Foyer CH, Lescure JC, Lefebvre C, Morot-Gaudry JF, Vincentz M, Vaucheret H. Adaptations of photosynthetic electron transport, carbon assimilation, and carbon partitioning in transgenic Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants to changes in nitrate reductase activity. Plant Physiol. 104: 171-178 (1994).

Foyer CH, Valadier MH, Migge A, Becker TW. Drought-induced effects on nitrate reductase activity and mRNA and on the coordination of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in maize leaves. Plant Physiol. 117: 283-292 (1998).

Fukayama H, Tamai T, Taniguchi Y, Sullivan S, Miyao M, Nimmo HG. Characterization and functional analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes in rice. Plant J. 47: 258-268 (2006).

Furumoto T, Izui K, Quinn V, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S. Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is not essential for high photosynthetic rates in the C4 species Flaveria bidentis. Plant Physiol. 144: 1936-1945 (2007).

Garcia-Alles LF, Erni B. Synthesis of phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) analogues and evaluation as inhibitors of PEP-utilizing enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 3226-3236 (2002).

Garcia-Maurino S, Monreal JA, Alvarez R, Vidal J, Echevarria C. Characterization of salt stress-enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity in leaves of Sorghum vulgare: independence from osmotic stress, involvement of ion toxicity and significance of dark phosphorylation. Planta 216: 648-655 (2003).

Gavalas NA, Caravatas S, Manetas Y. Factors affecting a fast and reversible inactivation of photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Photosynthetica 16: 49-58 (1982).

Gebbing T, Schnyder H. C13 labeling kinetics of sucrose in glumes indicates significant refixation of respiratory CO2 in the wheat ear. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 1047-1053 (2001).

Gehrig H, Faist K, Kluge M. Identification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms in leaf, stem and roots of the obligate CAM plant Vanilla planifolia Salib. (Orchidaceae): a physiological and molecular approach. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 1215-1223 (1998).

Gennidakis S, Rao S, Greenham K, Uhrig RG, O'Leary B, Snedden WA, Lu C, Plaxton WC. Bacterial- and plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase polypeptides interact in the hetero-oligomeric class-2 PEPC complex of developing castor oil seeds. Plant J. 52: 839-849 (2007).

Ghashghaie J, Duranceau M, Badeck FW, Cornic G, Adeline MT, Deleens E. d13C of CO2 respired in the dark in relation to d13C of leaf metabolites: comparison between Nicotiana sylvestris and Helianthus annuus under drought. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 505-515 (2001).

Giordano M, Norici A, Forssen M, Eriksson M, Raven JA. An anaplerotic role for mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 132: 2126-2134 (2003).

Giordano M, Pezzoni V, Hell R. Strategies for the allocation of resources under sulfur limitation in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. 124: 857-864 (2000).

Gokarn RR, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Metabolic analysis of Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of the carboxylating enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 1844-1850 (2000).

Golombek S, Heim U, Horstmann C, Wobus U, Weber H. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in developing seeds of Vicia faba L.: gene expression and metabolic regulation. Planta 208: 66-72 (1999).

Gonzalez MC, Osuna L, Echevarria C, Vidal J, Cejudo FJ. Expression and localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in developing and germinating wheat grains. Plant Physiol. 116: 1249-1258 (1998).

Gonzalez MC, Sanchez R, Cejudo FJ. Abiotic stresses affecting water balance induce phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expression in roots of wheat seedlings. Planta 216: 985-992 (2003).

Gousset-Dupont A, Lebouteiller B, Monreal J, Echevarria C, Pierre JN, Hodges M, Vidal J. Metabolite and post-translational control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from leaves and mesophyll cell protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci. 169: 1096-1101 (2005).

Gowik U, Burscheidt J, Akyildiz M, Schlue U, Koczor M, Streubel M, Westhoff P. cis-Regulatory elements for mesophyll-specific gene expression in the C4 plant Flaveria trinervia, the promoter of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene. Plant Cell 16: 1077-1090 (2004).

Gowik U, Engelmann S, Blasing OE, Raghavendra AS, Westhoff P. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the genus Alternanthera: gene families and the enzymatic characteristics of the C(4) isozyme and its orthologues in C(3) and C(3)/C(4) Alternantheras. Planta 223: 359-368 (2006).

Guillet C, Just D, Benard N, Destrac-Irvine A, Baldet P, Hernould M, Causse M, Raymond P, Rothan C. A fruit-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is related to rapid growth of tomato fruit. Planta 214: 717-726 (2002).

Guo S, Bruck H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Nitrogen form and water uptake. Plant & Soil 239: 267-275 (2002).

Guo S, Schinner K, Sattelmacher B, Hansen UP. Different apparent CO2 compensation points in nitrate- and ammonium-grown Phaseolus vulgaris and the relationship to non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution. Physiol. Plant. 123: 288-301 (2005).

Guralnick LJ, Cline A, Smith M, Sage RF. Evolutionary physiology: the extent of C4 and CAM photosynthesis in the genera Anacampseros and Grahamia of the Portulacaceae. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 1735-1742 (2008).

Hartwell J. The co-ordination of central plant metabolism by the circadian clock. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 945-948 (2005).

Hatch MD, Oliver IR. Activation and inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in leaf extracts from C4 species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5: 571-580 (1978).

Hausler RE, Hirsch HJ, Kreuzaler F, Peterhansel C. Overexpression of C4-cycle enzymes in transgenic C3 plants: a biotechnological approach to improve C3 photosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 591-607 (2002).

Hausler RE, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Control of photosynthesis in barley leaves with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase. 2. Control of electron transport and CO2 assimilation. Planta 194: 418-435 (1994).

Hausler RE, Rademacher T, Li J, Lipka V, Fischer KL, Schubert S, Kreuzaler F, Hirsch HJ. Single and double overexpression of C4-cycle genes had differential effects on the pattern of endogenous enzymes, attenuation of photorespiration and on contents of UV protectants in transgenic potato and tobacco plants. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1785-1803 (2001).

Hayes JE, Ma JF. Al-induced efflux of organic acid anions is poorly associated with internal organic acid metabolism in triticale roots. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1753-1759 (2003).

He P, Osaki M, Takebe M, Shinano T, Wasaki J. Endogenous hormones and expression of senescence-related genes in different senescent types of maize. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1117-1128 (2005).

Hernandez-Montalvo V, Martinez A, Hernandez-Chavez G, Bolivar F, Valle F, Gosset G. Expression of galP and glk in a Escherichia coli PTS mutant restores glucose transport and increases glycolytic flux to fermentation products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 83: 687-694 (2003).

Hirel B, Andrieu B, Valadier MH, Renard S, Quillere I, Chelle M, Pommel B, Fournier C, Drouet JL. Physiology of maize II: Identification of physiological markers representative of the nitrogen status of maize (Zea mays) leaves during grain filling. Physiol. Plant. 124: 178-188 (2005).

Hrabak EM, Chan CW, Gribskov M, Harper JF, Choi JH, Halford N, Kudla J, Luan S, Nimmo HG, Sussman MR, Thomas M, Walker-Simmons K, Zhu JK, Harmon AC. The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK superfamily of protein kinases. Plant Physiol. 132: 666-680 (2003).

Hurst AC, Grams TEE, Ratajczak R. Effects of salinity, high irradiance, ozone, and ethylene on mode of photosynthesis, oxidative stress and oxidative damage in the C-3/CAM intermediate plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 187-197 (2004).

Iglesias AA, Plaxton WC, Podesta FE. The role of inorganic phosphate in the regulation of C4 photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 35: 205-211 (1993).

Inokuchi R, Kuma KI, Miyata T, Okada M. Nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in land plants and algae: phylogenic and physiological perspectives. Physiol. Plant. 116: 1 (2002).

Ipsen A, Ziegenhagen B. New insights into allelic diversity of a phosphoeno/pyruvate carboxylase in the conifer Picea abies (l.) Karst. Planta 214: 265-273 (2001).

Iyer VV, Sriram G, Fulton DB, Zhou R, Westgate ME, Shanks JV. Metabolic flux maps comparing the effect of temperature on protein and oil biosynthesis in developing soybean cotyledons. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 506-517 (2008).

Izui K, Matsumura H, Furumoto T, Kai Y. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: a new era of structural biology. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55:69-84 (2004).

Janc JW, Cleland WW, O'Leary MH. Mechanistic studies of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Zea mays utilizing formate as an alternate substrate for bicarbonate. Biochemistry 31: 6441-6446 (1992).

Jawali N. The dimeric form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isolated from maize: physical and kinetic-properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 277: 61-68 (1990).

Jawali N. Hysteretic nature of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isolated from maize. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 277: 69-73 (1990).

Jawali N, Bhagwat AS. Inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from maize by 2- phosphoglycollate. Photosynth. Res. 11: 153-159 (1987).

Jeanneau M, Vidal J, Gousset-Dupont A, Lebouteiller B, Hodges M, Gerentes D, Perez P. Manipulating PEPC levels in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1837-1845 (2002).

Jiao D, Huang X, Li X, Chi W, Kuang T, Zhang Q, Ku MS, Cho D. Photosynthetic characteristics and tolerance to photo-oxidation of transgenic rice expressing C(4) photosynthesis enzymes. Photosynth. Res. 72: 85-93 (2002).

Jiao JA, Chollet R. Posttranslational regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Plant Physiol. 95: 981-985 (1991).

Jiao JA, Chollet R. Regulatory seryl-phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by a soluble protein kinase from maize leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269: 526-535 (1989).

Jiao JA, Chollet R. Light dark regulation of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by invivo phosphorylation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 261: 409-417 (1988).

Jiao JA, Chollet R. Regulatory phosphorylation of serine-15 in maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by a C4-leaf protein-serine kinase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 283: 300-305 (1990).

Jiao JA, Chollet R. Light activation of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein serine kinase activity is inhibited by mesophyll and bundle-sheath-directed photosynthesis inhibitors. Plant Physiol. 98: 152-156 (1992).

Jiao JA, Echevarria C, Vidal J, Chollet R. Protein turnover as a component in the light dark regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein serine kinase activity in C4 plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 2712-2715 (1991).

Jiao JA, Podesta FE, Chollet R, OLeary MH, Andreo CS. Isolation and sequence of an active site peptide from maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase inactivated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1041: 291-295 (1990).

Jiao JA, Vidal J, Echevarria C, Chollet R. In vivo regulatory phosphorylation site in C4-leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from maize and sorghum. Plant Physiol. 96: 297-301 (1991).

Johnson JF, Vance CP, Allan DL. Phosphorus deficiency in Lupinus albus. Altered lateral root development and enhanced expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 112: 31-41 (1996).

Kalamajka R, Hahnen S, Cavalar M, Topsch S, Weier D, Peterhansel C. Restriction accessibility in isolated nuclei reveals light-induced chromatin reorganization at the PEPC promoter in maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 669-678 (2003).

Kausch AP, Owen TP Jr, Zachwieja SJ, Flynn AR, Sheen J. Mesophyll-specific, light and metabolic regulation of the C4 PPCZm1 promoter in transgenic maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 1-15 (2001).

Kawamura T, Shigesada K, Toh H, Okumura S, Yanagisawa S, Izui K. Molecular evolution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase for C4 photosynthesis in maize: comparison of its cDNA sequence with a newly isolated cDNA encoding an isozyme involved in the anaplerotic function. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 112: 147-154 (1992).

Kiirats O, Lea PJ, Franceschi VR, Edwards GE. Bundle sheath diffusive resistance to CO2 and effectiveness of C(4) photosynthesis and refixation of photorespired CO(2) in a C(4) cycle mutant and wild-type Amaranthus edulis. Plant Physiol. 130: 964-976 (2002).

Klapa MI, Aon JC, Stephanopoulos G. Systematic quantification of complex metabolic flux networks using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 3525-3542 (2003).

Kloos DU, Oltmanns H, Dock C, Stahl D, Hehl R. Isolation and molecular analysis of six taproot expressed genes from sugar beet. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1533-1534 (2002).

Krall JP, Edwards GE. PEP carboxylases from two C4 species of Panicum with markedly different susceptibilities to cold inactivation. Plant Cell Physiol. 34: 1-11 (1993).

Kromer S, Gardestrom P, Samuelsson G. Regulation of the supply of cytosolic oxaloacetate for mitochondrial metabolism via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in barley leaf protoplasts. I. The effect of covalent modification on PEPC activity, pH response, and kinetic properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1289: 343-350 (1996).

Kromer S, Gardestrom P, Samuelsson G. Regulation of the supply of oxaloacetate for mitochondrial metabolism via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in barley leaf protoplasts. II. Effects of metabolites on PEPC activity at different activation states of the protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1289: 351-361 (1996).

Kubien DS, Von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, Sage RF. C4 photosynthesis at low temperature. A study using transgenic plants with reduced amounts of Rubisco. Plant Physiol. 132: 1577-1585 (2003).

Kumar N, Kumar S, Vats SK, Ahuja PS. Effect of altitude on the primary products of photosynthesis and the associated enzymes in barley and wheat. Photosynth. Res. 88: 63-71 (2006).

Lapujade P, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Loubiere P. Glutamate biosynthesis in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis NCDO 2118. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 2485-2489 (1998).

Lara MV, Choung SD, Akhani H, Andreo CS, Edwards GE. Species having C4 single-cell-type photosynthesis in the Chenopodiaceae family evolved a photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase like that of Kranz-type C4 species. Plant Physiol. 142: 673-684 (2006).

Lara MV, Offermann S, Smith M, Okita TW, Andreo CS, Edwards GE. Leaf development in the single-cell C4 system in Bienertia sinuspersici: expression of genes and peptide levels for C4 metabolism in relation to chlorenchyma structure under different light conditions. Plant Physiol. 148: 593-610 (2008).

Le Roux MR, Khan S, Valentine AJ. Organic acid accumulation may inhibit N2 fixation in phosphorus-stressed lupin nodules. New Phytol. 177: 956-964 (2008).

Lee B, Yen J, Yang L, Liao JC. Incorporating qualitative knowledge in enzyme kinetic models using fuzzy logic. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 62: 722-729 (1999).

Leegood RC. The regulation of C4 photosynthesis. Adv. Bot. Res. 26: 251-316 (1997).

Li B, Pacquit V, Jiao JA, Duff SMG, Maralihalli GB, Sarath G, Condon SA, Vidal J, Chollet R. Structural requirements for phosphorylation of C4-leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by its highly regulated protein-serine kinase. A comparative study with synthetic-peptide substrates and mutant target proteins. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 443-449 (1997).

Li B, Zhang XQ, Chollet R. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase in tobacco leaves is activated by light in a similar but not identical way as in maize. Plant Physiol. 111: 497-505 (1996).

Li CR, Gan LJ, Xia K, Zhou X, Hew CS. Responses of carboxylating enzymes, sucrose metabolizing enzymes and plant hormones in a tropical epiphytic CAM orchid to CO2 enrichment. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 369-377 (2002).

Li XF, Ma JF, Matsumoto H. Pattern of aluminum-induced secretion of organic acids differs between rye and wheat. Plant Physiol. 123: 1537-1544 (2000).

Ligaba A, Shen H, Shibata K, Yamamoto Y, Tanakamaru S, Matsumoto H. The role of phosphorus in aluminium-induced citrate and malate exudation from rape (Brassica napus). Physiol. Plant. 120: 575-584 (2004).

Lopez M, Herrera-Cervera JA, Iribarne C, Tejera NA, Lluch C. Growth and nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula under NaCl stress: nodule carbon metabolism. J. Plant Physiol. 165: 641-650 (2008).

Lopez-Millan AF, Morales F, Andaluz S, Gogorcena Y, Abadía A, De Las Rivas J, Abadía J. Responses of sugar beet roots to iron deficiency. Changes in carbon assimilation and oxygen use. Plant Physiol. 124: 885-898 (2000).

Lopez-Millan AF, Morales F, Andaluz S, Gogorcena Y, Abadia A, Rivas JD, Abadia J. Responses of sugar beet roots to iron deficiency. Changes in carbon assimilation and oxygen use. Plant Physiol. 124: 885-898 (2000).

Lopez-Millan AF, Morales F, Gogorcena Y, Abadia A, Abadia J. Iron resupply-mediated deactivation of Fe-deficiency stress responses in roots of sugar beet. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 171-180 (2001).

Lopez-Pozos R, Rodriguez-Sotres R, Munoz-Clares RA. Hysteretic properties of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in crude desalted extracts. Effects of metabolites and light. J. Plant Physiol. 136: 451-457 (1990).

Loreto F, Centritto M, Barta C, Calfapietra C, Fares S, Monson RK. The relationship between isoprene emission rate and dark respiration rate in white poplar (Populus alba L.) leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 662-669 (2007).

Lu YK, Stemler AJ. Extrinsic photosystem II carbonic anhydrase in maize mesophyll chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 128: 643-649 (2002).

Luttge U. The tonoplast functioning as the master switch for circadian regulation of Crassulacean acid metabolism. Planta 211: 761-769 (2000).

MacKintosh C, Coggins J, Cohen P. Plant protein phosphatases: subcellular distribution, detection of protein phosphatase 2C and identification of protein phosphatase 2A as the major quinate dehydrogenase phosphatase. Biochem. J. 273: 733-738 (1991).

Mamedov TG, Moellering ER, Chollet R. Identification and expression analysis of two inorganic C- and N-responsive genes encoding novel and distinct molecular forms of eukaryotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J. 42: 832-843 (2005).

Manetas Y. A reexamination of NaCl effects on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase at high (physiological) enzyme concentrations. Physiol. Plant. 78: 225-229 (1990).

Manetas Y, Petropoulou Y, Karabourniotis G. Compatible solutes and their effects on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of C4-halophytes. Plant Cell Environ. 9: 145-151 (1986).

Maroco JP, Ku MSB, Edwards GE. Utilization of O2 in the metabolic optimization of C4 photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 115-121 (2000).

Maroco JP, Ku MSB, Furbank RT, Lea PJ, Leegood RC, Edwards GE. CO2 and O2 dependence of PS II activity in C4 plants having genetically produced deficiencies in the C3 or C4 cycle. Photosynth. Res. 58: 91-101 (1998).

Maroco JP, Ku MSB, Lea PJ, Dever LV, Leegood RC, Furbank RT, Edwards GE. Oxygen requirement and inhibition of C4 photosynthesis. An analysis of C4 plants deficient in the C3 and C4 cycles. Plant Physiol. 116: 823-832 (1998).

Marsh JT, Sullivan S, Hartwell J, Nimmo HG. Structure and expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes in solanaceae. A novel gene exhibits alternative splicing. Plant Physiol. 133: 2021-2028 (2003).

Martin F, Boiffin V, Pfeffer PE. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the Eucalyptus globulus-pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza during glucose utilization. Plant Physiol. 118: 627-635 (1998).

McNaughton GAL, MacKintosh C, Fewson CA, Wilkins MB, Nimmo HG. Illumination increases the phosphorylation state of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by causing an increase in the activity of a protein kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1093: 189-195 (1991).

Menendez C, Bauer Z, Huber H, Gad'on N, Stetter KO, Fuchs G. Presence of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in autotrophic Crenarchaeota and indication for operation of a 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in autotrophic carbon fixation. J. Bacteriol. 181: 1088-1098 (1999).

Monreal JA, Feria AB, Vinardell JM, Vidal J, Echevarria C, García-Maurino S. ABA modulates the degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase in sorghum leaves. FEBS Lett. 581: 3468-3472 (2007).

Monreal JA, Lopez-Baena FJ, Vidal J, Echevarria C, Garcia-Maurino S. Effect of LiCl on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase and the phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in leaf disks and leaves of Sorghum vulgare. Planta 225: 801-812 (2007).

Moons A, Valcke R, Van Montagu M. Low-oxygen stress and water deficit induce cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) expression in roots of rice, a C3 plant. Plant J. 15: 89-98 (1998).

Morishima A. Identification of preferred binding sites of a light-inducible DNA-binding factor (MNF1) within 5'-upstream sequence of C4-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene in maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 633-646 (1998).

Murchie EH, Ferrario-Mery S, Valadier MH, Foyer CH. Short-term nitrogen-induced modulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in tobacco and maize leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 1349-1356 (2000).

Murmu J, Chinthapalli B, Raghavendra AS. Marked modulation by phosphate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in leaves of Amaranthus hypochondriacus, a NAD-ME type C4 plant: decrease in malate sensitivity but no change in the phosphorylation status. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 2661-2668 (2003).

Murmu J, Plaxton WC. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein kinase from developing castor oil seeds: partial purification, characterization, and reversible control by photosynthate supply. Planta 226: 1299-1310 (2007).

Muscolo A, Panuccio MR, Sidari M, Sessi E, Nardi S. Alteration of amino acid metabolism by humic substances during germination of Pinus laricio seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 30: 205-210 (2002).

Naidu SL, Long SP. Potential mechanisms of low-temperature tolerance of C4 photosynthesis in Miscanthus x giganteus: an in vivo analysis. Planta 220: 145-155 (2004).

Naidu SL, Moose SP, AL-Shoaibi AK, Raines CA, Long SP. Cold tolerance of C4 photosynthesis in Miscanthus x giganteus: adaptation in amounts and sequence of C4 photosynthetic enzymes. Plant Physiol. 132: 1688-1697 (2003).

Neff R, Blasius B, Beck F, Luttge U. Thermodynamics and energetics of the tonoplast membrane operating as a hysteresis switch in an oscillatory model of Crassulacean acid metabolism. J. Membr. Biol. 165: 37-43 (1998).

Nhiri M, Bakrim N, Bakrim N, El Hachimi-Messouak Z, Echevarria C, Vidal J. Posttranslational regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during germination of Sorghum seeds: influence of NaCl and L-malate. Plant Sci. 151: 29-37 (2000).

Nhiri M, Bakrim N, Pacquit V, El Hachimi-Messouak Z, Osuna L, Vidal J. Calcium-dependent and -independent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinases in Sorghum leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 241-246 (1998).

Nikolopoulos D, Manetas Y. Compatible solutes and in vitro stability of Salsola soda enzymes: proline incompatibility. Phytochemistry 30: 411-413 (1991).

Nimmo GA, Wilkins MB, Nimmo HG. Partial purification and characterization of a protein inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase. Planta 213: 250-257 (2001).

Nimmo HG. The regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in CAM plants. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 75-80 (2000).

Nomura M, Mai HT, Fujii M, Hata S, Izui K, Tajima S. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase plays a crucial role in limiting nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. Plant Cell Physiol. 47: 613-621 (2006).

Norici A, Dalsass A, Giordano M. Role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in anaplerosis in the green microalga Dunaliella salina cultured under different nitrogen regimes. Physiol. Plant. 116: 186-191 (2002).

Oagawa N, Okumura S, Izui K. A Ca2+-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in maize. FEBS Lett. 302: 86-88 (1992).

Offermann S, Danker T, Dreymuller D, Kalamajka R, Topsch S, Weyand K, Peterhansel C. Illumination is necessary and sufficient to induce histone acetylation independent of transcriptional activity at the c4-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter in maize. Plant Physiol. 141: 1078-1088 (2006).

Osuna L, Pierre JN, Gonzalez MC, Alvarez R, Cejudo FJ, Echevarria C, Vidal J. Evidence for a slow-turnover form of the Ca2+-independent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase in the aleurone-endosperm tissue of germinating barley seeds. Plant Physiol. 119: 511-520 (1999).

Panuccio MR, Sidari M, Muscolo A. Effects of different salt concentrations and pH conditions on growth of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. (Kikuyu grass). Fresenius Environ. Bull. 11: 295-299 (2002).

Park SM, Shaw-Reid C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G. Elucidation of anaplerotic pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum via 13C-NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47: 430-440 (1997).

Park SM, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G. Metabolic and physiological studies of Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 55: 864-879 (1997).

Pasqualini S, Ederli L, Piccioni C, Batini P, Bellucci M, Arcioni S, Antonielli M. Metabolic regulation and gene expression of root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by different nitrogen sources. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 439-447 (2001).

Pastori GM, Mullineaux PM, Foyer CH. Post-transcriptional regulation prevents accumulation of glutathione reductase protein and activity in the bundle sheath cells of maize. Plant Physiol. 122: 667-676 (2000).

Pathirana MS, Samac DA, Roeven R, Yoshioka H, Vance CP, Gantt JS. Analyses of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene structure and expression in alfalfa nodules. Plant J. 12: 293-304 (1997).

Penaloza E, Munoz G, Salvo-Garrido H, Silva H, Corcuera LJ. Phosphate deficiency regulates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expression in proteoid root clusters of white lupin. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 145-153 (2005).

Peters-Wendisch PG, Wendisch VF, de Graaf AA, Eikmanns BJ, Sahm H. C3-carboxylation as an anaplerotic reaction in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch. Microbiol. 165: 387-396 (1996).

Petersen S, de Graaf AA, Eggeling L, Mollney M, Wiechert W, Sahm H. In vivo quantification of parallel and bidirectional fluxes in the anaplerosis of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 35932-35941 (2000).

Petersen S, Mack C, De Graaf AA, Riedel C, Eikmanns BJ, Sahm H. Metabolic consequences of altered phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum reveal anaplerotic regulation mechanisms in vivo. Metab. Eng. 3: 344-361 (2001).

Petropoulou Y, Manetas Y, Gavalas NA. Intact mesophyll protoplasts from Zea mays as a source of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase unaffected by extraction: Advantages and limitations. Physiol. Plant. 80: 605-611 (1990).

Pierre JN, Pacquit V, VIidal J, Gadal P. Regulatory phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in protoplasts from Sorghum mesophyll cells and the role of pH and Ca2+ as possible components of the light-transduction pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. 210: 531-537 (1992).

Pladys D, Vance CP. Proteolysis during development and senescence of effective and plant gene-controlled ineffective alfalfa nodules. Plant Physiol. 103: 379-384 (1993).

Podesta FE, Iglesias AA, Andreo CS. Oligomeric enzymes in the C4 pathway of photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 26: 161-170 (1990).

Radchuk R, Radchuk V, Gotz KP, Weichert H, Richter A, Emery RJ, Weschke W, Weber H. Ectopic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Vicia narbonensis seeds: effects of improved nutrient status on seed maturation and transcriptional regulatory networks. Plant J. 51: 819-839 (2007).

Rademacher T, Hausler RE, Hirsch HJ, Zhang L, Lipka V, Weier D, Kreuzaler F, Peterhansel C. An engineered phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase redirects carbon and nitrogen flow in transgenic potato plants. Plant J. 32: 25-39 (2002).

Raghavendra AS, Yin ZH, Heber U. Liight-dependent pH changes in leaves of C4 plants. Comparison of the pH response to carbon dioxide and oxygen with that of C3 plants. Planta 189: 278-287 (1993).

Rajagopalan AV, Devi MT, Raghavendra AS. Molecular biology of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: structure, regulation and genetic engineering. Photosynth. Res. 39: 115-135 (1994).

Rajagopalan AV, Gayathri J, Raghavendra AS. Modulation by weak bases or weak acids of the pH of cell sap and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in leaf discs of C4 plants. Physiol. Plant. 104: 456-462 (1998).

Rajagoplan AV, Devi MT, Raghavendra AS. Patterns of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and cytosolic pH during light activation and dark deactivation in C3 and C4 plants. Photosynth. Res. 38: 51-60 (1993).

Rao SK, Magnin NC, Reiskind JB, Bowes G. Photosynthetic and other phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms in the single-cell, facultative C(4) system of Hydrilla verticillata. Plant Physiol. 130: 876-886 (2002).

Rathnam CK, Chollet R. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Panicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate species: evidence for a limited C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 548: 500-519 (1979).

Rawsthorne S. Carbon flux and fatty acid synthesis in plants. Prog. Lipid Res. 41: 182-196 (2002).

Reinfelder JR, Milligan AJ, Morel FM. The role of the C4 pathway in carbon accumulation and fixation in a marine diatom. Plant Physiol. 135: 2106-2111 (2004).

Rius SP, Casati P, Iglesias AA, Gomez-Casati DF. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana lines deficient in GAPC-1, a cytosolic NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Plant Physiol. 148: 1655-1667 (2008).

Rivoal J, Trzos S, Gage DA, Plaxton WC, Turpin DH. Two unrelated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase polypeptides physically interact in the high molecular mass isoforms of this enzyme in the unicellular green alga Selenastrum minutum. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 12588-12597 (2001).

Roberts K, Granum E, Leegood RC, Raven JA. C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in marine diatoms are under genetic, not environmental, control. Plant Physiol. 145: 230-235 (2007).

Rolletschek H, Hosein F, Miranda M, Heim U, Gotz KP, Schlereth A, Borisjuk L, Saalbach I, Wobus U, Weber H. Ectopic expression of an amino acid transporter (VfAAP1) in seeds of Vicia narbonensis and pea increases storage proteins. Plant Physiol. 137: 1236-1249 (2005).

Rontein D, Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Dufourc EJ, Raymond P, Rolin D. The metabolic architecture of plant cells: stability of central metabolism and flexibility of anabolic pathways during the growth cycle of tomato cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 43948-43960 (2002).

Rosenstiel TN, Ebbets AL, Khatri WC, Fall R, Monson RK. Induction of poplar leaf nitrate reductase: a test of extrachloroplastic control of isoprene emission rate. Plant Biol. 6: 12-21 (2004).

Sahm H, Eggeling L, de Graaf AA. Pathway analysis and metabolic engineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biol. Chem. 381: 899-910 (2000).

Salahas G, Manetas Y, Gavalas NA. Assaying for pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase activity: necessary precautions with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as coupling enzyme. Photosynth. Res. 24: 183-188 (1990).

Samaras Y, Manetas Y. Regulation of C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity by ambient CO2. Photosynth. Res. 18: 299-305 (1988).

Sanchez R, Cejudo FJ. Identification and expression analysis of a gene encoding a bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol. 132: 949-957 (2003).

Sanchez R, Flores A, Cejudo FJ. Arabidopsis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes encode immunologically unrelated polypeptides and are differentially expressed in response to drought and salt stress. Planta 223: 901-909 (2006).

Saze H, Ueno Y, Hisabori T, Hayashi H, Izui K. Thioredoxin-mediated reductive activation of a protein kinase for the regulatory phosphorylation of C4-form phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from maize. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1295-1302 (2001).

Schaffner AR, Sheen J. Maize C4 photosynthesis involves differential regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes. Plant J. 2: 221-232 (1992).

Scheible W-R, Krapp A, Stitt M. Reciprocal diurnal changes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expression and cytosolic pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase expression regulate organic acid metabolism during nitrate assimilation in tobacco leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1155-1167 (2000).

Scheible WR, Gonzalez-Fontes A, Lauerer M, Muller-Rober B, Caboche M, Stitt M. Nitrate acts as a signal to induce organic acid metabolism and repress starch metabolism in tobacco. Plant Cell 9: 783-798 (1997).

Schoenbeck MA, Temple SJ, Trepp GB, Blumenthal JM, Samac DA, Gantt JS, Hernandez G, Vance CP. Decreased NADH glutamate synthase activity in nodules and flowers of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) transformed with an antisense glutamate synthase transgene. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 29-39 (2000).

Schuller KA, Werner D. Phosphorylation of soybean (Glycine max L.) nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in vitro decreases sensitivity to inhibition by L-malate. Plant Physiol. 101: 1267-1273 (1993).

Schulze J, Temple G, Temple SJ, Beschow H, Vance CP. Nitrogen fixation by white lupin under phosphorus deficiency. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 98: 731-740 (2006).

Selinioti E, Nikolopoulos D, Manetas Y. Organic cosolutes as stabilizers of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in storage: an interpretation of their action. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 14: 203-210 (1987).

Sentoku N, Taniguchi M, Sugiyama T, Ishimaru K, Ohsugi R, Takaiwa F, Toki S. Analysis of the transgenic tobacco plants expressing Panicum miliaceum aspartate aminotransferase genes. Plant Cell Rep. 19: 598-603 (2000).

Shane MW, Cramer MD, Funayama-Noguchi S, Cawthray GR, Millar AH, Day DA, Lambers H. Developmental physiology of cluster-root carboxylate synthesis and exudation in Harsh hakea. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the alternative oxidase. Plant Physiol. 135: 549-560 (2004).

Shenton M, Fontaine V, Hartwell J, Marsh JT, Jenkins GI, Nimmo HG. Distinct patterns of control and expression amongst members of the PEP carboxylase kinase gene family in C plants. Plant J. 48: 45-53 (2006).

Shirai T, Fujimura K, Furusawa C, Nagahisa K, Shioya S, Shimizu H. Study on roles of anaplerotic pathways in glutamate overproduction of Corynebacterium glutamicum by metabolic flux analysis. Microb. Cell Fact. 6: 19 (2007).

Shomer-Ilan A, Jones GP, Paleg LG. In vitro thermal and salt stability of pyruvate kinase are increased by proline analogs and trigonelline. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18: 279-286 (1991).

Shu G, Pontieri V, Dengler NG, Mets LJ. Light induction of cell type differentiation and cell-type-specific gene expression in cotyledons of a C(4) plant, Flaveria trinervia. Plant Physiol. 121: 731-741 (1999).

Silva AB, Arrabaca MC, Cabral JMS. Extraction of Crassulacean acid metabolism-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase using aqueous two phase systems. Plant Sci. 76: 29-34 (1991).

Smart LB, Vojdani F, Maeshima M, Wilkins TA. Genes involved in osmoregulation during turgor-driven cell expansion of developing cotton fibers are differentially regulated. Plant Physiol. 116: 1539-1549 (1998).

Smith LH, Langdale JA, Chollet R. A functional Calvin cycle is not indispensable for the light activation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase and its target enzyme in the maize mutant bundle sheath defective2-mutable1. Plant Physiol. 118: 191-197 (1998).

Smith PM, Winter H, Storer PJ, Bussell JD, Schuller KA, Atkins CA. Effect of short-term N(2) deficiency on expression of the ureide pathway in cowpea root nodules. Plant Physiol. 129: 1216-1221 (2002).

Sonntag K, Schwinde J, de Graaf AA, Marx A, Eikmanns BJ, Wiechert W, Sahm H. 13C NMR studies of the fluxes in the central metabolism of Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth and overproduction of amino acids in batch cultures. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 489-495 (1995).

Stitt M, Krapp A. The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: the physiological and molecular background. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 583-621 (1999).

Sugiharto B, Suzuki I, Burnell JN, Sugiyama T. Glutamine induces the N-dependent accumulation of mRNAs encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase in detached maize leaf tissue. Plant Physiol. 100: 2066-2070 (1992).

Sullivan S, Jenkins GI, Nimmo HG. Roots, cycles and leaves. Expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase gene family in soybean. Plant Physiol. 135: 2078-2087 (2004).

Suzuki I, Cretin C, Omata T, Sugiyama T. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of nitrogen-responding expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene in maize. Plant Physiol. 105: 1223-1229 (1994).

Suzuki M, Hashioka A, Mimura T, Ashihara H. Salt stress and glycolytic regulation in suspension-cultured cells of the mangrove tree, Bruguiera sexangula. Physiol. Plant. 123: 246-253 (2005).

Suzuki S, Murai N, Burnell JN, Arai M. Changes in photosynthetic carbon flow in transgenic rice plants that express C4-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Urochloa panicoides. Plant Physiol. 124: 163-172 (2000).

Taniguchi M, Izawa K, Ku MS, Lin JH, Saito H, Ishida Y, Ohta S, Komari T, Matsuoka M, Sugiyama T. Binding of cell type-specific nuclear proteins to the 5'-flanking region of maize C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene confers its differential transcription in mesophyll cells. Plant Mol. Biol. 44: 543-557 (2000).

Taniguchi M, Kobe A, Kato M, Sugiyama T. Aspartate aminotransferase isozymes in Panicum miliaceum L., an NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 plant: comparison of enzymatic properties primary structures, and expression patterns. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 318: 295-306 (1995).

Taniguchi Y, Ohkawa H, Masumoto C, Fukuda T, Tamai T, Lee K, Sudoh S, Tsuchida H, Sasaki H, Fukayama H, Miyao M. Overproduction of C4 photosynthetic enzymes in transgenic rice plants: an approach to introduce the C4-like photosynthetic pathway into rice. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 1799-1809 (2008).

Tarczynski MC, Outlaw WH Jr. The interactive effects of pH, L-malate, and glucose-6-phosphate on guard-cell phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 103: 1189-1194 (1993).

Taybi T, Cushman JC. Signaling events leading to Crassulacean acid metabolism induction in the common ice plant. Plant Physiol. 121: 545-556 (1999).

Taybi T, Nimmo HG, Borland AM. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes. Implications for genotypic capacity and phenotypic plasticity in the expression of crassulacean acid metabolism. Plant Physiol. 135: 587-598 (2004).

Taybi T, Patil S, Chollet R, Cushman JC. A minimal serine/threonine protein kinase circadianly regulates phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in Crassulacean acid metabolism-induced leaves of the common ice plant. Plant Physiol. 123: 1471-1482 (2000).

Tazoe Y, Hanba YT, Furumoto T, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Relationships between quantum yield for CO2 assimilation, activity of key enzymes and CO2 leakiness in Amaranthus cruentus, a C4 dicot, grown in high or low light. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 19-29 (2008).

Tecsi LI, Maule AJ, Smith AM, Leegood RC. Metabolic alterations in cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo infected by cucumber mosaic virus. J. Exp. Bot. 45: 1541-1551 (1994).

Temple SJ, Vance CP, Gantt JS. Glutamate synthase and nitrogen assimilation. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 51-56 (1998).

Terada K, Kai T, Okuno S, Fujisawa H, Izui K. Maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: phosphorylation of Ser15 with a mammalian cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase diminishes sensitivity to inhibition by malate. FEBS Lett. 259: 241-244 (1990).

Testerink C, Dekker HL, Lim ZY, Johns MK, Holmes AB, Koster CG, Ktistakis NT, Munnik T. Isolation and identification of phosphatidic acid targets from plants. Plant J. 39: 527-536 (2004).

Tetu SG, Tanz SK, Vella N, Burnell JN, Ludwig M. The Flaveria bidentis beta-carbonic anhydrase gene family encodes cytosolic and chloroplastic isoforms demonstrating distinct organ-specific expression patterns. Plant Physiol. 144: 1316-1327 (2007).

Thomas JC, Bohnert HJ. Salt stress perception and plant growth regulators in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Plant Physiol. 103: 1299-1304 (1993).

Thomas JC, De Armond RL, Bohnert HJ. Influence of NaCl on growth, proline, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase levels in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum suspension cultures. Plant Physiol. 98: 626-631 (1992).

Toh H, Kawamura T, Izui K. Molecular evolution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Cell Environ. 17: 31-43 (1994).

Tovar-Mendez A, Mujica-Jimenez C, Munoz-Clares RA. Physiological implications of the kinetics of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 123: 149-160 (2000).

Toyota K, Koizumi N, Sato F. Transcriptional activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by phosphorus deficiency in tobacco. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 961-969 (2003).

Tripodi KE, Turner WL, Gennidakis S, Plaxton WC. In vivo regulatory phosphorylation of novel phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms in endosperm of developing castor oil seeds. Plant Physiol. 139: 969-978 (2005).

Tsuji Y, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta): evidence for the predominant operation of the c3 cycle and the contribution of beta-carboxylases to the active anaplerotic reaction. Plant Cell Physiol. 50: 318-329 (2009).

Turner WL, Knowles VL, Plaxton WC. Cytosolic pyruvate kinase: subunit composition, activity, and amount in developing castor and soybean seeds, and biochemical characterization of the purified castor seed enzyme. Planta 222: 1051-1062 (2005).

Ueno O. Induction of Kranz anatomy and C4-like biochemical characteristics in a submerged amphibious plant by abscisic acid. Plant Cell 10: 571-584 (1998).

Ueno O. Ultrastructural localization of photosynthetic and photorespiratory enzymes in epidermal, mesophyll, bundle sheath, and vascular bundle cells of the C(4) dicot Amaranthus viridis. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1003-1013 (2001).

Ueno O. Environmental regulation of photosynthetic metabolism in the amphibious sedge Eleocharis baldwinii and comparisons with related species. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 627-639 (2004).

Ueno O, Sentoku N. Comparison of leaf structure and photosynthetic characteristics of C-3 and C-4 Alloteropsis semialata subspecies. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 257-268 (2006).

Ueno Y, Imanari E, Emura J, Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K, Nakajima K, Inami K, Shiba T, Sakakibara H, Sugiyama T, Izui K. Immunological analysis of the phosphorylation state of maize C4-form phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase with specific antibodies raised against a synthetic phosphorylated peptide. Plant J. 21: 17-26 (2000).

Vallino JJ, Stephanopoulos G. Metabolic flux distributions in Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth and lysine overproduction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67: 872-885 (2000).

Viktor A, Cramer MD. The influence of root assimilated inorganic carbon on nitrogen acquisition/assimilation and carbon partitioning. New Phytol. 165: 157-169 (2005).

von Caemmerer S. Carbon isotope discrimination in C3-C4 intermediates. Plant Cell Environ. 15: 1063-1072 (1992).

Von Caemmerer S, Quinn V, Hancock NC, Price GD, Furbank RT, Ludwig M. Carbonic anhydrase and C-4 photosynthesis: a transgenic analysis. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 697-703 (2004).

Voznesenskaya EV, Franceschi VR, Edwards GE. Light-dependent development of single cell C4 photosynthesis in cotyledons of Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) during transformation from a storage to a photosynthetic organ. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 93: 177-187 (2004).

Voznesenskaya EV, Franceschi VR, Kiirats O, Artyusheva EG, Freitag H, Edwards GE. Proof of C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae). Plant J. 31: 649-662 (2002).

Walker RP, Leegood RC. Purification, and phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro, of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from cucumber cotyledons. FEBS Lett. 362: 70-74 (1995).

Walker RP, Leegood RC. Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in plants. Studies in plants with C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism and in germinating seeds. Biochem. J. 317: 653-658 (1996).

Wang D, Harper JF, Gribskov M. Systematic trans-genomic comparison of protein kinases between Arabidopsis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Plant Physiol. 132: 2152-2165 (2003).

Wang JL, Long JJ, Hotchkiss T, Berry JO. C4 photosynthetic gene expression in light- and dark-grown amaranth cotyledons. Plant Physiol. 102: 1085-1093 (1993).

Wang YH, Chollet R. In vitro phosphorylation of purified tobacco leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. FEBS Lett. 328: 215-218 (1993).

Wang YH, Chollet R. Partial purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein-serine kinase from illuminated maize leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 304: 496-502 (1993).

Wang YH, Duff SMG, Lepiniec L, Cretin C, Sarath G, Condon SA, Vidal J, Gadal P, Chollet R. Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphorylatable serine (Ser 8) in C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from sorghum: the effect of negative charge at position 8. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 16759-16762 (1992).

Watling JR, Press MC, Quick WP. Elevated CO(2) induces biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves of the C(4) cereal sorghum. Plant Physiol. 123: 1143-1152 (2000).

Watt M, Evans JR. Linking development and determinacy with organic acid efflux from proteoid roots of white lupin grown with low phosphorus and ambient or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Plant Physiol. 120: 705-716 (1999).

Wendisch VF, de Graaf AA, Sahm H, Eikmanns BJ. Quantitative determination of metabolic fluxes during coutilization of two carbon sources: comparative analyses with Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth on acetate and/or glucose. J. Bacteriol. 182: 3088-3096 (2000).

Westhoff P, Gowik U. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Genes and proteins: a case study with the genus Flaveria. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 93: 13-23 (2004).

Whittaker A, Martinelli T, Farrant JM, Bochicchio A, Vazzana C. Sucrose phosphate synthase activity and the co-ordination of carbon partitioning during sucrose and amino acid accumulation in desiccation-tolerant leaf material of the C4 resurrection plant Sporobolus stapfianus during dehydration. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 3775-3787 (2007).

Windhovel A, Hein I, Dabrowa R, Stockhaus J. Characterization of a novel class of plant homeodomain proteins that bind to the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of Flaveria trinervia. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 201-214 (2001).

Wyka TP, Luttge UE. Contribution of C3 carboxylation to the circadian rhythm of carbon dioxide uptake in a Crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoe daigremontiana. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1471-1479 (2003).

Xie L, Lee SA, Hanel BM, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Anaerobic fermentation of Salmonella typhimurium with and without pyruvate carboxylase. Biotechnol. Lett. 23: 111-117 (2001).

Xu W, Sato SJ, Clemente TE, Chollet R. The PEP-carboxylase kinase gene family in Glycine max (GmPpcK1-4): an in-depth molecular analysis with nodulated, non-transgenic and transgenic plants. Plant J. 49: 910-923 (2007).

Xu W, Zhou Y, Chollet R. Identification and expression of a soybean nodule-enhanced PEP-carboxylase kinase gene (NE-PpcK) that shows striking up-/down-regulation in vivo. Plant J. 34: 441-452 (2003).

Yanagisawa S, Sheen J. Involvement of maize Dof zinc finger proteins in tissue-specific and light-regulated gene expression. Plant Cell 10: 75-89 (1998).

Yang C, Hua Q, Shimizu K. Metabolic flux analysis in Synechocystis using isotope distribution from 13C-labeled glucose. Metab. Eng. 4: 202-216 (2002).

Zamboni N, Maaheimo H, Szyperski T, Hohmann HP, Sauer UU. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase also catalyzes C(3) carboxylation at the interface of glycolysis and the TCA cycle of Bacillus subtilis. Metab. Eng. 6: 277-284 (2004).

Zhang H, Sreenivasulu N, Weschke W, Stein N, Rudd S, Radchuk V, Potokina E, Scholz U, Schweizer P, Zierold U, Langridge P, Varshney RK, Wobus U, Graner A. Large-scale analysis of the barley transcriptome based on expressed sequence tags. Plant J. 40: 276-290 (2004).

Zhu J, Shimizu K. Effect of a single-gene knockout on the metabolic regulation in Escherichia coli for D-lactate production under microaerobic condition. Metab. Eng. 7: 104-115 (2005).

Number of references = 322

| PubMed Search | Entrez Protein Search | ISI Web of Knowledge Search | Scirus Search |

David Rhodes
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
Horticulture Building
625 Agriculture Mall Drive
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010
Last Update: 10/01/09