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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, nonprotein

Akama K, Takaiwa F. C-Terminal extension of rice glutamate decarboxylase (OsGAD2) functions as an autoinhibitory domain and overexpression of a truncated mutant results in the accumulation of extremely high levels of GABA in plant cells. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2699-2707 (2007).

Ali MB, Thanh NT, Yu KW, Hahn EJ, Paek KP, Lee HL. Induction in the antioxidative systems and lipid peroxidation in suspension culture roots of Panax ginseng induced by oxygen in bioreactors. Plant Sci. 169: 833-841 (2005).

Astolfi S, Zuchi S, Passera C. Role of sulphur availability on cadmium-induced changes of nitrogen and sulphur metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 161: 795-802 (2004).

Astolfi S, Zuchi S, Passera C. Effect of cadmium on H(+)ATPase activity of plasma membrane vesicles isolated from roots of different S-supplied maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Plant Sci. 169: 361-368 (2005).

Baek YU, Kim YR, Yim HS, Kang SO. Disruption of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase results in absolute glutathione auxotrophy and apoptosis in Candida albicans. FEBS Lett. 556: 47-52 (2004).

Bashirullah A, Cooperstock RL, Lipshitz HD. RNA localization in development. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 335-394 (1998).

Bertin C, Weston LA, Huang T, Jander G, Owens T, Meinwald J, Schroeder FC. Grass roots chemistry: meta-tyrosine, an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104: 16964-16969 (2007).

Beuve N, Rispail N, Laine P, Cliquet JB, Ourry A, Le Deunff E. Putative role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a longdistance signal in up-regulation of nitrate uptake in Brassica napus L.. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 1035-1046 (2004).

Blaszczyk A, Sirko L, Hawkesford MJ, Sirko A. Biochemical analysis of transgenic tobacco lines producing bacterial serine acetyltransferase. Plant Sci. 162: 589-597 (2002).

Bouchereau A, Duhaze C, Martin-Tanguy J, Guegan JP, Larher F. Improved analytical methods for determination of nitrogenous stress metabolites occurring in Limonium species. J. Chromatogr. A. 836: 209-221 (1999).

Bown AW, Macgregor KB, Shelp BJ. Gamma-aminobutyrate: defense against invertebrate pests? Trends Plant Sci. 11: 424-427 (2006).

Bown AW, Zhang GJ. Mechanical stimulation, 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, and growth inhibition in soybean hypocotyl tissue. Can. J. Bot. 78: 119-123 (2000).

Carmo-Silva AE, Keys AJ, Beale MH, Ward JL, Baker JM, Hawkins ND, Arrabaca MC, Parry MA. Drought stress increases the production of 5-hydroxynorvaline in two C4 grasses. Phytochemistry 70: 664-671 (2009).

Cassin G, Mari S, Curie C, Briat JF, Czernic P. Increased sensitivity to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana overaccumulating nicotianamine. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 1249-1259 (2009).

Chen X. MicroRNA biogenesis and function in plants. FEBS Lett. 579: 5923-5931 (2005).

Cholewa E, Cholewinski AJ, Shelp BJ, Snedden WA, Bown AW. Cold-shock-stimulated gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis is mediated by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, not by an increase in cytosolic H+. Can. J. Bot. 75: 375-382 (1997).

Cox PA, Banack SA. A nonprotein amino acid and neurodegeneration. Science 314: 1242 (2006).

Dahlman DL, Rosenthal GA. Non-protein amino acid-insect interactions. I. Growth effects and symptomology of L-canavanine consumption by tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 51: 33-36 (1975).

De Kok LJ, Stuiver CEE, Rubinigg M, Westerman S, Grill D. Impact of atmospheric sulfur deposition on sulfur metabolism in plants: H2S as sulfur source for sulfur deprived Brassica oleracea L. Bot. Acta 110: 411-419 (1997).

Douchkov D, Gryczka C, Stephan UW, Hell R, Baumlein H. Ectopic expression of nicotianamine synthase genes results in improved iron accumulation and increased nickel tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 365-374 (2005).

Dugravot S, Mondy N, Mandon N, Thibout E. Increased sulfur precursors and volatiles production by the leek Allium porrum in response to specialist insect attack. J. Chem. Ecol. 31: 1299-1314 (2005).

Durenkamp M, De Kok LJ. Impact of pedospheric and atmospheric sulphur nutrition on sulphur metabolism of Allium cepa L., a species with a potential sink capacity for secondary sulphur compounds. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1821-1830 (2004).

Eichelmann H, Oja V, Rasulov B, Padu E, Bichele I, Pettai H, Mand P, Kull O, Laisk A. Adjustment of leaf photosynthesis to shade in a natural canopy: reallocation of nitrogen. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 389-401 (2005).

Fowden L, Lea PJ, Bell EA. The nonprotein amino acids of plants. In "Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology", Vol. 50 (A Meister ed) Wiley, New York, pp. 117-175 (1979).

Gonzalez A, Steffen KL, Lynch JP. Light and excess manganese. Implications for oxidative stress in common bean. Plant Physiol. 118: 493-504 (1998).

Guo X, Wu L. Distribution of free seleno-amino acids in plant tissue of Melilotus indica L. grown in selenium-laden soils. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 39: 207-214 (1998).

Gupta M, Greven R, Jansen EEW, Jakobs C, Hogema BM, Froestl W, Snead OC, Bartels H, Grompe M, Gibson KM. Therapeutic intervention in mice deficient for succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302: 180-187 (2002).

Hammes UZ, Nielsen E, Honaas LA, Taylor CG, Schachtman DP. AtCAT6, a sink-tissue-localized transporter for essential amino acids in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 48: 414-426 (2006).

Hirsch J, Lefort V, Vankersschaver M, Boualem A, Lucas A, Thermes C, d'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Crespi M. Characterization of 43 non-protein-coding mRNA genes in Arabidopsis, including the MIR162a-derived transcripts. Plant Physiol. 140: 1192-1204 (2006).

Hovhannisyan N, Harutyunyan S, Hovhannisyan A, Hambardzumyan A, Chitchyan M, Melkumyan M, Oganezova G, Avetisyan N. The novel inhibitors of serine proteases. Amino Acids 37: 531-536 (2009).

Jakab G, Ton J, Flors V, Zimmerli L, Metraux JP, Mauch-Mani B. Enhancing Arabidopsis salt and drought stress tolerance by chemical priming for its abscisic acid responses. Plant Physiol. 139: 267-274 (2005).

Kathiresan A, Tung P, Chinnappa CC, Reid DM. gamma-Aminobutyric acid stimulates ethylene biosynthesis in sunflower. Plant Physiol. 115: 129-135 (1997).

Kim DY, Bovet L, Kushnir S, Noh EW, Martinoia E, Lee Y. AtATM3 is involved in heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 140: 922-932 (2006).

Kinnersley AM, Lin F. Receptor modifiers indicate that 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potential modulator of ion transport in plants. Plant Growth Regul. 32: 65-76 (2000).

Kinnersley AM, Turano FJ. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and plant responses to stress. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 19: 479-509 (2000).

Kishore GM, Somerville CR. Genetic engineering of commercially useful biosynthetic pathways in transgenic plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 4: 152-158 (1993).

Kuo YH, Ikegami F, Lambein F. Neuroactive and other free amino acids in seed and young plants of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 62: 1087-1091 (2003).

Kushnir S, Babiychuk E, Storozhenko S, Davey MW, Papenbrock J, De Rycke RR,Engler G, Stephan UW, Lange H, Kispal G, Lill R, Van Montagu MM. A mutation of the mitochondrial ABC transporter Sta1 leads to dwarfism and chlorosis in the Arabidopsis mutant starik. Plant Cell 13: 89-100 (2001).

Lancien M, Roberts MR. Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3 gene expression by gamma-aminobutyric acid. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 1430-1436 (2006).

LeDuc DL, Tarun AS, Montes-Bayon M, Meija J, Malit MF, Wu CP, AbdelSamie M, Chiang CY, Tagmount A, DeSouza M, Neuhierl B, Bock A, Caruso J, Terry N. Overexpression of selenocysteine methyltransferase in Arabidopsis and Indian mustard increases selenium tolerance and accumulation. Plant Physiol. 135: 377-383 (2004).

Li CJ, Brownson DM, Mabry TJ, Perera C, Bell EA. Nonprotein amino acids from seeds of Cycas circinalis and Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytochemistry 42: 443-445 (1996).

Liszewska F, Blaszczyk A, Sirko A. Modification of non-protein thiols contents in transgenic tobacco plants producing bacterial enzymes of cysteine biosynthesis pathway. Acta Biochim. Pol. 48: 647-656 (2001).

Lu S, Sun YH, Amerson H, Chiang VL. MicroRNAs in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and their association with fusiform rust gall development. Plant J. 51: 1077-1098 (2007).

Lu YD, Gan QH, Chi XY, Qin S. Roles of microRNA in plant defense and virus offense interaction. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1571-1579 (2008).

Mallory AC, Elmayan T, Vaucheret H. MicroRNA maturation and action-the expanding roles of ARGONAUTEs. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11: 560-566 (2008).

Mapelli S, Brambilla I, Bertani A. Free amino acids in walnut kernels and young seedlings. Tree Physiol. 21: 1299-1302 (2001).

Matamoros MA, Moran JF, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Rubio MC, Becana M. Glutathione and homoglutathione synthesis in legume root nodules. Plant Physiol. 121: 879-888 (1999).

Matityahu I, Kachan L, Bar Ilan I, Amir R. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the Met25 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit enhanced levels of cysteine and glutathione and increased tolerance to oxidative stress. Amino Acids 30: 185-194 (2006).

Matsui A, Ishida J, Morosawa T, Mochizuki Y, Kaminuma E, Endo TA, Okamoto M, Nambara E, Nakajima M, Kawashima M, Satou M, Kim JM, Kobayashi N, Toyoda T, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Arabidopsis transcriptome analysis under drought, cold, high-salinity and ABA treatment conditions using a tiling array. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 1135-1149 (2008).

Mesnard F, Azaroual N, Marty D, Fliniaux MA, Robins RJ, Vermeersch G, Monti JP. Use of 15N reverse gradient two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to follow metabolic activity in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cell-suspension cultures. Planta 210: 446-453 (2000).

Metwally A, Safronova VI, Belimov AA, Dietz KJ. Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 167-178 (2005).

Michelangeli C, Vargas RE. L-Canavanine influences feed intake, plasma basic amino acid concentrations and kidney arginase activity in chicks. J. Nutr. 124: 1081-1087 (1994).

Murch SJ, Cox PA, Banack SA. A mechanism for slow release of biomagnified cyanobacterial neurotoxins and neurodegenerative disease in Guam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 12228-12231 (2004).

Murphy A, Taiz L. Comparison of metallothionein gene expression and nonprotein thiols in ten Arabidopsis ecotypes. Correlation with copper tolerance. Plant Physiol. 109: 945-954 (1995).

Nocito FF, Lancilli C, Crema B, Fourcroy P, Davidian JC, Sacchi GA. Heavy metal stress and sulfate uptake in maize roots. Plant Physiol. 141: 1138-1148 (2006).

Nocito FF, Pirovano L, Cocucci M, Sacchi GA. Cadmium-induced sulfate uptake in maize roots. Plant Physiol. 129: 1872-1879 (2002).

Noga AA, Stead LM, Zhao Y, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Vance DE. Plasma homocysteine is regulated by phospholipid methylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 5952-5955 (2003).

Oh CH, Kim JH, Kim KR, Mabry TJ. Rapid gas chromatographic screening of edible seeds, nuts and beans for non-protein and protein amino acids. J. Chromatogr. A. 708: 131-141 (1995).

Ortega-Villasante C, Rellan-Alvarez R, Del Campo FF, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Hernandez LE. Cellular damage induced by cadmium and mercury in Medicago sativa. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 2239-2251 (2005).

Pajares MA, Perez-Sala D. Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism? Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63: 2792-2803 (2006).

Paulus H. Protein splicing and related forms of protein autoprocessing. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 447-496 (2000).

Pickering IJ, Wright C, Bubner B, Ellis D, Persans MW, Yu EY, George GN, Prince RC, Salt DE. Chemical form and distribution of selenium and sulfur in the selenium hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus. Plant Physiol. 131: 1460-1467 (2003).

Pierik AJ, Roseboom W, Happe RP, Bagley KA, Albracht SP. Carbon monoxide and cyanide as intrinsic ligands to iron in the active site of [NiFe]-hydrogenases. NiFe(CN)2CO, biology's way to activate H2. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3331-3337 (1999).

Robson B. Beyond proteins. Trends Biotechnol. 17: 311-315 (1999).

Rosenthal GA. L-Canaline: a potent antimetabolite and anti-cancer agent from leguminous plants. Life Sci. 60: 1635-1641 (1997).

Rosenthal GA. The biological effects and mode of action of L-canavanine, a structural analogue of L-arginine. Q. Rev. Biol. 52: 155-178 (1977).

Rosenthal GA. Purification and characterization of the higher plant enzyme L-canaline reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 1780-1784 (1992).

Rosenthal GA. Plant nonprotein amino and imino acids; biological, biochemical and toxicological properties. Academic Press, New York (1982).

Rosenthal GA, Dahlman DL. L-Canavanine and protein synthesis in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 14-18 (1986).

Rosenthal GA, Janzen DH, Dahlman DL. Degradation and detoxification of canavanine by a specialized seed predator. Science 196: 658-660 (1977).

Rosenthal GA, Rhodes D. L-Canavanine transport and utilization in developing jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. [Leguminosae]. Plant Physiol. 76: 541-544 (1984).

Rozan P, Kuo YH, Lambein F. Amino acids in seeds and seedlings of the genus Lens. Phytochemistry 58: 281-289 (2001).

Rozan P, Kuo YH, Lambein F. Nonprotein amino acids in edible lentil and garden pea seedlings. Amino Acids 20: 319-324 (2001).

Rozan P, Kuo YH, Lambein F. Amino acids in seeds and seedlings of the genus Lens. Phytochemistry 58: 281-289 (2001).

Rubenstein E, McLaughlin T, Winant RC, Sanchez A, Eckart M, Krasinska KM, Chien A. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in the food chain. Phytochemistry 70: 100-104 (2009).

Rubenstein E, Zhou H, Krasinska KM, Chien A, Becker CH. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in garden beets (Beta vulgaris). Phytochemistry 67: 898-903 (2006).

Rummel T, Suormala T, Haberle J, Koch HG, Berning C, Perrett D, Fowler B. Intermediate hyperhomocysteinaemia and compound heterozygosity for the common variant c.677C>T and a MTHFR gene mutation. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 30: 401 (2007).

Schulte M, Von Ballmoos P, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. Life-long growth of Quercus ilex L. at natural CO2 springs acclimates sulphur, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of the progeny to elevated pCO(2). Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1715-1727 (2002).

Schuster J, Binder S. The mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (AtBCAT-1) is capable to initiate degradation of leucine, isoleucine and valine in almost all tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 57: 241-254 (2005).

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Shimon LJ, Rabinkov A, Shin I, Miron T, Mirelman D, Wilchek M, Frolow F. Two structures of alliinase from Allium sativum L.: apo form and ternary complex with aminoacrylate reaction intermediate covalently bound to the PLP cofactor. J. Mol. Biol. 366: 611-625 (2007).

Singh S, Sinha S. Accumulation of metals and its effects in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (cv. Rohini) grown on various amendments of tannery waste. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 62: 118-127 (2005).

Soares AR, Ferrarese Mde L, Siqueira Rde C, Böhm FM, Ferrarese-Filho O. L-DOPA increases lignification associated with Glycine max root growth-inhibition. J. Chem. Ecol. 33: 265-275 (2007).

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Souleyre EJF, Iannetta PPM, Ross HA, Hancock RD, Shepherd LVT, Viola R, Taylor MA, Davies HV. Starch metabolism in developing strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruits. Physiol. Plant. 121: 369-376 (2004).

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Sun Q, Ye ZH, Wang XR, Wong MH. Cadmium hyperaccumulation leads to an increase of glutathione rather than phytochelatins in the cadmium hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. J. Plant Physiol. 164: 1489-1498 (2007).

Tewari RK, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Function of nitric oxide and superoxide anion in the adventitious root development and antioxidant defence in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 563-573 (2008).

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Number of references = 102

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