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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, nitrite transport or nitrite uptake

Aichi M, Yoshihara S, Yamashita M, Maeda SI, Nagai K, Omata T. Characterization of the nitrate-nitrite transporter of the major facilitator superfamily (the nrtP gene product) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70: 2682-2689 (2006).

Amaar YG, Moore MM. Mapping of the nitrate-assimilation gene cluster (crnA-niiA-niaD) and characterization of the nitrite reductase gene (niiA) in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr. Genet. 33: 206-215 (1998).

Amon J, Titgemeyer F, Burkovski A. A genomic view on nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen control in mycobacteria. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 20-29 (2009).

Aslam M, Travis RL, Huffaker RC. Comparative induction of nitrate and nitrite uptake and reduction systems by ambient nitrate and nitrite in intact roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol. 102: 811-819 (1993).

Bailly J, Debaud JC, Verner MC, Plassard C, Chalot M, Marmeisse R, Fraissinet-Tachet L. How does a symbiotic fungus modulate expression of its host-plant nitrite reductase? New Phytol. 175: 155-165 (2007).

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant (Clo- R) of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH: heterocyst formation and N(2)-fixation in the presence of nitrate, and evidence for separate nitrate and nitrite transport systems. Curr. Microbiol. 45: 99-104 (2002).

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN. Nitrogen nutrition in the cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH, a symbiotic isolate from Anthoceros: Uptake and assimilation of inorganic-N and amino acids. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 39: 163-169 (2002).

Bird C, Wyman M. Nitrate/nitrite assimilation system of the marine picoplanktonic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain WH 8103: Effect of nitrogen source and availability on gene expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 7009-7018 (2003).

Blasco R, Martinez-Luque M, Madrid MP, Castillo F, Moreno-Vivian C. Rhodococcus sp. RB1 grows in the presence of high nitrate and nitrite concentrations and assimilates nitrate in moderately saline environments. Arch. Microbiol. 175: 435-440 (2001).

Boer E, Schroter A, Bode R, Piontek M, Kunze G. Characterization and expression analysis of a gene cluster for nitrate assimilation from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans. Yeast 26: 83-93 (2009).

Bonnard N, Tresierra-Ayala A, Bedmar EJ, Delgado MJ. Molybdate-dependent expression of the periplasmic nitrate reductase in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 127-129 (2005).

Borchert S, Harborth J, Schunemann D, Hoferichter P, Heldt HW. Studies of the enzymic capacities and transport properties of pea root plastids. Plant Physiol. 101: 303-312 (1993).

Brooijmans RJ, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J. Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 electron transport chains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 3580-3585 (2009).

Bueno E, Gomez-Hernandez N, Girard L, Bedmar EJ, Delgado MJ. Function of the Rhizobium etli CFN42 nirK gene in nitrite metabolism. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 162-163 (2005).

Burhenne N, Tischner R. Isolation and characterization of nitrite-reductase-deficient mutants of Chlorella sorokiniana (strain 211-8k). Planta 211: 440-445 (2000).

Castillo F, Dobao MM, Reyes F, Blasco R, Roldán MD, Gavira M, Caballero FJ, Moreno-Vivián C, Martínez-Luque M. Molecular and regulatory properties of the nitrate reducing systems of Rhodobacter. Curr. Microbiol. 33: 341-346 (1996).

Chaffei C, Pageau K, Suzuki A, Gouia H, Ghorbel MH, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Cadmium toxicity induced changes in nitrogen management in Lycopersicon esculentum leading to a metabolic safeguard through an amino acid storage strategy. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1681-1693 (2004).

Chiang RC, Cavicchioli R, Gunsalus RP. 'Locked-on' and 'locked-off' signal transduction mutations in the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarQ and NarX sensors affect nitrate- and nitrite-dependent regulation by NarL and NarP. Mol. Microbiol. 24: 1049-1060 (1997).

Clegg S, Yu F, Griffiths L, Cole JA. The roles of the polytopic membrane proteins NarK, NarU and NirC in Escherichia coli K-12: two nitrate and three nitrite transporters. Mol. Microbiol. 44: 143-155 (2002).

Coddington A. Biochemical studies on the nit mutants of Neurospora crassa. Mol. Gen. Genet. 145: 195-206 (1976).

Crawford NM, Glass ADM. Molecular and physiological aspects of nitrate uptake in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 389-395 (1998).

Cutler SB, Caten CE. Characterisation of the nitrite reductase gene (NII1) and the nitrate-assimilation gene cluster of Stagonospora (Septoria) nodorum. Curr. Genet. 36: 282-289 (1999).

DeMoss JA, Hsu PY. NarK enhances nitrate uptake and nitrite excretion in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173: 3303-3310 (1991).

DiChristina TJ. Effects of nitrate and nitrite on dissimilatory iron reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens 200. J. Bacteriol. 174: 1891-1896 (1992).

Drake J, Sultana R, Aksenova M, Calabrese V, Butterfield DA. Elevation of mitochondrial glutathione by gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester protects mitochondria against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress. J. Neurosci. Res. 74: 917-927 (2003).

Edwards JW, Walker EL, Coruzzi GM. Cell-specific expression in transgenic plants reveals nonoverlapping roles for chloroplast and cytosolic glutamine synthetase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 3459-3463 (1990).

Fast B, Lindgren P, Gotz F. Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of a gene (narT) encoding a transport protein involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction in Staphylococcus carnosus. Arch. Microbiol. 166: 361-367 (1996).

Fedtke I, Kamps A, Krismer B, Gotz F. The nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase operons and the narT gene of Staphylococcus carnosus are positively controlled by the novel two-component system NreBC. J. Bacteriol. 184: 6624-6634 (2002).

Feelisch M, Fernandez BO, Bryan NS, Garcia-Saura MF, Bauer S, Whitlock DR, Ford PC, Janero DR, Rodriguez J, Ashrafian H. Tissue processing of nitrite in hypoxia: an intricate interplay of nitric oxide-generating and -scavenging systems. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 33927-33934 (2008).

Ferguson SJ. Denitrification and its control. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 66: 89-110 (1994).

Ferguson SJ. Nitrogen cycle enzymology. Curr. Opin. Chemical Biol. 2: 182-193 (1998).

Fernandez E, Galvan A. Inorganic nitrogen assimilation in Chlamydomonas. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2279-2287 (2007).

Fischer K, Barbier GG, Hecht HJ, Mendel RR, Campbell WH, Schwarz G. Structural basis of eukaryotic nitrate reduction: crystal structures of the nitrate reductase active site. Plant Cell 17: 1167-1179 (2005).

Flores E, Frias JE, Rubio LM, Herrero A. Photosynthetic nitrate assimilation in cyanobacteria. Photosynth. Res. 83: 117-133 (2005).

Flores E, Herrero A. Nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 164-167 (2005).

Forde BG. Nitrate transporters in plants: structure, function and regulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1465: 219-235 (2000).

Franco AR, Cardenas J, Fernandez E. Two different carriers transport both ammonium and methylammonium in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14039-14043 (1988).

Fridlyand LE, Scheibe R. Controlled distribution of electrons between acceptors in chloroplasts: a theoretical consideration Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1413: 31-42 (1999).

Galvan A, Cordoba F, Cardenas J, Fernandez E. Regulation of nitrite uptake and nitrite reductase expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1074: 6-11 (1991).

Galvan A, Quesada A, Fernandez E. Nitrate and nitrate are transported by different specific transport systems and by a bispecific transporter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 2088-2092 (1996).

Galvan A, Rexach J, Mariscal V, Fernandez E. Nitrite transport to the chloroplast in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: molecular evidence for a regulated process. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 845-853 (2002).

Gao H, Yang ZK, Barua S, Reed SB, Romine MF, Nealson KH, Fredrickson JK, Tiedje JM, Zhou J. Reduction of nitrate in Shewanella oneidensis depends on atypical NAP and NRF systems with NapB as a preferred electron transport protein from CymA to NapA. ISME J. 3: 966-976 (2009).

Gao-Rubinelli F, Marzluf GA. Identification and characterization of a nitrate transporter gene in Neurospora crassa. Biochem. Genet. 42: 21-34 (2004).

Garbayo I, Leon R, Vigara J, Vilchez C. Inhibition of nitrate consumption by nitrite in entrapped Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Bioresour. Technol. 81: 207-215 (2002).

Gavira M, Roldan MD, Castillo F, Moreno-Vivian C. Regulation of nap gene expression and periplasmic nitrate reductase activity in the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides DSM158. J. Bacteriol. 184: 1693-1702 (2002).

Gladwin MT, Raat NJ, Shiva S, Dezfulian C, Hogg N, Kim-Shapiro DB, Patel RP. Nitrite as a vascular endocrine nitric oxide reservoir that contributes to hypoxic signaling, cytoprotection and vasodilation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291: H2026-H2035 (2006).

Godon C, Krapp A, Leydecker MT, Daniel-Vedele F, Caboche M. Methylammonium-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia are affected in nitrate transport. Mol. Gen. Genet. 250: 357-366 (1996).

Guescini M, Zeppa S, Pierleoni R, Sisti D, Stocchi L, Stocchi V. The expression profile of the Tuber borchii nitrite reductase suggests its positive contribution to host plant nitrogen nutrition. Curr. Genet. 51: 31-41 (2007).

Gupta KJ, Stoimenova M, Kaiser WM. In higher plants, only root mitochondria, but not leaf mitochondria reduce nitrite to NO, in vitro and in situ. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 2601-2609 (2005).

Gutierrez JC, Ramos F, Ortner L, Tortolero M. nasST, two genes involved in the induction of the assimilatory nitrite-nitrate reductase operon (nasAB) of Azotobacter vinelandii. Mol. Microbiol. 18: 579-591 (1995).

Hanke GT, Endo T, Satoh F, Hase T. Altered photosynthetic electron channelling into cyclic electron flow and nitrite assimilation in a mutant of ferredoxin:NADP(H) reductase. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 1017-1028 (2008).

Hartig E, Schiek U, Vollack KU, Zumft WG. Nitrate and nitrite control of respiratory nitrate reduction in denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri by a two-component regulatory system homologous to NarXL of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 181: 3658-3665 (1999).

Hernandez D, Dias FM, Rowe JJ. Nitrate transport and its regulation by O2 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 286: 159-163 (1991).

Hussain H, Grove J, Griffiths L, Busby S, Cole J. A seven-gene operon essential for formate-dependent nitrite reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 12: 153-163 (1994).

Igamberdiev AU, Hill RD. Plant mitochondrial function during anaerobiosis. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 103: 259-268 (2009).

Imsande J. Iron-sulfur clusters: Formation, perturbation, and physiological functions. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 37: 87-97 (1999).

Jargeat P, Rekangalt D, Verner MC, Gay G, Debaud JC, Marmeisse R, Fraissinet-Tachet L. Characterisation and expression analysis of a nitrate transporter and nitrite reductase genes, two members of a gene cluster for nitrate assimilation from the symbiotic basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Curr. Genet. 43: 199-205 (2003).

Kern M, Simon J. Characterization of the NapGH quinol dehydrogenase complex involved in Wolinella succinogenes nitrate respiration. Mol. Microbiol. 69: 1137-1152 (2008).

King BJ, Siddiqi MY, Ruth TJ, Warner RL, Glass A. Feedback regulation of nitrate influx in barley roots by nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. Plant Physiol. 102: 1279-1286 (1993).

Kloft N, Forchhammer K. Signal transduction protein PII phosphatase PphA is required for light-dependent control of nitrate utilization in synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 187: 6683-6690 (2005).

Kobayashi M, Rodriguez R, Lara C, Omata T. Involvement of the C-terminal domain of an ATP-binding subunit in the regulation of the ABC-type nitrate/nitrite transporter of the Cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27197-27201 (1997).

Kobayashi M, Takatani N, Tanigawa M, Omata T. Posttranslational regulation of nitrate assimilation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 187: 498-506 (2005).

Kolesnikow T, Schroder I, Gunsalus RP. Regulation of narK gene expression in Escherichia coli in response to anaerobiosis, nitrate, iron, and molybdenum. J. Bacteriol. 174: 7104-7111 (1992).

Koutny M, Kucera I, Tesarik R, Turanek J, Van Spanning RJ. Pseudoazurin mediates periplasmic electron flow in a mutant strain of Paracoccus denitrificans lacking cytochrome c550. FEBS Lett. 448: 157-159 (1999).

Lee HM, Flores E, Forchhammer K, Herrero A, Tandeau De Marsac N. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer PII protein and an additional effector are required for the PII-mediated regulation of nitrate and nitrite uptake in the Cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 591-600 (2000).

Lee HM, Flores E, Herrero A, Houmard J, Tandeau de Marsac N. A role for the signal transduction protein PII in the control of nitrate/nitrite uptake in a cyanobacterium. FEBS Lett. 427: 291-295 (1998).

Lillo C. Signalling cascades integrating light-enhanced nitrate metabolism. Biochem. J. 415: 11-19 (2008).

Lin JT, Stewart V. Nitrate assimilation by bacteria. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 39: 1-30 (1998).

Llamas A, Igeno MI, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Nitrate signalling on the nitrate reductase gene promoter depends directly on the activity of the nitrate transport systems in Chlamydomonas. Plant J. 30: 261-271 (2002).

Loque D, Tillard P, Gojon A, Lepetit M. Gene expression of the NO3- transporter NRT1.1 and the nitrate reductase NIA1 is repressed in Arabidopsis roots by NO2-, the product of NO3- reduction. Plant Physiol. 132: 958-967 (2003).

Luque-Almagro VM, Blasco R, Saez LP, Roldan MD, Moreno-Vivian C, Castillo F, Martinez-Luque M. Interactions between nitrate assimilation and 2,4-dinitrophenol cometabolism in Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1. Curr. Microbiol. 53: 37-42 (2006).

Machin F, Medina B, Navarro FJ, Perez MD, Veenhuis M, Tejera P, Lorenzo H, Lancha A, Siverio JM. The role of Ynt1 in nitrate and nitrite transport in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Yeast 21: 265-276 (2004).

Machin F, Perdomo G, Perez MD, Brito N, Siverio JM. Evidence for multiple nitrate uptake systems in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 194: 171-174 (2001).

Maevskaya SN, Egorova EA, Bukhov NG. Effect of elevated temperature on nitrite and nitrate reduction in leaves and intact chloroplasts. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 50: 599-603 (2003).

Mariscal V, Rexach J, Fernandez E, Galvan A. The plastidic nitrite transporter NAR1;1 improves nitrate use efficiency for growth in Chlamydomonas. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 1321-1328 (2004).

Martinez-Espinosa RM, Lledo B, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Bonete MJ. The effect of ammonium on assimilatory nitrate reduction in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Extremophiles 11: 759-767 (2007).

McNicholas PM, Gunsalus RP. The molybdate-responsive Escherichia coli ModE transcriptional regulator coordinates periplasmic nitrate reductase (napFDAGHBC) operon expression with nitrate and molybdate availability. J. Bacteriol. 184: 3253-3259 (2002).

Merchan F, Kindle KL, Llama MJ, Serra JL, Fernandez E. Cloning and sequencing of the nitrate transport system from the thermophilic, filamentous cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum: comparative analysis with the homologous system from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Plant Mol. Biol. 28: 759-766 (1995).

Metheringham R, Tyson KL, Crooke H, Missiakas D, Raina S, Cole JA. Effects of mutations in genes for proteins involved in disulphide bond formation in the periplasm on the activities of anaerobically induced electron transfer chains in Escherichia coli K12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253: 95-102 (1996).

Miller AJ, Fan X, Shen Q, Smith SJ. Amino acids and nitrate as signals for the regulation of nitrogen acquisition. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 111-119 (2008).

Modolo LV, Augusto O, Almeida IM, Magalhaes JR, Salgado I. Nitrite as the major source of nitric oxide production by Arabidopsis thaliana in response to Pseudomonas syringae. FEBS Lett. 579: 3814-3920 (2005).

Moir JW, Wood NJ. Nitrate and nitrite transport in bacteria. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 58: 215-224 (2001).

Montanini B, Viscomi AR, Bolchi A, Martin Y, Siverio JM, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Ottonello S. Functional properties and differential mode of regulation of the nitrate transporter from a plant symbiotic ascomycete. Biochem. J. 394: 125-134 (2006).

Morard P, Lacoste L, Silvestre J. Effect of oxygen deficiency on mineral nutrition of excised tomato roots. J. Plant Nutr. 27: 613-626 (2004).

Morard P, Silvestre J, Lacoste L, Caumes E, Lamaze T. Nitrate uptake and nitrite release by tomato roots in response to anoxia. J. Plant Physiol. 161: 855-865 (2004).

Navarro MT, Guerra E, Fernandez E, Galvan A. Nitrite reductase mutants as an approach to understanding nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 122: 283-290 (2000).

Navarro MT, Mariscal V, Macias MI, Fernandez E, Galvan A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains expressing nitrate reductase under control of the cabII-1 promoter: isolation of chlorate resistant mutants and identification of new loci for nitrate assimilation. Photosynth. Res. 83: 151-161 (2005).

Neill S, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Wilson I. Nitric oxide evolution and perception. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 25-35 (2008).

Nishimura T, Teramoto H, Vertes AA, Inui M, Yukawa H. ArnR, a novel transcriptional regulator, represses expression of the narKGHJI operon in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3264-3273 (2008).

Ohtsuka M, Oyabu J, Kashino Y, Satoh K, Koike H. Inactivation of ycf33 results in an altered cyclic electron transport pathway around photosystem I in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1243-12451 (2004).

Padgett PE, Leonard RT. Contamination of ammonium-based nutrient solutions by nitrifying organisms and the conversion of ammonium to nitrate. Plant Physiol. 101: 141-146 (1993).

Panesar NS, Chan KW. Evidence for nitrite reductase activity in intact mouse Leydig tumor cells. Steroids 71: 984-992 (2006).

Paz-Yepes J, Flores E, Herrero A. Transcriptional effects of the signal transduction protein P(II) (glnB gene product) on NtcA-dependent genes in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. FEBS Lett. 543: 42-46 (2003).

Perez MD, Gonzalez C, Avila J, Brito N, Siverio JM. The YNT1 gene encoding the nitrate transporter in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is clustered with genes YNI1 and YNR1 encoding nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase, and its disruption causes inability to grow in nitrate. Biochem. J. 321: 397-403 (1997).

Pittman MS, Kelly DJ. Electron transport through nitrate and nitrite reductases in Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 190-192 (2005).

Planchet E, Jagadis Gupta K, Sonoda M, Kaiser WM. Nitric oxide emission from tobacco leaves and cell suspensions: rate limiting factors and evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial electron transport. Plant J. 41: 732-743 (2005).

Polcyn W, Lucinski R. Aerobic and anaerobic nitrate and nitrite reduction in free-living cells of Bradyrhizobium sp (Lupinus). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 226: 331-337 (2003).

Polyakov KM, Boyko KM, Tikhonova TV, Slutsky A, Antipov AN, Zvyagilskaya RA, Popov AN, Bourenkov GP, Lamzin VS, Popov VO. High-resolution structural analysis of a novel octaheme cytochrome c nitrite reductase from the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Thioalkalivibrio nitratireducens. J. Mol. Biol. 389: 846-862 (2009).

Prieto R, Dubus A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Isolation and characterization of two new negative regulatory mutants for nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii obtained by insertional mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251: 461-471 (1996).

Prieto R, Fernandez E. Toxicity of and mutagenesis by chlorate are independent of nitrate reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237: 429-438 (1993).

Quesada A, Galvan A, Schnell RA, Lefebvre PA, Fernandez E. Five nitrate assimilation-related loci are clustered in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 240: 387-394 (1993).

Quesada A, Gomez I, Fernandez E. Clustering of the nitrite reductase gene and a light-regulated gene with nitrate assimilation loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 206: 259-265 (1998).

Quesada A, Hidalgo J, Fernandez E. Three Nrt2 genes are differentially regulated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 258: 373-377 (1998).

Quinones MA, Galvan A, Fernandez E, Aparicio PJ. Blue-light requirement for the biosynthesis of an NO2- transport system in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nitrate transport mutant S10. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 1169-1175 (1999).

Rai AK, Tiwari SP. Mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 altered in nitrate transport and reduction. Curr. Microbiol. 39: 237-243 (1999).

Ramirez S, Moreno R, Zafra O, Castan P, Valles C, Berenguer J. Two nitrate/nitrite transporters are encoded within the mobilizable plasmid for nitrate respiration of Thermus thermophilus HB8. J. Bacteriol. 182: 2179-2183 (2000).

Rexach J, Fernandez E, Galvan A. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Nar1 gene encodes a chloroplast membrane protein involved in nitrite transport. Plant Cell 12: 1441-1454 (2000).

Rexach J, Llamas A, Fernandez E, Galvan A. The activity of the high-affinity nitrate transport system I (NRT2;1, NAR2) is responsible for the efficient signalling of nitrate assimilation genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 215: 606-611 (2002).

Reyes JC, Florencio FJ. A mutant lacking the glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) is impaired in the regulation of the nitrate assimilation system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 176: 7516-7523 (1994).

Rigobello-Masini M, Masini JC, Aidar E. The profiles of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activity in batch cultivation of the marine microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis growing under different aeration conditions. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 57: 18-25 (2006).

Rodriguez R, Lara C, Guerrero MG. Nitrate transport in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Kinetic and energetic aspects. Biochem. J. 282: 639-643 (1992).

Rowe JJ, Ubbink-Kok T, Molenaar D, Konings WN, Driessen AJ. NarK is a nitrite-extrusion system involved in anaerobic nitrate respiration by Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 12: 579-586 (1994).

Sakamoto T, Bryant DA. Nitrate transport and not photoinhibition limits growth of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus species PCC 6301 at low temperature. Plant Physiol. 119: 785-94 (1999).

Sakamoto T, Inoue-Sakamoto K, Bryant DA. A novel nitrate/nitrite permease in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. J. Bacteriol. 181: 7363-7372 (1999).

Sakihama Y, Nakamura S, Yamasaki H. Nitric oxide production mediated by nitrate reductase in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: an alternative NO production pathway in photosynthetic organisms. Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 290-297 (2002).

Schlag S, Fuchs S, Nerz C, Gaupp R, Engelmann S, Liebeke M, Lalk M, Hecker M, Gotz F. Characterization of the oxygen-responsive NreABC regulon of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7847-7858 (2008).

Shapiro AD. Nitric oxide signaling in plants. Vitam. Horm. 72: 339-398 (2005).

Sharma V, Noriega CE, Rowe JJ. Involvement of NarK1 and NarK2 proteins in transport of nitrate and nitrite in the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 695-701 (2006).

Shingles R, Roh MH, McCarty RE. Nitrite transport in chloroplast inner envelope vesicles. I. Direct measurement of proton-linked transport. Plant Physiol. 112: 1375-1381 (1996).

Simon J. Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26: 285-309 (2002).

Simon J, Eichler R, Pisa R, Biel S, Gross R. Modification of heme c binding motifs in the small subunit (NrfH) of the Wolinella succinogenes cytochrome c nitrite reductase complex. FEBS Lett. 522: 83-87 (2002).

Simon J, Einsle O, Kroneck PM, Zumft WG. The unprecedented nos gene cluster of Wolinella succinogenes encodes a novel respiratory electron transfer pathway to cytochrome c nitrous oxide reductase. FEBS Lett. 569: 7-12 (2004).

Simon J, Gross R, Einsle O, Kroneck PM, Kroger A, Klimmek O. A NapC/NirT-type cytochrome c (NrfH) is the mediator between the quinone pool and the cytochrome c nitrite reductase of Wolinella succinogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 35: 686-696 (2000).

Simon J, Sanger M, Schuster SC, Gross R. Electron transport to periplasmic nitrate reductase (NapA) of Wolinella succinogenes is independent of a NapC protein. Mol. Microbiol. 49: 69-79 (2003).

Singh B, Chauhan VS, Singh S, Bisen PS. Physiological alterations and regulation of heterocyst and nitrogenase formation in Het(-) Fix(-) mutant strain of Anabaena variabilis. Curr. Microbiol. 45: 315-322 (2002).

Singh N, Ma LQ, Vu JC, Raj A. Effects of arsenic on nitrate metabolism in arsenic hyperaccumulating and non-hyperaccumulating ferns. Environ. Pollut. 157: 2300-2305 (2009).

Sivasankar S, Rothstein S, Oaks A. Regulation of the accumulation and reduction of nitrate by nitrogen and carbon metabolites in maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 114: 583-589 (1997).

Sohaskey CD. Regulation of nitrate reductase activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by oxygen and nitric oxide. Microbiology 151: 3803-3810 (2005).

Sohaskey CD, Wayne LG. Role of narK2X and narGHJI in hypoxic upregulation of nitrate reduction by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 185: 7247-7256 (2003).

Starkenburg SR, Arp DJ, Bottomley PJ. Expression of a putative nitrite reductase and the reversible inhibition of nitrite-dependent respiration by nitric oxide in Nitrobacter winogradskyi Nb-255. Environ. Microbiol. 10: 3036-3042 (2008).

Steffen D, Doring O, Busch MA, Bottger M, Luthje S. Interaction between electron transport at the plasma membrane and nitrate uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Protoplasma 217: 70-76 (2001).

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David Rhodes
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