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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, lutein

Arigoni D, Eisenreich W, Latzel C, Sagner S, Radykewicz T, Zenk MH, Bacher A. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate is not the committed precursor of isopentenyl pyrophosphate during terpenoid biosynthesis from 1-deoxyxylulose in higher plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 1309-1314 (1999).

Arigoni D, Sagner S, Latzel C, Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Zenk MH. Terpenoid biosynthesis from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose in higher plants by intramolecular skeletal rearrangement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 10600-10605 (1997).

Baranska M, Baranski R, Schulz H, Nothnagel T. Tissue-specific accumulation of carotenoids in carrot roots. Planta 224: 1028-1037 (2006).

Baranski R, Baranska M, Schulz H. Changes in carotenoid content and distribution in living plant tissue can be observed and mapped in situ using NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopy. Planta 222: 448-457 (2005).

Baroli I, Do AD, Yamane T, Niyogi KK. Zeaxanthin accumulation in the absence of a functional xanthophyll cycle protects Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from photooxidative stress. Plant Cell 15: 992-1008 (2003).

Bischof K, Krabs G, Wiencke C, Hanelt D. Solar ultraviolet radiation affects the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase and the composition of photosynthetic and xanthophyll cycle pigments in the intertidal green alga Ulva lactuca L. Planta 215: 502-509 (2002).

Cazzonelli CI, Cuttriss AJ, Cossetto SB, Pye W, Crisp P, Whelan J, Finnegan EJ, Turnbull C, Pogson BJ. Regulation of carotenoid composition and shoot branching in Arabidopsis by a chromatin modifying histone methyltransferase, SDG8. Plant Cell 21: 39-53 (2009).

Chen LS, Li P, Cheng L. Effects of high temperature coupled with high light on the balance between photooxidation and photoprotection in the sun-exposed peel of apple. Planta 228: 745-756 (2008).

Cheng L. Xanthophyll cycle pool size and composition in relation to the nitrogen content of apple leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 385-393 (2003).

Close DC, Beadle CL, Hovenden MJ. Cold-induced photoinhibition and foliar pigment dynamics of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings during establishment. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 1133-1141 (2001).

Clotault J, Peltier D, Berruyer R, Thomas M, Briard M, Geoffriau E. Expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes during carrot root development. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 3563-3573 (2008).

Dall'osto L, Fiore A, Cazzaniga S, Giuliano G, Bassi R. Different roles of alpha- and beta-branch xanthophylls in photosystem assembly and photoprotection. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 35056-35068 (2007).

Dall'Osto L, Lico C, Alric J, Giuliano G, Havaux M, Bassi R. Lutein is needed for efficient chlorophyll triplet quenching in the major LHCII antenna complex of higher plants and effective photoprotection in vivo under strong light. BMC Plant Biol. 6: 32 (2006).

Diretto G, Welsch R, Tavazza R, Mourgues F, Pizzichini D, Beyer P, Giuliano G. Silencing of beta-carotene hydroxylase increases total carotenoid and beta-carotene levels in potato tubers. BMC Plant Biol. 7: 11 (2007).

Ducreux LJ, Morris WL, Hedley PE, Shepherd T, Davies HV, Millam S, Taylor MA. Metabolic engineering of high carotenoid potato tubers containing enhanced levels of beta-carotene and lutein. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 81-89 (2005).

Esteban R, Olano JM, Castresana J, Fernandez-Marin B, Hernandez A, Becerril JM, Garcia-Plazaola JI. Distribution and evolutionary trends of photoprotective isoprenoids (xanthophylls and tocopherols) within the plant kingdom. Physiol. Plant. 135: 379-389 (2009).

Flachmann R. Composition of photosystem II antenna in light-harvesting complex II antisense tobacco plants at varying irradiances. Plant Physiol. 113: 787-794 (1997).

Forster B, Osmond CB, Pogson BJ. De novo synthesis and degradation of Lx and V cycle pigments during shade and sun acclimation in avocado leaves (P. americana). Plant Physiol. 149: 1179-1195 (2009).

Fujisawa M, Takita E, Harada H, Sakurai N, Suzuki H, Ohyama K, Shibata D, Misawa N. Pathway engineering of Brassica napus seeds using multiple key enzyme genes involved in ketocarotenoid formation. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 1319-1332 (2009).

Fujisawa M, Watanabe M, Choi SK, Teramoto M, Ohyama K, Misawa N. Enrichment of carotenoids in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) by metabolic engineering with introduction of bacterial phytoene synthase gene crtB. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 105: 636-641 (2008).

Golan T, Muller-Moule P, Niyogi KK. Photoprotection mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimate to high light by increasing photosynthesis and specific antioxidants. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 879-887 (2006).

Goss R. Substrate specificity of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase of the primitive green alga Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae). Planta 217: 801-812 (2003).

Granado F, Olmedilla B, Blanco I. Nutritional and clinical relevance of lutein in human health. Br. J. Nutr. 90: 487-502 (2003).

Haberer K, Herbinger K, Alexou M, Tausz M, Rennenberg H. Antioxidative defence of old growth beech (Fagus sylvatica) under double ambient O3 concentrations in a free-air exposure system. Plant Biol. (Stuttg.) 9: 215-226 (2007).

Hasunuma T, Takeno S, Hayashi S, Sendai M, Bamba T, Yoshimura S, Tomizawa K, Fukusaki E, Miyake C. Overexpression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene in chloroplast contributes to increment of isoprenoid production. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 105: 518-526 (2008).

Inoue K. Carotenoid hydroxylation--P450 finally! Trends Plant Sci. 9: 515-517 (2004).

Johnson MP, Perez-Bueno ML, Zia A, Horton P, Ruban AV. The zeaxanthin-independent and zeaxanthin-dependent qE components of non-photochemical quenching involve common conformational changes within the Photosystem II antenna in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 149: 1061-1075 (2009).

Johnson MP, Ruban AV. Photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants involves alteration of the excited state energy of the emitting chlorophyll(s) in the light harvesting antenna II (LHCII). J. Biol. Chem. 284: 23592-23601 (2009).

Kalituho L, Rech J, Jahns P. The roles of specific xanthophylls in light utilization. Planta 225: 423-439 (2007).

Kato M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Sugiura M, Hyodo H, Yano M. Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during maturation in citrus fruit. Plant Physiol. 134: 824-837 (2004).

Keskitalo J, Bergquist G, Gardestrom P, Jansson S. A cellular timetable of autumn senescence. Plant Physiol. 139: 1635-1648 (2005).

Kim J, Smith JJ, Tian L, Dellapenna D. The evolution and function of carotenoid hydroxylases in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 50: 463-479 (2009).

Krakauer DC, Page KM, Sealfon S. Module dynamics of the GnRH signal transduction network. J. Theor. Biol. 218: 457-470 (2002).

Kranner I, Beckett RP, Wornik S, Zorn M, Pfeifhofer HW. Revival of a resurrection plant correlates with its antioxidant status. Plant J. 31: 13-24 (2002).

Lee AI, Thornber JP. Analysis of the pigment stoichiometry of pigment-protein complexes from barley (Hordeum vulgare). The xanthophyll cycle intermediates occur mainly in the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II. Plant Physiol. 107: 565-574 (1995).

Lewinsohn E, Schalechet F, Wilkinson J, Matsui K, Tadmor Y, Nam KH, Amar O, Lastochkin E, Larkov O, Ravid U, Hiatt W, Gepstein S, Pichersky E. Enhanced levels of the aroma and flavor compound S-linalool by metabolic engineering of the terpenoid pathway in tomato fruits. Plant Physiol. 127: 1256-1265 (2001).

Lindgren LO, Stalberg KG, Hoglund AS. Seed-specific overexpression of an endogenous Arabidopsis phytoene synthase gene results in delayed germination and increased levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 132: 779-785 (2003).

Loggini B, Scartazza A, Brugnoli E, Navari-Izzo F. Antioxidative defense system, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiol. 119: 1091-1100 (1999).

Lu C, Lu Q, Zhang J, Kuang T. Characterization of photosynthetic pigment composition, photosystem II photochemistry and thermal energy dissipation during leaf senescence of wheat plants grown in the field. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1805-1810 (2001).

Matsubara S, Gilmore AM, Osmond CB. Diurnal and acclimatory responses of violaxanthin and lutein epoxide in the Australian mistletoe Amyema miquelii. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 793-800 (2001).

Matsubara S, Morosinotto T, Bassi R, Christian AL, Fischer-Schliebs E, Luttge U, Orthen B, Franco AC, Scarano FR, Forster B, Pogson BJ, Osmond CB. Occurrence of the lutein-epoxide cycle in mistletoes of the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae. Planta 217: 868-879 (2003).

Matsubara S, Morosinotto T, Osmond CB, Bassi R. Short- and long-term operation of the lutein-epoxide cycle in light-harvesting antenna complexes. Plant Physiol. 144: 926-941 (2007).

Matsubara S, Naumann M, Martin R, Nichol C, Rascher U, Morosinotto T, Bassi R, Osmond B. Slowly reversible de-epoxidation of lutein-epoxide in deep shade leaves of a tropical tree legume may 'lock-in' lutein-based photoprotection during acclimation to strong light. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 461-468 (2005).

Melendez-Martinez AJ, Britton G, Vicario IM, Heredia FJ. HPLC analysis of geometrical isomers of lutein epoxide isolated from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F. Weber ex Wiggers). Phytochemistry 67: 771-777 (2006).

Morris WL, Ducreux L, Griffiths DW, Stewart D, Davies HV, Taylor MA. Carotenogenesis during tuber development and storage in potato. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 975-982 (2004).

Morris WL, Ducreux LJ, Fraser PD, Millam S, Taylor MA. Engineering ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in potato tubers. Metab. Eng. 8: 253-263 (2006).

Munne-Bosch S, Alegre L. Changes in carotenoids, tocopherols and diterpenes during drought and recovery, and the biological significance of chlorophyll loss in Rosmarinus officinalis plants. Planta 210: 925-931 (2000).

Munne-Bosch S, Penuelas J. Photo- and antioxidative protection during summer leaf senescence in Pistacia lentiscus L. grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 92: 385-391 (2003).

Park H, Kreunen SS, Cuttriss AJ, DellaPenna D, Pogson BJ. Identification of the carotenoid isomerase provides insight into carotenoid biosynthesis, prolamellar body formation, and photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell 14: 321-332 (2002).

Pasini L, Bruschini S, Bertoli A, Mazza R, Fracheboud Y, Marocco A. Photosynthetic performance of cold-sensitive mutants of maize at low temperature. Physiol. Plant. 124: 362-370 (2005).

Romer S, Lubeck J, Kauder F, Steiger S, Adomat C, Sandmann G. Genetic engineering of a zeaxanthin-rich potato by antisense inactivation and co-suppression of carotenoid epoxidation. Metab. Eng. 4: 263-272 (2002).

Ruban AV, Berera R, Ilioaia C, van Stokkum IH, Kennis JT, Pascal AA, van Amerongen H, Robert B, Horton P, van Grondelle R. Identification of a mechanism of photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants. Nature 450: 575-578 (2007).

Schaub P, Al-Babili S, Drake R, Beyer P. Why is golden rice golden (yellow) instead of red? Plant Physiol. 138: 441-450 (2005).

Schwender J, Seemann M, Lichtenthaler HK, Rohmer M. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Biochem. J. 316: 73-80 (1996).

Sharma PK, Hall DO. Changes in carotenoid composition and photosynthesis in sorghum under high light and salt stresses. J. Plant Physiol. 140: 661-666 (1992).

Shewmaker CK, Sheehy JA, Daley M, Colburn S, Ke DY. Seed-specific overexpression of phytoene synthase: increase in carotenoids and other metabolic effects. Plant J. 20: 401-412 (1999).

Snyder AM, Clark BM, Bungard RA. Light-dependent conversion of carotenoids in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa L.. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1326-1333 (2005).

Stalberg K, Lindgren O, Ek B, Hoglund AS. Synthesis of ketocarotenoids in the seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 36: 771-779 (2003).

Suzuki Y, Shioi Y. Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in radish (Raphanus sativus) cotyledons show different time courses during senescence. Physiol. Plant. 122: 291-296 (2004).

Tausz M, Hietz P, Briones O. The significance of carotenoids and tocopherols in photoprotection of seven epiphytic fern species of a Mexican cloud forest. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 775-783 (2001).

Tian L, Magallanes-Lundback M, Musetti V, DellaPenna D. Functional analysis of beta- and varepsilon-ring carotenoid hydroxylases in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15: 1320-1332 (2003).

Number of references = 61

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