Purdue University Logo
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture
 
Horticulture Home Page
Agriculture Home Page
Purdue Home Page
Blackboard
HORT640 Home Page
N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, flavonoid or flavonol

Abdulrazzak N, Pollet B, Ehlting J, Larsen K, Asnaghi C, Ronseau S, Proux C, Erhardt M, Seltzer V, Renou JP, Ullmann P, Pauly M, Lapierre C, Werck-Reichhart D. A coumaroyl-ester-3-hydroxylase insertion mutant reveals the existence of nonredundant meta-hydroxylation pathways and essential roles for phenolic precursors in cell expansion and plant growth. Plant Physiol. 140: 30-48 (2006).

Achike FI, Kwan CY. Nitric oxide, human diseases and the herbal products that affect the nitric oxide signalling pathway. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30: 605-615 (2003).

Achnine L, Huhman DV, Farag MA, Sumner LW, Blount JW, Dixon RA. Genomics-based selection and functional characterization of triterpene glycosyltransferases from the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant J. 41: 875-887 (2005).

Aharoni A, De Vos CH, Wein M, Sun Z, Greco R, Kroon A, Mol JN, O'Connell AP. The strawberry FaMYB1 transcription factor suppresses anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in transgenic tobacco. Plant J. 28: 319-332 (2001).

Ahmad G, Yadav PP, Maurya R. Furanoflavonoid glycosides from Pongamia pinnata fruits. Phytochemistry 65: 921-924 (2004).

Akashi T, Aoki T, Ayabe S. Molecular and biochemical characterization of 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase. Involvement of carboxylesterase-like proteins in leguminous isoflavone biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 137: 882-891 (2005).

Akashi T, Aoki T, Ayabe Si. Cloning and functional expression of a cytochrome P450 cDNA encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase involved in biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid skeleton in licorice. Plant Physiol. 121: 821-828 (1999).

Akashi T, Sasaki K, Aoki T, Ayabe SI, Yazaki K. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for pterocarpan 4-dimethylallyltransferase catalyzing the key prenylation step in the biosynthesis of glyceollin, a soybean phytoalexin. Plant Physiol. 149: 683-693 (2009).

Akashi T, Vanetten HD, Sawada Y, Wasmann CC, Uchiyama H, Ayabe SI. Catalytic specificity of pea O-methyltransferases suggests gene duplication for (+)-pisatin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 67: 2525-2530 (2006).

Al-Hammadi AS, Sreelakshmi Y, Negi S, Siddiqi I, Sharma R. The polycotyledon mutant of tomato shows enhanced polar auxin transport. Plant Physiol. 133: 113-125 (2003).

Al-Rehaily AJ, Albishi OA, El-Olemy MM, Mossa JS. Flavonoids and terpenoids from Helichrysum forskahlii. Phytochemistry 69: 1910-1914 (2008).

Albert KR, Mikkelsen TN, Ro-Poulsen H. Effects of ambient versus reduced UV-B radiation on high arctic Salix arctica assessed by measurements and calculations of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters from fluorescence transients. Physiol. Plant. 124: 208-226 (2005).

Albert NW, Lewis DH, Zhang H, Irving LJ, Jameson PE, Davies KM. Light-induced vegetative anthocyanin pigmentation in Petunia. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 2191-2202 (2009).

Albert S, Delseny M, Devic M. BANYULS, a novel negative regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant J. 11: 289-299 (1997).

Albrecht H, Yoder JI, Phillips DA. Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. Plant Physiol. 119: 585-592 (1999).

Aloni R, Schwalm K, Langhans M, Ullrich CI. Gradual shifts in sites of free-auxin production during leaf-primordium development and their role in vascular differentiation and leaf morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Planta 216: 841-853 (2003).

Amakura Y, Tsutsumi T, Sasaki K, Nakamura M, Yoshida T, Maitani T. Influence of food polyphenols on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-signaling pathway estimated by in vitro bioassay. Phytochemistry 69: 3117-3130 (2008).

Ambrosio SR, Oki Y, Heleno VC, Chaves JS, Nascimento PG, Lichston JE, Constantino MG, Varanda EM, Da Costa FB. Constituents of glandular trichomes of Tithonia diversifolia: relationships to herbivory and antifeedant activity. Phytochemistry 69: 2052-2060 (2008).

Ananvoranich S, Varin L, Gulick P, Ibrahim R. Cloning and regulation of flavonol 3-sulfotransferase in cell-suspension cultures of Flaveria bidentis. Plant Physiol. 106: 485-491 (1994).

Angelo PC, Nunes-Silva CG, Brígido MM, Azevedo JS, Assuncao EN, Sousa AR, Patrício FJ, Rego MM, Peixoto JC, Oliveira WP Jr, Freitas DV, Almeida ER, Viana AM, Souza AF, Andrade EV, Acosta PO, Batista JS, Walter ME, Leomil L, Anjos DA, Coimbra RC, et al. Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: the seeded-fruit transcriptome. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 117-124 (2008).

Attridge TH, Stewart GR, Smith H. End-product inhibition of Pisum phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by the Pisum flavonoids. FEBS Lett. 17: 84-86 (1971).

Avila J, Nieto C, Canas L, Benito MJ, Paz-Ares J. Petunia hybrida genes related to the maize regulatory C1 gene and to animal myb proto-oncogenes. Plant J. 3: 553-562 (1993).

Aziz N, Paiva NL, May GD, Dixon RA. Transcriptome analysis of alfalfa glandular trichomes. Planta 221: 28-38 (2005).

Azuma T, Tanaka Y, Kikuzaki H. Phenolic glycosides from Kaempferia parviflora. Phytochemistry 69: 2743-2748 (2008).

Babajide OJ, Babajide OO, Daramola AO, Mabusela WT. Flavonols and an oxychromonol from Piliostigma reticulatum. Phytochemistry 69: 2245-2250 (2008).

Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, Bagchi M, Tran MX, Stohs SJ. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 95: 179-189 (1997).

Bai Y, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. An inducible activator produced by a Serratia proteamaculans strain and its soybean growth-promoting activity under greenhouse conditions. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1495-1502 (2002).

Baldridge GD, O'Neill NR, Samac DA. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mRNA and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 999-1010 (1998).

Ban Y, Honda C, Bessho H, Pang XM, Moriguchi T. Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies genes induced in response to UV-B irradiation in apple skin: isolation of a putative UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1825-1834 (2007).

Bar-Peled M, Fluhr R, Gressel J. Juvenile-specific localization and accumulation of a rhamnosyltransferase and its bitter flavonoid in foliage, flowers, and young citrus fruits. Plant Physiol. 103: 1377-1384 (1993).

Basile A, Sorbo S, Lopez-Saez JA, Castaldo Cobianchi R. Effects of seven pure flavonoids from mosses on germination and growth of Tortula muralis HEDW. (Bryophyta) and Raphanus sativus L. (Magnoliophyta). Phytochemistry 62: 1145-1151 (2003).

Bate NJ, Orr J, Ni W, Meromi A, Nadler-Hassar T, Doerner PW, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ, Elkind Y. Quantitative relationship between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase levels and phenylpropanoid accumulation in transgenic tobacco identifies a rate-determining step in natural product synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 7608-7612 (1994).

Baudry A, Caboche M, Lepiniec L. TT8 controls its own expression in a feedback regulation involving TTG1 and homologous MYB and bHLH factors, allowing a strong and cell-specific accumulation of flavonoids in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 46: 768-779 (2006).

Bavage AD, Davies IG, Robbins MP, Morris P. Expression of an Antirrhinum dihydroflavonol reductase gene results in changes in condensed tannin structure and accumulation in root cultures of Lotus corniculatus (bird's foot trefoil). Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 443-458 (1997).

Bekker M, Bekker R, Brandt VE. Two flavonoid glycosides and a miscellaneous flavan from the bark of Guibourtia coleosperma. Phytochemistry 67: 818-823 (2006).

Beld M, Martin C, Huits H, Stuitje AR, Gerats AG. Flavonoid synthesis in Petunia hybrida: partial characterization of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 13: 491-502 (1989).

Benavides A, Bassarello C, Montoro P, Vilegas W, Piacente S, Pizza C. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids from Gynerium sagittatum. Phytochemistry 68: 1277-1284 (2007).

Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Rosa EA, Perkins L, Kroon PA. Profiling glucosinolates, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites in tissues of Azima tetracantha L. (Salvadoraceae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 5856-5862 (2004).

Bennett T, Sieberer T, Willett B, Booker J, Luschnig C, Leyser O. The Arabidopsis MAX pathway controls shoot branching by regulating auxin transport. Curr. Biol. 16: 553-563 (2006).

Bergman M, Perelman A, Dubinsky Z, Grossman S. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by a novel glucurinated flavonoid antioxidant isolated and purified from spinach. Phytochemistry 62: 753-762 (2003).

Beritogoli I, Magel E, Abdel-Latif A, Charpentier JP, Jay-Allemand C, Breton C. Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in Juglans nigra. Tree Physiol. 22: 291-300 (2002).

Bernhardt J, Stich K, Schwarz-Sommer Z, Saedler H, Wienand U. Molecular analysis of a second functional A1 gene (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) in Zea mays. Plant J. 14: 483-488 (1998).

Bevan M, Shufflebottom D, Edwards K, Jefferson R, Schuch W. Tissue- and cell-specific activity of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase promoter in transgenic plants. EMBO J. 8: 1899-1906 (1989).

Bharti AK, Khurana JP. Mutants of Arabidopsis as tools to understand the regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway and UVB protection mechanisms. Photochem. Photobiol. 65: 765-776 (1997).

Bi JL, Felton GW, Murphy JB, Howles PA, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Do plant phenolics confer resistance to specialist and generalist insect herbivores?. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45: 4500-4504 (1997).

Bieza K, Lois R. An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-B levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavonoids and other phenolics. Plant Physiol. 126: 1105-1115 (2001).

Bilodeau P, Udvardi MK, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. A prolonged cold treatment-induced cytochrome P450 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 791-800 (1999).

Bjoroy O, Rayyan S, Fossen T, Kalberg K, Andersen OM. C-glycosylanthocyanidins synthesized from C-glycosylflavones. Phytochemistry 70: 278-287 (2009).

Bladergroen MR, Spaink HP. Genes and signal molecules involved in the Rhizobia-Leguminoseae symbiosis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 353-359 (1998).

Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt KV. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 91: 179-194 (2003).

Boddu J, Jiang C, Sangar V, Olson T, Peterson T, Chopra S. Comparative structural and functional characterization of sorghum and maize duplications containing orthologous myb transcription regulators of 3-deoxyflavonoid biosynthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 60: 185-199 (2006).

Boddu J, Svabek C, Ibraheem F, Jones AD, Chopra S. Characterization of a deletion allele of a sorghum Myb gene, yellow seed1 showing loss of 3-deoxyflavonoids. Plant Sci. 169: 542-552 (2005).

Bogs J, Ebadi A, McDavid D, Robinson SP. Identification of the flavonoid hydroxylases from grapevine and their regulation during fruit development. Plant Physiol. 140: 279-291 (2006).

Bohm H, Boeing H, Hempel J, Raab B, Kroke A. Flavonols, flavone and anthocyanins as natural antioxidants of food and their possible role in the prevention of chronic diseases. Z. Ernahrungswiss. 37: 147-163 (1998).

Bongue-Bartelsman M, O'Neill SD, Tong Y, Yoder JI. Characterization of the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in tomato. Gene 138: 153-157 (1994).

Booij-James IS, Dube SK, Jansen MA, Edelman M, Mattoo AK. Ultraviolet-B radiation impacts light-mediated turnover of the photosystem II reaction center heterodimer in Arabidopsis mutants altered in phenolic metabolism. Plant Physiol. 124: 1275-1284 (2000).

Borevitz JO, Xia Y, Blount J, Dixon RA, Lamb C. Activation tagging identifies a conserved MYB regulator of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Plant Cell 12: 2383-2394 (2000).

Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP. Expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in red and white grapes. Plant Mol. Biol. 32: 565-569 (1996).

Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP. Analysis of the expression of anthocyanin pathway genes in developing Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz grape berries and the implications for pathway regulation. Plant Physiol. 111: 1059-1066 (1996).

Bottcher C, Roepenack-Lahaye EV, Schmidt J, Schmotz C, Neumann S, Scheel D, Clemens S. Metabolome analysis of biosynthetic mutants reveals diversity of metabolic changes and allows identification of a large number of new compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 147: 2107-2120 (2008).

Boudet AM. Evolution and current status of research in phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry 68: 2722-2735 (2007).

Bovy A, De Vos R, Kemper M, Schijlen E, Almenar Pertejo M, Muir S, Collins G, Robinson S, Verhoeyen M, Hughes S, Santos-Buelga C, Van Tunen A. High-flavonol tomatoes resulting from the heterologous expression of the maize transcription factor genes LC and C1. Plant Cell 14: 2509-2526 (2002).

Brand S, Holscher D, Schierhorn A, Svatos A, Schroder J, Schneider B. A type III polyketide synthase from Wachendorfia thyrsiflora and its role in diarylheptanoid and phenylphenalenone biosynthesis. Planta 224: 413-428 (2006).

Broughton WJ, Perret X. Genealogy of legume-rhizobium symbioses. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 305-311 (1999).

Broun P. Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis: a complex network of conserved regulators involved in multiple aspects of differentiation in Arabidopsis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 272-279 (2005).

Brown DE, Rashotte AM, Murphy AS, Normanly J, Tague BW, Peer WA, Taiz L, Muday GK. Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126: 524-535 (2001).

Bruce W, Folkerts O, Garnaat C, Crasta O, Roth B, Bowen B. Expression profiling of the maize flavonoid pathway genes controlled by estradiol-inducible transcription factors CRC and P. Plant Cell 12: 65-80 (2000).

Brugliera F, Holton TA, Stevenson TW, Farcy E, Lu CY, Cornish EC. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone corresponding to the Rt locus of Petunia hybrida. Plant J. 5: 81-92 (1994).

Buchholz G, Ehmann B, Wellmann E. Ultraviolet light inhibition of phytochrome-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and DNA photolyase formation in mustard cotyledons (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Physiol. 108: 227-234 (1995).

Buer CS, Djordjevic MA. Architectural phenotypes in the transparent testa mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 751-763 (2009).

Buer CS, Muday GK. The transparent testa4 mutation prevents flavonoid synthesis and alters auxin transport and the response of Arabidopsis roots to gravity and light. Plant Cell 16: 1191-1205 (2004).

Buer CS, Muday GK, Djordjevic MA. Flavonoids are differentially taken up and transported long distances in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 145: 478-490 (2007).

Buer CS, Sukumar P, Muday GK. Ethylene modulates flavonoid accumulation and gravitropic responses in roots of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 140: 1384-1396 (2006).

Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B. Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 12929-12934 (1999).

Burchard P, Bilger W, Weissenbock G. Contribution of hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids to epidermal shielding of UV-A and UV-B radiation in developing rye primary leaves as assessed by ultraviolet-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1373-1380 (2000).

Cain CC, Saslowsky DE, Walker RA, Shirley BW. Expression of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase proteins in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 377-381 (1997).

Carbone F, Preuss A, DE Vos RC, D'Amico E, Perrotta G, Bovy AG, Martens S, Rosati C. Developmental, genetic and environmental factors affect the expression of flavonoid genes, enzymes and metabolites in strawberry fruits* Plant Cell Environ. Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print] (2009).

Cardenas L, Aleman E, Nava N, Santana O, Sanchez F, Quinto C. Early responses to Nod factors and mycorrhizal colonization in a non-nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris mutant. Planta 223: 746-754 (2006).

Carrera E, Holman T, Medhurst A, Peer W, Schmuths H, Footitt S, Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth MJ. Gene expression profiling reveals defined functions of the ABC transporter COMATOSE late in phase II of germination. Plant Physiol. 143: 1669-1679 (2007).

Carrie C, Murcha MW, Millar AH, Smith SM, Whelan J. Nine 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases (KATs) and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases (ACATs) encoded by five genes in Arabidopsis thaliana are targeted either to peroxisomes or cytosol but not to mitochondria. Plant Mol. Biol. 63: 97-108 (2007).

Casati P, Walbot V. Gene expression profiling in response to ultraviolet radiation in maize genotypes with varying flavonoid content. Plant Physiol. 132: 1739-1754 (2003).

Casati P, Walbot V. Differential accumulation of maysin and rhamnosylisoorientin in leaves of high-altitude landraces of maize after UV-B exposure. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 788-799 (2005).

Cha S, Zhang H, Ilarslan HI, Wurtele ES, Brachova L, Nikolau BJ, Yeung ES. Direct profiling and imaging of plant metabolites in intact tissues by using colloidal graphite-assisted laser desorption ionization (GALDI) mass spectrometry. Plant J. 55: 348-360 (2008).

Chen F, Srinivasa Reddy MS, Temple S, Jackson L, Shadle G, Dixon RA. Multi-site genetic modulation of monolignol biosynthesis suggests new routes for formation of syringyl lignin and wall-bound ferulic acid in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant J. 48: 113-124 (2006).

Chimphango SB, Musil CF, Dakora FD. Response of purely symbiotic and NO3-fed nodulated plants of Lupinus luteus and Vicia atropurpurea to ultraviolet-B radiation. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1771-1784 (2003).

Chin YW, Jones WP, Mi Q, Rachman I, Riswan S, Kardono LB, Chai HB, Farnsworth NR, Cordell GA, Swanson SM, Cassady JM, Kinghorn AD. Cytotoxic clerodane diterpenoids from the leaves of Premna tomentosa. Phytochemistry 67: 1243-1248 (2006).

Chiou CY, Yeh KW. Differential expression of MYB gene (OgMYB1) determines color patterning in floral tissue of Oncidium Gower Ramsey. Plant Mol. Biol. 66: 379-388 (2008).

Cho JH, Park Y, Ahn JH, Lim Y, Rhee S. Structural and functional insights into O-methyltransferase from Bacillus cereus. J. Mol. Biol. 382: 987-997 (2008).

Chopra S, Athma P, Peterson T. Alleles of the maize P gene with distinct tissue specificities encode Myb-homologous proteins with C-terminal replacements. Plant Cell 8: 1149-1158 (1996).

Christensen AB, Gregersen PL, Olsen CE, Collinge DB. A flavonoid 7-O-methyltransferase is expressed in barley leaves in response to pathogen attack. Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 219-227 (1998).

Christensen AB, Gregersen PL, Schroder J, Collinge DB. A chalcone synthase with an unusual substrate preference is expressed in barley leaves in response to UV light and pathogen attack. Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 849-857 (1998).

Chung IM, Hong SB, Peebles CA, Kim JA, San KY. Effect of the engineered indole pathway on accumulation of phenolic compounds in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots. Biotechnol. Prog. 23: 327-332 (2007).

Claudot AC, Ernst D, Sandermann H, Drouet A. Chalcone synthase activity and polyphenolic compounds of shoot tissues from adult and rejuvenated walnut trees. Planta 203: 275-282 (1997).

Close DC, Davies NW, Beadle CL. Temporal variation of tannins (galloylglucoses), flavonols and anthocyanins in leaves of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings: implications for light attenuation and antioxidant activities. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 269-278 (2001).

Coiner H, Schroder G, Wehinger E, Liu CJ, Noel JP, Schwab W, Schroder J. Methylation of sulfhydryl groups: a new function for a family of small molecule plant O-methyltransferases. Plant J. 46: 193-205 (2006).

Collette VE, Jameson PE, Schwinn KE, Umaharan P, Davies KM. Temporal and spatial expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in flowers of Anthurium andraeanum. Physiol. Plant. 122: 297-304 (2004).

Colliver SP, Morris P, Robbins MP. Differential modification of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis with an antisense chalcone synthase construct in transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 509-522 (1997).

Cooper JE, Rao JR. Localized changes in flavonoid biosynthesis in roots of Lotus pedunculatus after infection by Rhizobium loti. Plant Physiol. 100: 444-450 (1992).

Cornwell T, Cohick W, Raskin I. Dietary phytoestrogens and health. Phytochemistry 65: 995-1016 (2004).

Cortes-Cruz M, Snook M, McMullen MD. The genetic basis of C-glycosyl flavone B-ring modification in maize (Zea mays L.) silks. Genome 46: 182-94 (2003).

Croft K, Juttner F, Slusarenko AJ. Volatile products of the lipoxygenase pathway evolved from Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. Plant Physiol. 101: 13-24 (1993).

Cummins I, Brazier-Hicks M, Stobiecki M, Franski R, Edwards R. Selective disruption of wheat secondary metabolism by herbicide safeners. Phytochemistry 67: 1722-1730 (2006).

Cummins I, O'Hagan D, Jablonkai I, Cole DJ, Hehn A, Werck-Reichhart D, Edwards R. Cloning, characterization and regulation of a family of phi class glutathione transferases from wheat. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 591-603 (2003).

Cunningham OD, Edwards R. Modifying the acylation of flavonols in Petunia hybrida. Phytochemistry 69: 2016-2021 (2008).

Curir P, Lanzotti V, Dolci M, Dolci P, Pasini C, Tollin G. Purification and properties of a new S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 3422-3431 (2003).

Cuyckens F, Claeys M. Mass spectrometry in the structural analysis of flavonoids. J. Mass Spectrom. 39: 1-15 (2004).

Dakora FD, Joseph CM, Phillips DA. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root exudates contain isoflavonoids in the presence of Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol. 101: 819-824 (1993).

Davies KM. Chapter 7. Plant Colour and Fragrance. In "Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism" (Verpoorte R, Alfermann AW, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 127-163 (2000).

De Jaeger G, Buys E, Eeckhout D, Bruyns AM, De Neve M, De Wilde C, Gerats T, Van Montagu M, Fischer R, Depicker A. Use of phage display for isolation and characterization of single-chain variable fragments against dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Petunia hybrida. FEBS Lett. 403: 116-122 (1997).

de Lange P, van Blokland R, Kooter JM, Mol JN. Suppression of flavonoid flower pigmentation genes in Petunia hybrida by the introduction of antisense and sense genes. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 197: 57-75 (1995).

De Luca V, Ibrahim RK. Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. I. Partial purification and some properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonol 3-, 6-, 7-, and 4'-O-methyltransferases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 238: 596-605 (1985).

De Luca V, Ibrahim RK. Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. II. Substrate interaction and product inhibition studies of flavonol 3-, 6-, and 4'-O-methyltransferases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 238: 606-618 (1985).

De Luca V, St Pierre B. The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci. 5: 168-173 (2000).

De Schepper S, Leus L, Mertens M, Debergh P, Van Bockstaele E, De Loose M. Somatic polyploidy and its consequences for flower coloration and flower morphology in azalea. Plant Cell Rep. 20: 583-590 (2001).

de Vetten N, ter Horst J, van Schaik HP, de Boer A, Mol J, Koes R. A cytochrome b5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of blue flower colors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 778-783 (1999).

Deavours BE, Dixon RA. Metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 138: 2245-2259 (2005).

Deavours BE, Liu CJ, Naoumkina MA, Tang Y, Farag MA, Sumner LW, Noel JP, Dixon RA. Functional analysis of members of the isoflavone and isoflavanone O-methyltransferase enzyme families from the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant Mol. Biol. 62: 715-733 (2006).

Debeaujon I, Peeters AJ, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Koornneef M. The transparent testa12 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a multidrug secondary transporter-like protein required for flavonoid sequestration in vacuoles of the seed coat endothelium. Plant Cell 13: 853-872 (2001).

Deboo GB, Albertsen MC, Taylor LP. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase transcripts and flavonol accumulation are temporally coordinate in maize anthers. Plant J. 7: 703-713 (1995).

Deluc L, Barrieu F, Marchive C, Lauvergeat V, Decendit A, Richard T, Carde JP, Merillon JM, Hamdi S. Characterization of a grapevine R2R3-MYB transcription factor that regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant Physiol. 140: 499-511 (2006).

Deluc L, Bogs J, Walker AR, Ferrier T, Decendit A, Merillon JM, Robinson SP, Barrieu F. The transcription factor VvMYB5b contributes to the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in developing grape berries. Plant Physiol. 147: 2041-2053 (2008).

Demirkiran O, Ahmed Mesaik M, Beynek H, Abbaskhan A, Iqbal Choudhary M. Cellular reactive oxygen species inhibitory constituents of Hypericum thasium Griseb. Phytochemistry 70: 244-249 (2009).

Deng C, Davis TM. Molecular identification of the yellow fruit color (c) locus in diploid strawberry: a candidate gene approach. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103: 316-322 (2001).

Devic M, Guilleminot J, Debeaujon I, Bechtold N, Bensaude E, Koornneef M, Pelletier G, Delseny M. The BANYULS gene encodes a DFR-like protein and is a marker of early seed coat development. Plant J. 19: 387-398 (1999).

Devienne KF, Calgaro-Helena AF, Dorta DJ, Prado IM, Raddi MS, Vilegas W, Uyemura SA, Santos AC, Curti C. Antioxidant activity of isocoumarins isolated from Paepalanthus bromelioides on mitochondria. Phytochemistry 68: 1075-1080 (2007).

Dhaubhadel S, Farhangkhoee M, Chapman R. Identification and characterization of isoflavonoid specific glycosyltransferase and malonyltransferase from soybean seeds. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 981-994 (2008).

Dhaubhadel S, Gijzen M, Moy P, Farhangkhoee M. Transcriptome analysis reveals a critical role of CHS7 and CHS8 genes for isoflavonoid synthesis in soybean seeds. Plant Physiol. 143: 326-338 (2007).

Dhaubhadel S, McGarvey BD, Williams R, Gijzen M. Isoflavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in developing soybean seeds. Plant Mol. Biol. 53: 733-743 (2003).

Ding S, Dudley E, Plummer S, Tang J, Newton RP, Brenton AG. Fingerprint profile of Ginkgo biloba nutritional supplements by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Phytochemistry 69: 1555-1564 (2008).

Dixon RA. Phytoestrogens. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55: 225-261 (2004).

Dixon RA, Howles PA, Lamb C, He XZ, Reddy JT. Prospects for the metabolic engineering of bioactive flavonoids and related phenylpropanoid compounds. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 439: 55-66 (1998).

Dixon RA, Lamb CJ, Masoud S, Sewalt VJ, Paiva NL. Metabolic engineering: prospects for crop improvement through the genetic manipulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and defense responses--a review. Gene 179: 61-71 (1996).

Dixon RA, Steele CL. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids - a gold mine for metabolic engineering. Trends Plant Sci. 4: 394-400 (1999).

Do CT, Pollet B, Thevenin J, Sibout R, Denoue D, Barriere Y, Lapierre C, Jouanin L. Both caffeoyl coenzyme A 3-O-methyltransferase 1 and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 are involved in redundant functions for lignin, flavonoids and sinapoyl malate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Planta 226: 1117-1129 (2007).

Dombrecht B, Xue GP, Sprague SJ, Kirkegaard JA, Ross JJ, Reid JB, Fitt GP, Sewelam N, Schenk PM, Manners JM, Kazan K. MYC2 differentially modulates diverse jasmonate-dependent functions in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19: 2225-2245 (2007).

Dong X, Braun EL, Grotewold E. Functional conservation of plant secondary metabolic enzymes revealed by complementation of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants with maize genes. Plant Physiol. 127: 46-57 (2001).

Dooner HK, Nelson OE. Genetic control of UDPglucose:flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase in the endosperm of maize. Biochem. Genet. 15: 509-519 (1977).

Drewes SE, van Vuuren SF. Antimicrobial acylphloroglucinols and dibenzyloxy flavonoids from flowers of Helichrysum gymnocomum. Phytochemistry 69: 1745-1749 (2008).

Du J, He ZD, Jiang RW, Ye WC, Xu HX, But PP. Antiviral flavonoids from the root bark of Morus alba L. Phytochemistry 62: 1235-1238 (2003).

Dubos C, Le Gourrierec J, Baudry A, Huep G, Lanet E, Debeaujon I, Routaboul JM, Alboresi A, Weisshaar B, Lepiniec L. MYBL2 is a new regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 55: 940-953 (2008).

Durbin ML, McCaig B, Clegg MT. Molecular evolution of the chalcone synthase multigene family in the morning glory genome. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 79-92 (2000).

Ebel J, Schmidt WE, Loyal R. Phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cells: elicitor induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs and correlation with phytoalexin accumulation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 232: 240-248 (1984).

Edwards EL, Rodrigues JA, Ferreira J, Goodall DM, Rauter AP, Justino J, Thomas-Oates J. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry characterisation of secondary metabolites from the antihyperglycaemic plant Genista tenera. Electrophoresis 27: 2164-2170 (2006).

Edwards R, Daniell TJ, Gregory ACE. Methylation reactions and the phytoalexin response in alfalfa suspension cultures. Planta 201: 359-367 (1997).

Edwards WR, Hall JA, Rowlan AR, Schneider-Barfield T, Sun TJ, Patil MA, Pierce ML, Fulcher RG, Bell AA, Essenberg M. Light filtering by epidermal flavonoids during the resistant response of cotton to Xanthomonas protects leaf tissue from light-dependent phytoalexin toxicity. Phytochemistry 69: 2320-2328 (2008).

Ehlting J, Buttner D, Wang Q, Douglas CJ, Somssich IE, Kombrink E. Three 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligases in Arabidopsis thaliana represent two evolutionarily divergent classes in angiosperms. Plant J. 19: 9-20 (1999).

El Euch C, Jay-Allemand C, Pastuglia M, Doumas P, Charpentier JP, Capelli P, Jouanin L. Expression of antisense chalcone synthase RNA in transgenic hybrid walnut microcuttings. Effect on flavonoid content and rooting ability. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 467-479 (1998).

Elomaa P, Helariutta Y, Griesbach RJ, Kotilainen M, Seppanen P, Teeri TH. Transgene inactivation in Petunia hybrida is influenced by the properties of the foreign gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 248: 649-656 (1995).

Endler A, Martens S, Wellmann F, Matern U. Unusually divergent 4-coumarate:CoA-ligases from Ruta graveolens L. Plant Mol. Biol. 67: 335-346 (2008).

Epifano F, Genovese S, Menghini L, Curini M. Chemistry and pharmacology of oxyprenylated secondary plant metabolites. Phytochemistry 68: 939-953 (2007).

Erasto P, Bojase-Moleta G, Majinda RR. Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the root wood of Bolusanthus speciosus. Phytochemistry 65: 875-880 (2004).

Fahrendorf T, Ni W, Shorrosh BS, Dixon RA. Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) XIX. Transcriptional activation of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway genes at the onset of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin response. Plant Mol. Biol. 28: 885-900 (1995).

Fait A, Hanhineva K, Beleggia R, Dai N, Rogachev I, Nikiforova VJ, Fernie AR, Aharoni A. Reconfiguration of the achene and receptacle metabolic networks during strawberry fruit development. Plant Physiol. 148: 730-750 (2008).

Fang C, Wan X, Tan H, Jiang C. Separation and determination of isoflavonoids in several kudzu samples by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Ann. Chim. 96: 117-124 (2006).

Farzad M, Griesbach R, Weiss MR. Floral color change in Viola cornuta L. (Violaceae): a model system to study regulation of anthocyanin production. Plant Sci. 162: 225-231 (2002).

Fatland BL, Ke J, Anderson MD, Mentzen WI, Cui LW, Allred CC, Johnston JL, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES. Molecular characterization of a heteromeric ATP-citrate lyase that generates cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 130: 740-756 (2002).

Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Nutrition and mutagenesis. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28: 313-329 (2008).

Ferrer JL, Austin MB, Stewart C Jr, Noel JP. Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 46: 356-370 (2008).

Ferrer JL, Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP. Structure of chalcone synthase and the molecular basis of plant polyketide biosynthesis. Nat. Struct. Biol. 6: 775-784 (1999).

Fico G, Rodondi G, Flamini G, Passarella D, Tome F. Comparative phytochemical and morphological analyses of three Italian Primula species. Phytochemistry 68: 1683-1691 (2007).

Figueiredo P, Elhabiri M, Toki K, Saito N, Dangles O, Brouillard R. New aspects of anthocyanin complexation. Intramolecular copigmentation as a means for colour loss? Phytochemistry 41: 301-308 (1996).

Filkowski J, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Genome stability of vtc1, tt4, and tt5 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in protection against oxidative stress. Plant J. 38: 60-69 (2004).

Fiorani F, Umbach AL, Siedow JN. The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria is involved in the acclimation of shoot growth at low temperature. A study of Arabidopsis AOX1a transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 139: 1795-1805 (2005).

Flores-Sanchez IJ, Verpoorte R. PKS activities and biosynthesis of cannabinoids and flavonoids in Cannabis sativa L. plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 1767-1782 (2008).

Focks N, Sagasser M, Weisshaar B, Benning C. Characterization of tt15, a novel transparent testa mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 208: 352-357 (1999).

Ford CM, Boss PK, Hoj PB. Cloning and characterization of Vitis vinifera UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, a homologue of the enzyme encoded by the maize Bronze-1 locus that may primarily serve to glucosylate anthocyanidins in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 9224-9233 (1998).

Forkmann G, Dangelmayr B. Genetic control of chalcone isomerase activity in flowers of Dianthus caryophyllus. Biochem. Genet. 18: 519-527 (1980).

Forkmann G, Martens S. Metabolic engineering and applications of flavonoids. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12: 155-160 (2001).

Franca SC, Roberto PG, Marins MA, Puga RD, Rodrigues A, Pereira JO. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in sugarcane. Genet. Mol. Biol. 24: 243-250 (2001).

Frangne N, Eggmann T, Koblischke C, Weissenbock G, Martinoia E, Klein M. Flavone glucoside uptake into barley mesophyll and Arabidopsis cell culture vacuoles. Energization occurs by H(+)-antiport and ATP-binding cassette-type mechanisms. Plant Physiol. 128: 726-733 (2002).

Fraser PD, Enfissi EM, Bramley PM. Genetic engineering of carotenoid formation in tomato fruit and the potential application of systems and synthetic biology approaches. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 483: 196-204 (2009).

Frydman A, Weisshaus O, Bar-Peled M, Huhman DV, Sumner LW, Marin FR, Lewinsohn E, Fluhr R, Gressel J, Eyal Y. Citrus fruit bitter flavors: isolation and functional characterization of the gene Cm1,2RhaT encoding a 1,2 rhamnosyltransferase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the bitter flavonoids of citrus. Plant J. 40: 88-100 (2004).

Fukada-Tanaka S, Hoshino A, Hisatomi Y, Habu Y, Hasebe M, Iida S. Identification of new chalcone synthase genes for flower pigmentation in the Japanese and common morning glories. Plant Cell Physiol. 38: 754-758 (1997).

Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Okuhara H, Fukui Y, Nakao M, Katsumoto Y, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Kusumi T, Hase T, Tanaka Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 3'-O-glucosyltransferase, a key enzyme for blue anthocyanin biosynthesis, from gentian. Plant Physiol. 132: 1652-1663 (2003).

Fukui Y, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Iwashita T, Nomoto K. A rationale for the shift in colour towards blue in transgenic carnation flowers expressing the flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene. Phytochemistry 63: 15-23 (2003).

Fukusaki E, Harada K, Bamba T, Kobayashi A. An isotope effect on the comparative quantification of flavonoids by means of methylation-based stable isotope dilution coupled with capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 99: 75-77 (2005).

Funa N, Ohnishi Y, Fujii I, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Horinouchi S. A new pathway for polyketide synthesis in microorganisms. Nature 400: 897-899 (1999).

Gachon CM, Langlois-Meurinne M, Henry Y, Saindrenan P. Transcriptional co-regulation of secondary metabolism enzymes in Arabidopsis: functional and evolutionary implications. Plant Mol. Biol. 58: 229-245 (2005).

Gao D, Tawa R, Masaki H, Okano Y, Sakurai H. Protective effects of baicalein against cell damage by reactive oxygen species. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 46: 1383-1387 (1998).

Gavazzi G, Dolfini S, Allegra D, Castiglioni P, Todesco G, Hoxha M. Dap (Defective aleurone pigmentation) mutations affect maize aleurone development. Mol. Gen. Genet. 256: 223-230 (1997).

Gebhardt YH, Witte S, Steuber H, Matern U, Martens S. Evolution of flavone synthase I from parsley flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase by site-directed mutagenesis. Plant Physiol. 144: 1442-1454 (2007).

Gerats AG, Bussard J, Coe EH Jr, Larson R. Influence of B and Pl on UDPG:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase in Zea mays L. Biochem. Genet. 22: 1161-1169 (1984).

Gerats AG, Vrijlandt E, Wallroth M, Schram AW. The influence of the genes An1, An2, and An4 on the activity of the enzyme UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in flowers of Petunia hybrida. Biochem. Genet. 23: 591-598 (1985).

Ghanevati M, Jaworski JG. Engineering and mechanistic studies of the Arabidopsis FAE1 beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, FAE1 KCS. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 3531-3539 (2002).

Giliberto L, Perrotta G, Pallara P, Weller JL, Fraser PD, Bramley PM, Fiore A, Tavazza M, Giuliano G. Manipulation of the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 in tomato affects vegetative development, flowering time, and fruit antioxidant content. Plant Physiol. 137: 199-208 (2005).

Glassgen WE, Rose A, Madlung J, Koch W, Gleitz J, Seitz HU. Regulation of enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrot cell cultures in response to treatment with ultraviolet light and fungal elicitors. Planta 204: 490-498 (1998).

Goffner D, Van Doorsselaere J, Yahiaoui N, Samaj J, Grima-Pettenati J, Boudet AM. A novel aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase in higher plants: molecular cloning and expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 755-765 (1998).

Goldsbrough A, Belzile F, Yoder JI. Complementation of the tomato anthocyanin without (aw) mutant using the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene. Plant Physiol. 105: 491-496 (1994).

Gollop R, Even S, Colova-Tsolova V, Perl A. Expression of the grape dihydroflavonol reductase gene and analysis of its promoter region. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1397-1409 (2002).

Gong Z, Yamazaki M, Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Saito K. Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and expressed in a forma-specific manner in Perilla frutescens. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 915-927 (1997).

Gong ZZ, Yamagishi E, Yamazaki M, Saito K. A constitutively expressed Myc-like gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis from Perilla frutescens: molecular characterization, heterologous expression in transgenic plants and transactivation in yeast cells. Plant Mol. Biol. 41: 33-44 (1999).

Gorton HL, Vogelmann TC. Effects of epidermal cell shape and pigmentation on optical properties of Antirrhinum petals at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. Plant Physiol. 112: 879-888 (1996).

Gould KS. Nature's Swiss army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2004: 314-320 (2004).

Gould KS, McKelvie J, Markham KR. Do anthocyanins function as antioxidants in leaves? Imaging of H2O2 in red and green leaves after mechanical injury. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1261-1269 (2002).

Grace SC, Logan BA. Energy dissipation and radical scavenging by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 355: 1499-1510 (2000).

Graham TL, Graham MY, Subramanian S, Yu O. RNAi silencing of genes for elicitation or biosynthesis of 5-deoxyisoflavonoids suppresses race-specific resistance and hypersensitive cell death in Phytophthora sojae infected tissues. Plant Physiol. 144: 728-740 (2007).

Griesser M, Vitzthum F, Fink B, Bellido ML, Raasch C, Munoz-Blanco J, Schwab W. Multi-substrate flavonol O-glucosyltransferases from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) achene and receptacle. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 2611-2625 (2008).

Gronquist M, Bezzerides A, Attygalle A, Meinwald J, Eisner M, Eisner T. Attractive and defensive functions of the ultraviolet pigments of a flower (Hypericum calycinum). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 13745-13750 (2001).

Grotewold E. The genetics and biochemistry of floral pigments. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 761-780 (2006).

Grotewold E, Athma P, Peterson T. Alternatively spliced products of the maize P gene encode proteins with homology to the DNA-binding domain of myb-like transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 4587-4591 (1991).

Grotewold E, Chamberlin M, Snook M, Siame B, Butler L, Swenson J, Maddock S, Clair GS, Bowen B. Engineering secondary metabolism in maize cells by ectopic expression of transcription factors. Plant Cell 10: 721-740 (1998).

Grotewold E, Drummond BJ, Bowen B, Peterson T. The myb-homologous P gene controls phlobaphene pigmentation in maize floral organs by directly activating a flavonoid biosynthetic gene subset. Cell 76: 543-553 (1994).

Guo ZJ, Lamb C, Dixon RA. Potentiation of the oxidative burst and isoflavonoid phytoalexin accumulation by serine protease inhibitors. Plant Physiol. 118: 1487-1494 (1998).

Guyon VN, Astwood JD, Garner EC, Dunker AK, Taylor LP. Isolation and characterization of cDNAs expressed in the early stages of flavonol-induced pollen germination in petunia. Plant Physiol. 123: 699-710 (2000).

Hada H, Hidema J, Maekawa M, Kumagai T. Higher amounts of anthocyanins and UV-absorbing compounds effectively lowered CPD photorepair in purple rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1691-1701 (2003).

Hagmann ML, Heller W, Grisebach H. Induction and characterization of a microsomal flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase from parsley cell cultures. Eur. J. Biochem. 134: 547-554 (1983).

Hahlbrock K, Grisebach H. Enzymatic controls in the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 30: 105-130 (1979).

Hain R, Grimmig B. Chapter 11. Modification of Plant Secondary Metabolism by Genetic Engineering. In "Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism" (Verpoorte R, Alfermann AW, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 217-231 (2000).

Halbwirth H, Stich K. An NADPH and FAD dependent enzyme catalyzes hydroxylation of flavonoids in position 8. Phytochemistry 67: 1080-1087 (2006).

Hall D, De Luca V. Mesocarp localization of a bi-functional resveratrol/hydroxycinnamic acid glucosyltransferase of Concord grape (Vitis labrusca). Plant J. 49: 579-591 (2007).

Halliwell B. Oxidative stress in cell culture: an under-appreciated problem?. FEBS Lett. 540: 3-6 (2003).

Han YJ, Kim YM, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Cho KC, Chandrasekhar T, Song PS, Woo YM, Kim JI. Production of purple-colored creeping bentgrass using maize transcription factor genes Pl and Lc through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell Rep. 28: 397-406 (2009).

Hanhineva K, Rogachev I, Kokko H, Mintz-Oron S, Venger I, Karenlampi S, Aharoni A. Non-targeted analysis of spatial metabolite composition in strawberry (Fragariaxananassa) flowers. Phytochemistry 69: 2463-2481 (2008).

Hannah MA, Wiese D, Freund S, Fiehn O, Heyer AG, Hincha DK. Natural genetic variation of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 142: 98-112 (2006).

Hans J, Brandt W, Vogt T. Site-directed mutagenesis and protein 3D-homology modelling suggest a catalytic mechanism for UDP-glucose-dependent betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. Plant J. 39: 319-333 (2004).

Haraguchi H, Kanada M, Fukuda A, Naruse K, Okamura N, Yagi A. An inhibitor of aldose reductase and sorbitol accumulation from Anthocepharus chinensis. Planta Med. 64: 68-69 (1998).

Harborne JB, Williams CA. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 12: 639-657 (1995).

Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 55: 481-504 (2000).

Harding SA, Leshkevich J, Chiang VL, Tsai CJ. Differential substrate inhibition couples kinetically distinct 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligases with spatially distinct metabolic roles in quaking aspen. Plant Physiol. 128: 428-438 (2002).

Hartmann U, Sagasser M, Mehrtens F, Stracke R, Weisshaar B. Differential combinatorial interactions of cis-acting elements recognized by R2R3-MYB, BZIP, and BHLH factors control light-responsive and tissue-specific activation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 57: 155-171 (2005).

Harvaux M, Kloppstech K. The protective functions of carotenoid and flavonoid pigments against excess visible radiation at chilling temperature investigated in Arabidopsis npq and tt mutants. Planta 213: 953-966 (2001).

Hauffe KD, Lee SP, Subramaniam R, Douglas CJ. Combinatorial interactions between positive and negative cis-acting elements control spatial patterns of 4CL-1 expression in transgenic tobacco. Plant J. 4: 235-253 (1993).

Hausler RE, Rademacher T, Li J, Lipka V, Fischer KL, Schubert S, Kreuzaler F, Hirsch HJ. Single and double overexpression of C4-cycle genes had differential effects on the pattern of endogenous enzymes, attenuation of photorespiration and on contents of UV protectants in transgenic potato and tobacco plants. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1785-1803 (2001).

He XZ, Dixon RA. Genetic manipulation of isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase enhances biosynthesis of 4'-O-methylated isoflavonoid phytoalexins and disease resistance in alfalfa. Plant Cell 12: 1689-1702 (2000).

He XZ, Reddy JT, Dixon RA. Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). XXII. cDNA cloning and characterization of an elicitor-inducible isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferase. Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 43-54 (1998).

Heinrich G, Pfeifhofer HW, Stabentheiner E, Sawidis T. Glandular hairs of Sigesbeckia jorullensis Kunth (Asteraceae): morphology, histochemistry and composition of essential oil. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 89: 459-469 (2002).

Helariutta Y, Elomaa P, Kotilainen M, Seppanen P, Teeri TH. Cloning of cDNA coding for dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and characterization of dfr expression in the corollas of Gerbera hybrida var. Regina (Compositae). Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 183-193 (1993).

Hemleben V, Dressel A, Epping B, Lukacin R, Martens S, Austin M. Characterization and structural features of a chalcone synthase mutation in a white-flowering line of Matthiola incana R. Br. (Brassicaceae). Plant Mol. Biol. 55: 455-465 (2004).

Hemm MR, Herrmann KM, Chapple C. AtMYB4: a transcription factor general in the battle against UV. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 135-136 (2001).

Hemm MR, Rider SD, Ogas J, Murry DJ, Chapple C. Light induces phenylpropanoid metabolism in Arabidopsis roots. Plant J. 38: 765-778 (2004).

Hernandez I, Alegre L, Munne-Bosch S. Enhanced oxidation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin accumulation in water-stressed tea plants. Phytochemistry 67: 1120-1126 (2006).

Hernandez I, Alegre L, Van Breusegem F, Munne-Bosch S. How relevant are flavonoids as antioxidants in plants? Trends Plant Sci. 14: 125-132 (2009).

Hieber AD, Mudalige-Jayawickrama RG, Kuehnle AR. Color genes in the orchid Oncidium Gower Ramsey: identification, expression, and potential genetic instability in an interspecific cross. Planta 223: 521-531 (2006).

Himi E, Noda K. Isolation and location of three homoeologous dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) genes of wheat and their tissue-dependent expression. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 365-375 (2004).

Hirai MY, Saito K. Post-genomics approaches for the elucidation of plant adaptive mechanisms to sulphur deficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1871-1879 (2004).

Hirayama C, Ono H, Tamura Y, Konno K, Nakamura M. Regioselective formation of quercetin 5-O-glucoside from orally administered quercetin in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Phytochemistry 69: 1141-1149 (2008).

Hirayama C, Ono H, Tamura Y, Nakamura M. C-prolinylquercetins from the yellow cocoon shell of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Phytochemistry 67: 579-583 (2006).

Hirner AA, Veit S, Seitz HU. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in UV-A-irradiated cell cultures of carrot and in organs of intact carrot plants. Plant Sci. 161: 315-322 (2001).

Hirotani M, Kuroda R, Suzuki H, Yoshikawa T. Cloning and expression of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis. Planta 210: 1006-1013 (2000).

Hoang Anh NT, Van Sung T, Porzel A, Franke K, Wessjohann LA. Homoisoflavonoids from Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler. Phytochemistry 62: 1153-1158 (2003).

Hoffmann T, Kalinowski G, Schwab W. RNAi-induced silencing of gene expression in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa) by agroinfiltration: a rapid assay for gene function analysis. Plant J. 48: 818-826 (2006).

Hofmann RW, Campbell BD, Bloor SJ, Swinny EE, Markham KR, Ryan KG, Fountain DW. Responses to UV-B radiation in Trifolium repens L. - physiological links to plant productivity and water availability. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 603-612 (2003).

Holton TA. Modification of flower colour via manipulation of P450 gene expression in transgenic plants. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 12: 359-368 (1995).

Holton TA, Brugliera F, Lester DR, Tanaka Y, Hyland CD, Menting JG, Lu CY, Farcy E, Stevenson TW, Cornish EC. Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour. Nature 366: 276-279 (1993).

Holton TA, Brugliera F, Tanaka Y. Cloning and expression of flavonol synthase from Petunia hybrida. Plant J. 4: 1003-1010 (1993).

Horiuchi I, Prithiviraj B, Bais HP, Kimball BA, Vivanco JM. Soil nematodes mediate positive interactions between legume plants and rhizobium bacteria. Planta 222: 848-857 (2005).

Hoshino A, Abe Y, Saito N, Inagaki Y, Iida S. The gene encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase is expressed normally in the pale yellow flowers of the Japanese morning glory carrying the speckled mutation which produce neither flavonol nor anthocyanin but accumulate chalcone, aurone and flavanone. Plant Cell Physiol. 38: 970-974 (1997).

Hoshino A, Inagaki Y, Iida S. Structural analysis of Tpn1, a transposable element isolated from Japanese morning glory bearing variegated flowers. Mol. Gen. Genet. 247: 114-117 (1995).

Howles PA, Sewalt V, Paiva NL, Elkind Y, Bate NJ, Lamb C, Dixon RA. Overexpression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in transgenic tobacco plants reveals control points for flux into phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 112: 1617-1624 (1996).

Hrazdina G, Wagner GJ. Metabolic pathways as enzyme complexes: evidence for the synthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids on membrane associated enzyme complexes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 237: 88-100 (1985).

Hrazdina G, Weeden NF. Enzymatic control of anthocyanin expression in the flowers of pea (Pisum sativum) mutants. Biochem. Genet. 24: 309-317 (1986).

Hsieh K, Huang AH. Tapetosomes in Brassica tapetum accumulate endoplasmic reticulum-derived flavonoids and alkanes for delivery to the pollen surface. Plant Cell 19: 582-596 (2007).

Hu WJ, Kawaoka A, Tsai CJ, Lung J, Osakabe K, Ebinuma H, Chiang VL. Compartmentalized expression of two structurally and functionally distinct 4-coumarate:CoA ligase genes in aspen (Populus tremuloides). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 5407-5412 (1998).

Huang TS, Anzellotti D, Dedaldechamp F, Ibrahim RK. Partial purification, kinetic analysis, and amino acid sequence information of a flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase from Serratula tinctoria. Plant Physiol. 134: 1366-1376 (2004).

Huang Z, Liang M, Peng J, Xing T, Wang X. Exogenous ammonium inhibits petal pigmentation and expansion in Gerbera hybrida. Physiol. Plant. 133: 254-265 (2008).

Huits HS, Gerats AG, Kreike MM, Mol JN, Koes RE. Genetic control of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene expression in Petunia hybrida. Plant J. 6: 295-310 (1994).

Iannetta PP, Escobar NM, Ross HA, Souleyre EJ, Hancock RD, Witte CP, Davies HV. Identification, cloning and expression analysis of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) mitochondrial citrate synthase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Physiol. Plant. 121: 15-26 (2004).

Ibdah M, Krins A, Seidlitz HK, Heller W, Strack D, Vogt T. Spectral dependence of flavonol and betacyanin accumulation in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum under enhanced ultraviolet radiation. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1145-1154 (2002).

Iijima Y, Nakamura Y, Ogata Y, Tanaka K, Sakurai N, Suda K, Suzuki T, Suzuki H, Okazaki K, Kitayama M, Kanaya S, Aoki K, Shibata D. Metabolite annotations based on the integration of mass spectral information. Plant J. 54: 949-962 (2008).

Ioset JR, Urbaniak B, Ndjoko-Ioset K, Wirth J, Martin F, Gruissem W, Hostettmann K, Sautter C. Flavonoid profiling among wild type and related GM wheat varieties. Plant Mol. Biol. 65: 645-654 (2007).

Isayenkova J, Wray V, Nimtz M, Strack D, Vogt T. Cloning and functional characterisation of two regioselective flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Beta vulgaris. Phytochemistry 67: 1598-1612 (2006).

Ishihara A, Asada Y, Takahashi Y, Yabe N, Komeda Y, Nishioka T, Miyagawa H, Wakasa K. Metabolic changes in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase alpha subunit gene OASA1D. Phytochemistry 67: 2349-2362 (2006).

Itoh Y, Higeta D, Suzuki A, Yoshida H, Ozeki Y. Excision of transposable elements from the chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes may contribute to the variegation of the yellow-flowered carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 578-585 (2002).

Iuchi S, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Urao T, Terao T, Shinozaki K. Novel drought-inducible genes in the highly drought-tolerant cowpea: cloning of cDNAs and analysis of the expression of the corresponding genes. Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 1073-1082 (1996).

Jaakola L, Maatta K, Pirttila AM, Torronen R, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A. Expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development. Plant Physiol. 130: 729-739 (2002).

Jaakola L, Maatta-Riihinen K, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A. Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L) leaves. Planta 218: 721-728 (2004).

Jackson JA, Jenkins GI. Extension-growth responses and expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in the Arabidopsis hy4 mutant. Planta 197: 233-239 (1995).

Jain A, Poling MD, Karthikeyan AS, Blakeslee JJ, Peer WA, Titapiwatanakun B, Murphy AS, Raghothama KG. Differential effects of sucrose and auxin on localized phosphate deficiency-induced modulation of different traits of root system architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 144: 232-247 (2007).

Jakoby MJ, Falkenhan D, Mader MT, Brininstool G, Wischnitzki E, Platz N, Hudson A, Hulskamp M, Larkin J, Schnittger A. Transcriptional profiling of mature Arabidopsis trichomes reveals that NOECK encodes the MIXTA-like transcriptional regulator MYB106. Plant Physiol. 148: 1583-1602 (2008).

Jassbi AR. Chemistry and biological activity of secondary metabolites in Euphorbia from Iran. Phytochemistry 67: 1977-1984 (2006).

Jay M, De Luca V, Ibrahim RK. Purification, properties and kinetic mechanism of flavonol 8-O-methyltransferase from Lotus corniculatus L. Eur. J. Biochem. 153: 321-325 (1985).

Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP. Structure and mechanism of the evolutionarily unique plant enzyme chalcone isomerase. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7: 786-791 (2000).

Jiang C, Schommer CK, Kim SY, Suh DY. Cloning and characterization of chalcone synthase from the moss, Physcomitrella patens. Phytochemistry 67: 2531-2540 (2006).

Johnson ET, Ryu S, Yi H, Shin B, Cheong H, Choi G. Alteration of a single amino acid changes the substrate specificity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. Plant J. 25: 325-333 (2001).

Johnson ET, Yi H, Shin B, Oh BJ, Cheong H, Choi G. Cymbidium hybrida dihydroflavonol 4-reductase does not efficiently reduce dihydrokaempferol to produce orange pelargonidin-type anthocyanins. Plant J. 19: 81-85 (1999).

Jones PR, Moller BL, Hoj PB. The UDP-glucose:p-hydroxymandelonitrile-O-glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the last step in synthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor. Isolation, cloning, heterologous expression, and substrate specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 35483-35491 (1999).

Jorgensen K, Rasmussen AV, Morant M, Nielsen AH, Bjarnholt N, Zagrobelny M, Bak S, Moller BL. Metabolon formation and metabolic channeling in the biosynthesis of plant natural products. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 280-291 (2005).

Joshi CP, Chiang VL. Conserved sequence motifs in plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases. Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 663-674 (1998).

Julkunen-Tiitto R, Haggman H, Aphalo PJ, Lavola A, Tegelberg R, Veteli T. Growth and defense in deciduous trees and shrubs under UV-B. Environ. Pollut. 137: 404-414 (2005).

Julsing MK, Koulman A, Woerdenbag HJ, Quax WJ, Kayser O. Combinatorial biosynthesis of medicinal plant secondary metabolites. Biomol. Eng. 23: 265-279 (2006).

Junghanns KT, Kneusel RE, Groger D, Matern U. Differential regulation and distribution of acridone synthase in Ruta graveolens. Phytochemistry 49: 403-411 (1998).

Juvvadi PR, Seshime Y, Kitamoto K. Genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. J. Microbiol. 43 :475-486 (2005).

Kaffarnik F, Seidlitz HK, Obermaier J, Sandermann H Jr, Heller W. Environmental and developmental effects on the biosynthesis of UV-B screening pigments in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 1484-1491 (2006).

Kakiuchi Y, Galis I, Tamogami S, Wabiko H. Reduction of polar auxin transport in tobacco by the tumorigenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens AK-6b gene. Planta 223: 237-247 (2006).

Kaltenbach M, Schroder G, Schmelzer E, Lutz V, Schroder J. Flavonoid hydroxylase from Catharanthus roseus: cDNA, heterologous expression, enzyme properties and cell-type specific expression in plants. Plant J. 19: 183-193 (1999).

Kamada-Nobusada T, Hayashi M, Fukazawa M, Sakakibara H, Nishimura M. A putative peroxisomal polyamine oxidase, AtPAO4, is involved in the polyamine catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 1272-1282 (2008).

Kapoor S, Kobayashi A, Takatsuji H. Silencing of the tapetum-specific zinc finger gene TAZ1 causes premature degeneration of tapetum and pollen abortion in petunia. Plant Cell 14: 2353-2367 (2002).

Karamenderes C, Bedir E, Pawar R, Baykan S, Khan IA. Elemanolide sesquiterpenes and eudesmane sesquiterpene glycosides from Centaurea hierapolitana. Phytochemistry 68: 609-615 (2007).

Karamloo F, Wangorsch A, Kasahara H, Davin LB, Haustein D, Lewis NG, Vieths S. Phenylcoumaran benzylic ether and isoflavonoid reductases are a new class of cross-reactive allergens in birch pollen, fruits and vegetables. Eur. J. Biochem. 268: 5310-5320 (2001).

Kasuga J, Hashidoko Y, Nishioka A, Yoshiba M, Arakawa K, Fujikawa S. Deep supercooling xylem parenchyma cells of katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) contain flavonol glycosides exhibiting high anti-ice nucleation activity. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 1335-1348 (2008).

Katerere DR, Gray AI, Kennedy AR, Nash RJ, Waigh RD. Cyclobutanes from Combretum albopunctatum. Phytochemistry 65: 433-438 (2004).

Katsumoto Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Brugliera F, Holton TA, Karan M, Nakamura N, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Togami J, Pigeaire A, Tao GQ, Nehra NS, Lu CY, Dyson BK, Tsuda S, Ashikari T, Kusumi T, Mason JG, Tanaka Y. Engineering of the rose flavonoid biosynthetic pathway successfully generated blue-hued flowers accumulating delphinidin. Plant Cell Physiol. 48: 1589-1600 (2007).

Keegstra K, Raikhel N. Plant glycosyltransferases. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 219-224 (2001).

Khouri HE, De Luca V, Ibrahim RK. Enzymatic synthesis of polymethylated flavonols in Chrysosplenium americanum. III. Purification and kinetic analysis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:3-methylquercetin 7-O-methyltransferase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 265: 1-7 (1988).

Kim BG, Lee Y, Hur HG, Lim Y, Ahn JH. Flavonoid 3'-O-methyltransferase from rice: cDNA cloning, characterization and functional expression. Phytochemistry 67: 387-394 (2006).

Kim JH, Lee YJ, Kim BG, Lim Y, Ahn JH. Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylases from rice: key enzymes for favonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Mol. Cells 25: 312-316 (2008).

Kitada C, Gong Z, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1338-1344 (2001).

Kitada C, Gong ZZ, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1338-1344 (2001).

Kitamura S, Shikazono N, Tanaka A. TRANSPARENT TESTA 19 is involved in the accumulation of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 37: 104-114 (2004).

Klein M, Papenbrock J. The multi-protein family of Arabidopsis sulphotransferases and their relatives in other plant species. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1809-1820 (2004).

Kliebenstein DJ, Lim JE, Landry LG, Last RL. Arabidopsis UVR8 regulates ultraviolet-B signal transduction and tolerance and contains sequence similarity to human regulator of chromatin condensation 1. Plant Physiol. 130: 234-243 (2002).

Kobayashi S, Asai T, Fujimoto Y, Kohshima S. Anti-herbivore structures of Paulownia tomentosa: morphology, distribution, chemical constituents and changes during shoot and leaf development. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 101: 1035-1047 (2008).

Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Ding CK, Yakushiji H, Goto N. Comparison of UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin. Plant Sci. 160: 543-550 (2001).

Kobayashi S, Ishimaru M, Hiraoka K, Honda C. Myb-related genes of the Kyoho grape (Vitis labruscana) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Planta 215: 924-933 (2002).

Koes R, Verweij W, Quattrocchio F. Flavonoids: a colorful model for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 236-242 (2005).

Koes RE, Van Blokland R, Quattrocchio F, Van Tunen AJ, Mol J. Chalcone synthase promoters in petunia are active in pigmented and unpigmented cell types. Plant Cell 2: 379-392 (1990).

Kokoska L, Janovska D. Chemistry and pharmacology of Rhaponticum carthamoides: a review. Phytochemistry 70: 842-855 (2009).

Kolb CA, Kaser MA, Kopecky J, Zotz G, Riederer M, Pfundel EE. Effects of natural intensities of visible and ultraviolet radiation on epidermal ultraviolet screening and photosynthesis in grape leaves. Plant Physiol. 127: 863-875 (2001).

Kolb CA, Pfundel EE. Origins of non-linear and dissimilar relationships between epidermal UV absorbance and UV absorbance of extracted phenolics in leaves of grapevine and barley. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 580-590 (2005).

Koorbanally C, Sewjee S, Mulholland DA, Crouch NR, Dold A. Homoisoflavanones from Pseudoprospero firmifolium of the monotypic tribe Pseudoprospereae (Hyacinthaceae: Hyacinthoideae). Phytochemistry 68: 2753-2756 (2007).

Kostyuk VA, Kraemer T, Sies H, Schewe T. Myeloperoxidase/nitrite-mediated lipid peroxidation of low- density lipoprotein as modulated by flavonoids. FEBS Lett. 537: 146-150 (2003).

Koysomboon S, van Altena I, Kato S, Chantrapromma K. Antimycobacterial flavonoids from Derris indica. Phytochemistry 67: 1034-1040 (2006).

Kristiansen KN, Rohde W. Structure of the Hordeum vulgare gene encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and molecular analysis of ant18 mutants blocked in flavonoid synthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 230: 49-59 (1991).

Kroon J, Souer E, de Graaff A, Xue Y, Mol J, Koes R. Cloning and structural analysis of the anthocyanin pigmentation locus Rt of Petunia hybrida: characterization of insertion sequences in two mutant alleles. Plant J. 5: 69-80 (1994).

Kubasek WL, Ausubel FM, Shirley BW. A light-independent developmental mechanism potentiates flavonoid gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 217-223 (1998).

Kubasek WL, Shirely BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausubel FM. Regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in germinating Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Cell 4: 1229-1236 (1992).

Kucera B, Leubner-Metzger G, Wellmann E. Distinct ultraviolet-signaling pathways in bean leaves. DNA damage is associated with beta-1,3-glucanase gene induction, but not with flavonoid formation. Plant Physiol. 133: 1445-1452 (2003).

Kurosawa Y, Takahara H, Shiraiwa M. UDP-glucuronic acid:soyasapogenol glucuronosyltransferase involved in saponin biosynthesis in germinating soybean seeds. Planta 215: 620-629 (2002).

Kutchan TM. A role for intra- and intercellular translocation in natural product biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 292-300 (2005).

Lacombe E, Hawkins S, Van Doorsselaere J, Piquemal J, Goffner D, Poeydomenge O, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J. Cinnamoyl CoA reductase, the first committed enzyme of the lignin branch biosynthetic pathway: cloning, expression and phylogenetic relationships. Plant J. 11: 429-441 (1997).

Lacomme C, Roby D. Molecular cloning of a sulfotransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana and regulation during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 995-1008 (1996).

Laitinen RA, Ainasoja M, Broholm SK, Teeri TH, Elomaa P. Identification of target genes for a MYB-type anthocyanin regulator in Gerbera hybrida. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 3691-3703 (2008).

Lam KC, Ibrahim RK, Behdad B, Dayanandan S. Structure, function, and evolution of plant O-methyltransferases. Genome 50: 1001-1013 (2007).

Landry LG, Chapple CC, Last RL. Arabidopsis mutants lacking phenolic sunscreens exhibit enhanced ultraviolet-B injury and oxidative damage. Plant Physiol. 109: 1159-1166 (1995).

Lanot A, Hodge D, Lim EK, Vaistij FE, Bowles DJ. Redirection of flux through the phenylpropanoid pathway by increased glucosylation of soluble intermediates. Planta 228: 609-616 (2008).

Lapcík O. Isoflavonoids in non-leguminous taxa: a rarity or a rule? Phytochemistry 68: 2909-2916 (2007).

Laplaze L, Gherbi H, Frutz T, Pawlowski K, Franche C, Macheix JJ, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Duhoux E. Flavan-containing cells delimit Frankia-infected compartments in Casuarina glauca nodules. Plant Physiol. 121: 113-122 (1999).

Larsen ES, Alfenito MR, Briggs WR, Walbot V. A carnation anthocyanin mutant is complemented by the glutathione S-transferases encoded by maize Bz2 and petunia An9. Plant Cell Rep. 21: 900-904 (2003).

Larson R, Bussard JB, Coe EH Jr. Gene-dependent flavonoid 3'-hydroxylation in maize. Biochem. Genet. 24: 615-624 (1986).

Lea US, Slimestad R, Smedvig P, Lillo C. Nitrogen deficiency enhances expression of specific MYB and bHLH transcription factors and accumulation of end products in the flavonoid pathway. Planta 225: 1245-1253 (2007).

Lee CJ, Lee JH, Seok JH, Hur GM, Park Js J, Bae S, Lim JH, Park YC. Effects of betaine, coumarin and flavonoids on mucin release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells. Phytother. Res. 18: 301-305 (2004).

Lee SS, Lin HC, Chen CK. Acylated flavonol monorhamnosides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, from Machilus philippinensis. Phytochemistry 69: 2347-2353 (2008).

Leitner-Dagan Y, Ovadis M, Shklarman E, Elad Y, Rav David D, Vainstein A. Expression and functional analyses of the plastid lipid-associated protein CHRC suggest its role in chromoplastogenesis and stress. Plant Physiol. 142: 233-244 (2006).

Leonard E, Yan Y, Fowler ZL, Li Z, Lim CG, Lim KH, Koffas MA. Strain improvement of recombinant Escherichia coli for efficient production of plant flavonoids. Mol. Pharm. 5: 257-265 (2008).

Leonard E, Yan Y, Koffas MA. Functional expression of a P450 flavonoid hydroxylase for the biosynthesis of plant-specific hydroxylated flavonols in Escherichia coli. Metab. Eng. 8: 172-181 (2006).

Leonova NO, Tytova LV, Tantsiurenko OV, Antypchuk AF. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in the presence of phytoregulators. Mikrobiol. Z. 68: 20-26 (2006).

Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I, Routaboul JM, Baudry A, Pourcel L, Nesi N, Caboche M. Genetics and biochemistry of seed flavonoids. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 405-430 (2006).

Leser C, Treutter D. Effects of nitrogen supply on growth, contents of phenolic compounds and pathogen (scab) resistance of apple trees. Physiol. Plant. 123: 49-56 (2005).

Li FX, Jin ZP, Zhao DX, Cheng LQ, Fu CX, Ma F. Overexpression of the Saussurea medusa chalcone isomerase gene in S. involucrata hairy root cultures enhances their biosynthesis of apigenin. Phytochemistry 67: 553-560 (2006).

Li H, Flachowsky H, Fischer TC, Hanke MV, Forkmann G, Treutter D, Schwab W, Hoffmann T, Szankowski I. Maize Lc transcription factor enhances biosynthesis of anthocyanins, distinct proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Planta 226: 1243-1254 (2007).

Li J, Ou-Lee TM, Raba R, Amundson RG, Last RL. Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants are hypersensitive to UV-B irradiation. Plant Cell 5: 171-179 (1993).

Li L, Li X, Shi C, Deng Z, Fu H, Proksch P, Lin W. Pongamone A-E, five flavonoids from the stems of a mangrove plant, Pongamia pinnata. Phytochemistry 67: 1347-1352 (2006).

Li L, Popko JL, Zhang XH, Osakabe K, Tsai CJ, Joshi CP, Chiang VL. A novel multifunctional O-methyltransferase implicated in a dual methylation pathway associated with lignin biosynthesis in loblolly pine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 5461-5466 (1997).

Li N, Shao L, Zhang CF, Zhang M. Two new flavonoid alkaloids from Senecio argunensis. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 10: 1143-1146 (2008).

Li SH, Schneider B, Gershenzon J. Microchemical analysis of laser-microdissected stone cells of Norway spruce by cryogenic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Planta 225: 771-779 (2007).

Li SM, Yang XW, Shen YH, Feng L, Wang YH, Zeng HW, Liu XH, Tian JM, Shi YN, Long CL, Zhang WD. Chemical constituents of Aeschynanthus bracteatus and their weak anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemistry 69: 2200-2204 (2008).

Liang XW, Dron M, Cramer CL, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Differential regulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes during plant development and by environmental cues. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 14486-14492 (1989).

Liao CS, Yen JH, Wang YS. Growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) growth exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate. J. Hazard. Mater. 163: 625-631 (2009).

Lillo C, Lea US, Ruoff P. Nutrient depletion as a key factor for manipulating gene expression and product formation in different branches of the flavonoid pathway. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 587-601 (2008).

Lin YZ, Chen HY, Kao R, Chang SP, Chang SJ, Lai EM. Proteomic analysis of rice defense response induced by probenazole. Phytochemistry 69: 715-728 (2008).

Liu CJ, Blount JW, Steele CL, Dixon RA. Bottlenecks for metabolic engineering of isoflavone glycoconjugates in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 14578-14583 (2002).

Liu CJ, Dixon RA. Elicitor-induced association of isoflavone O-methyltransferase with endomembranes prevents the formation and 7-O-methylation of daidzein during isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 13: 2643-2658 (2001).

Liu CJ, Huhman D, Sumner LW, Dixon RA. Regiospecific hydroxylation of isoflavones by cytochrome p450 81E enzymes from Medicago truncatula. Plant J. 36: 471-484 (2003).

Liu R, Hu Y, Li J, Lin Z. Production of soybean isoflavone genistein in non-legume plants via genetically modified secondary metabolism pathway. Metab. Eng. 9: 1-7 (2007).

Liu-Gitz L, Britz SJ, Wergin WP. Blue light inhibits stomatal development in soybean isolines containing kaempferol-3-O-2G-glycosyl-gentiobioside (K9), a unique flavonoid glycoside. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 883-891 (2000).

Lo Piero AR, Puglisi I, Petrone G. Gene characterization, analysis of expression and in vitro synthesis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Phytochemistry 67: 684-695 (2006).

Lo SC, Nicholson RL. Reduction of light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in inoculated sorghum mesocotyls. Implications for a compensatory role in the defense response. Plant Physiol. 116: 979-989 (1998).

Logemann E, Tavernaro A, Schulz W, Somssich IE, Hahlbrock K. UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 1903-1907 (2000).

Long M, Millar DJ, Kimura Y, Donovan G, Rees J, Fraser PD, Bramley PM, Bolwell GP. Metabolite profiling of carotenoid and phenolic pathways in mutant and transgenic lines of tomato: identification of a high antioxidant fruit line. Phytochemistry 67: 1750-1757 (2006).

Loyall L, Uchida K, Braun S, Furuya M, Frohnmeyer H. Glutathione and a UV light-induced glutathione S-transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Plant Cell 12: 1939-1950 (2000).

Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Zernova OV, Ulanov AV, Li S, Hartman GL, Widholm JM. Modification of phenolic metabolism in soybean hairy roots through down regulation of chalcone synthase or isoflavone synthase. Planta 225: 665-679 (2007).

Lukacin R, Groning I, Schiltz E, Britsch L, Matern U. Purification of recombinant flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase from petunia hybrida and assignment of the primary site of proteolytic degradation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 375: 364-370 (2000).

Lukacin R, Wellmann F, Britsch L, Martens S, Matern U. Flavonol synthase from Citrus unshiu is a bifunctional dioxygenase. Phytochemistry 62: 287-292 (2003).

Lunde C, Zygadlo A, Simonsen HT, Nielsen PL, Blennow A, Haldrup A. Sulfur starvation in rice: the effect on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress protective pathways. Physiol. Plant. 134: 508-521 (2008).

Luo J, Butelli E, Hill L, Parr A, Niggeweg R, Bailey P, Weisshaar B, Martin C. AtMYB12 regulates caffeoyl quinic acid and flavonol synthesis in tomato; expression in fruit results in very high levels of both types of polyphenol. Plant J. 56: 316-326 (2008).

Macchiavelli RE, Brelles-Marino G. Nod factor-treated Medicago truncatula roots and seeds show an increased number of nodules when inoculated with a limiting population of Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 2635-2640 (2004).

Machado MB, Lopes LM. Tetraflavonoid and biflavonoids from Aristolochia ridicula. Phytochemistry 69: 3095-3102 (2008).

Mackova Z, Koblovska R, Lapcik O. Distribution of isoflavonoids in non-leguminous taxa - an update. Phytochemistry 67: 849-855 (2006).

Mahroug S, Courdavault V, Thiersault M, St-Pierre B, Burlat V. Epidermis is a pivotal site of at least four secondary metabolic pathways in Catharanthus roseus aerial organs. Planta 223: 1191-1200 (2006).

Manguro LO, Wagai SO, Lemmen P. Flavonol and iridoid glycosides of Ajuga remota aerial parts. Phytochemistry 67: 830-837 (2006).

Manning WJ, V Tiedemann A. Climate change: potential effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on plant diseases. Environ. Pollut. 88: 219-245 (1995).

Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernandez S, Medina JH, Paladini AC. 6-Methylapigenin and hesperidin: new Valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75: 537-545 (2003).

Mariani C, Braca A, Vitalini S, De Tommasi N, Visioli F, Fico G. Flavonoid characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aconitum anthora L. (Ranunculaceae). Phytochemistry 69: 1220-1226 (2008).

Marin PD, Grayer RJ, Grujic-Jovanovic S, Kite GC, Veitch NC. Glycosides of tricetin methyl ethers as chemosystematic markers in Stachys subgenus Betonica. Phytochemistry 65: 1247-1253 (2004).

Marinova K, Kleinschmidt K, Weissenbock G, Klein M. Flavonoid biosynthesis in barley primary leaves requires the presence of the vacuole and controls the activity of vacuolar flavonoid transport. Plant Physiol. 144: 432-444 (2007).

Markham KR. Novel anthocyanins produced in petals of genetically transformed lisianthus. Phytochemistry 42: 1035-1038 (1996).

Markham KR, Ofman DJ. Lisianthus flavonoid pigments and factors influencing their expression in flower colour. Phytochemistry 34: 679-685 (1993).

Marles MA, Gruber MY, Scoles GJ, Muir AD. Pigmentation in the developing seed coat and seedling leaves of Brassica carinata is controlled at the dihydroflavonol reductase locus. Phytochemistry 62: 663-672 (2003).

Martens S, Mithofer A. Flavones and flavone synthases. Phytochemistry 66: 2399-2407 (2005).

Martens S, Teeri T, Forkmann G. Heterologous expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductases from various plants. FEBS Lett. 531: 453-458 (2002).

Martin C, Prescott A, Mackay S, Bartlett J, Vrijlandt E. Control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Plant J. 1: 37-49 (1991).

Mathesius U, Schlaman HR, Spaink HP, Of Sautter C, Rolfe BG, Djordjevic MA. Auxin transport inhibition precedes root nodule formation in white clover roots and is regulated by flavonoids and derivatives of chitin oligosaccharides. Plant J. 14: 23-34 (1998).

Matsuda F, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Niida R, Kuromori T, Shinozaki K, Saito K. MS/MS spectral tag (MS2T)-based annotation of non-targeted profile of plant secondary metabolites. Plant J. 57: 555-577 (2009).

Matsui K, Umemura Y, Ohme-Takagi M. AtMYBL2, a protein with a single MYB domain, acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 55: 954-967 (2008).

Matus JT, Loyola R, Vega A, Pena-Neira A, Bordeu E, Arce-Johnson P, Alcalde JA. Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 853-867 (2009).

Maurya R, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. Constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium: an ayurvedic crude drug. Phytochemistry 65: 915-920 (2004).

Mayer R. Five biflavonoids from Calycopteris floribunda (Combretaceae). Phytochemistry 65: 593-601 (2004).

McKhann HI, Hirsch AM. Isolation of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase cDNAs from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): highest transcript levels occur in young roots and root tips. Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 767-777 (1994).

Mehrtens F, Kranz H, Bednarek P, Weisshaar B. The Arabidopsis transcription factor MYB12 is a flavonol-specific regulator of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 138: 1083-1096 (2005).

Mellway RD, Tran LT, Prouse MB, Campbell MM, Constabel CP. The wound-, pathogen-, and ultraviolet B-responsive MYB134 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis in poplar. Plant Physiol. 150: 924-941 (2009).

Memelink J. The use of genetics to dissect plant secondary pathways. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 230-235 (2005).

Memelink J, Menkw FL, van der Fits L, Kijne JW. Chapter 6. Transcriptional Regulators to Modify Secondary Metabolism. In "Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism" (Verpoorte R, Alfermann AW, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 111-125 (2000).

Meng Y, Krzysiak AJ, Durako MJ, Kunzelman JI, Wright JL. Flavones and flavone glycosides from Halophila johnsonii. Phytochemistry 69: 2603-2608 (2008).

Merzlyak MN, Melo TB, Naqvi KR. Effect of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and flavonols on chlorophyll fluorescence excitation spectra in apple fruit: signature analysis, assessment, modelling, and relevance to photoprotection. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 349-359 (2008).

Messner B, Thulke O, Schaffner AR. Arabidopsis glucosyltransferases with activities toward both endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Planta 217: 138-146 (2003).

Meyer K, Cusumano JC, Somerville C, Chapple CC. Ferulate-5-hydroxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana defines a new family of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 6869-6874 (1996).

Meyer P, Heidmann I, Forkmann G, Saedler H. A new petunia flower colour generated by transformation of a mutant with a maize gene. Nature 330: 677-678 (1987).

Meyer P, Linn F, Heidmann I, Meyer H, Niedenhof I, Saedler H. Endogenous and environmental factors influence 35S promoter methylation of a maize A1 gene construct in transgenic petunia and its colour phenotype. Mol. Gen. Genet. 231: 345-352 (1992).

Middleton EM, Teramura AH. The role of flavonol glycosides and carotenoids in protecting soybean from ultraviolet-B damage. Plant Physiol. 103: 741-752 (1993).

Millar DJ, Long M, Donovan G, Fraser PD, Boudet AM, Danoun S, Bramley PM, Bolwell GP. Introduction of sense constructs of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (CYP73A24) in transgenic tomato plants shows opposite effects on flux into stem lignin and fruit flavonoids. Phytochemistry 68: 1497-1509 (2007).

Miller KD, Strommer J, Taylor LP. Conservation in divergent solanaceous species of the unique gene structure and enzyme activity of a gametophytically-expressed flavonol 3-O-galactosyltransferase. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 233-242 (2002).

Miller KJ, Hadley JA, Gustine DL. Cyclic [beta]-1,6-1,3-glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 elicit isoflavonoid production in the soybean (Glycine max) host. Plant Physiol. 104: 917-923 (1994).

Mittelstrass K, Treutter D, Plessl M, Heller W, Elstner EF, Heiser I. Modification of primary and secondary metabolism of potato plants by nitrogen application differentially affects resistance to Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani. Plant Biol. (Stuttg.) 8: 653-661 (2006).

Miyake K, Ito T, Senda M, Ishikawa R, Harada T, Niizeki M, Akada S. Isolation of a subfamily of genes for R2R3-MYB transcription factors showing up-regulated expression under nitrogen nutrient-limited conditions. Plant Mol. Biol. 53: 237-245 (2003).

Moco S, Bino RJ, Vorst O, Verhoeven HA, de Groot J, van Beek TA, Vervoort J, de Vos CH. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolome database for tomato. Plant Physiol. 141: 1205-1218 (2006).

Moco S, Capanoglu E, Tikunov Y, Bino RJ, Boyacioglu D, Hall RD, Vervoort J, De Vos RC. Tissue specialization at the metabolite level is perceived during the development of tomato fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 4131-4146 (2007).

Modolo LV, Blount JW, Achnine L, Naoumkina MA, Wang X, Dixon RA. A functional genomics approach to (iso)flavonoid glycosylation in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Plant Mol. Biol. 64: 499-518 (2007).

Modolo LV, Cunha FQ, Braga MR, Salgado I. Nitric oxide synthase-mediated phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledons in response to the Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis elicitor. Plant Physiol. 130: 1288-1297 (2002).

Mohn T, Plitzko I, Hamburger M. A comprehensive metabolite profiling of Isatis tinctoria leaf extracts. Phytochemistry 70: 924-934 (2009).

Mol J, Grotewold E, Koes R. How genes paint flowers and seeds. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 212-217 (1998).

Morreel K, Goeminne G, Storme V, Sterck L, Ralph J, Coppieters W, Breyne P, Steenackers M, Georges M, Messens E, Boerjan W. Genetical metabolomics of flavonoid biosynthesis in Populus: a case study. Plant J. 47: 224-237 (2006).

Morris PF, Bone E, Tyler BM. Chemotropic and contact responses of Phytophthora sojae hyphae to soybean isoflavonoids and artificial substrates. Plant Physiol. 117: 1171-1178 (1998).

Moscovici S, Moalem-Beno D, Weiss D. Leaf-mediated light responses in petunia flowers. Plant Physiol. 110: 1275-1282 (1996).

Moyano E, Martinez-Garcia JF, Martin C. Apparent redundancy in myb gene function provides gearing for the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in antirrhinum flowers. Plant Cell 8: 1519-1532 (1996).

Moyano E, Portero-Robles I, Medina-Escobar N, Valpuesta V, Munoz-Blanco J, Caballero JL. A fruit-specific putative dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene is differentially expressed in strawberry during the ripening process. Plant Physiol. 117: 711-716 (1998).

Mshvildadze V, Legault J, Lavoie S, Gauthier C, Pichette A. Anticancer diarylheptanoid glycosides from the inner bark of Betula papyrifera. Phytochemistry 68: 2531-2536 (2007).

Mueller LA, Goodman CD, Silady RA, Walbot V. AN9, a petunia glutathione S-transferase required for anthocyanin sequestration, is a flavonoid-binding protein. Plant Physiol. 123: 1561-1570 (2000).

Muir SR, Collins GJ, Robinson S, Hughes S, Bovy A, De Vos CHR, van Tunen AJ, Verhoeyen ME. Overexpression of petunia chalcone isomerase in tomato results in fruit containing increased levels of flavonols. Nat. Biotechnol. 19: 470-474 (2001).

Munne-Bosch S. The role of alpha-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 743-748 (2005).

Murakami S, Takahara H, Shiraiwa M. Purification and characterization of three neutral extracellular isoperoxidases from rye leaves. Phytochemistry 68: 777-784 (2007).

Murata J, Roepke J, Gordon H, De Luca V. The leaf epidermome of Catharanthus roseus reveals its biochemical specialization. Plant Cell 20: 524-542 (2008).

Murphy A, Peer WA, Taiz L. Regulation of auxin transport by aminopeptidases and endogenous flavonoids. Planta 211: 315-324 (2000).

Mutanyatta J, Matapa BG, Shushu DD, Abegaz BM. Homoisoflavonoids and xanthones from the tubers of wild and in vitro regenerated Ledebouria graminifolia and cytotoxic activities of some of the homoisoflavonoids. Phytochemistry 62: 797-804 (2003).

Muzac I, Wang J, Anzellotti D, Zhang H, Ibrahim RK. Functional expression of an Arabidopsis cDNA clone encoding a flavonol 3'-O-methyltransferase and characterization of the gene product. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 375: 385-388 (2000).

Muzitano MF, Tinoco LW, Guette C, Kaiser CR, Rossi-Bergmann B, Costa SS. The antileishmanial activity assessment of unusual flavonoids from Kalanchoe pinnata. Phytochemistry 67: 2071-2077 (2006).

Nagashima S, Inagaki R, Kubo A, Hirotani M, Yoshikawa T. cDNA cloning and expression of isoflavonoid-specific glucosyltransferase from Glycyrrhiza echinata cell-suspension cultures. Planta 218: 456-459 (2004).

Naithani R, Huma LC, Holland LE, Shukla D, McCormick DL, Mehta RG, Moriarty RM. Antiviral activity of phytochemicals: a comprehensive review. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 8: 1106-1133 (2008).

Nakajima J, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 25797-25803 (2001).

Nakatsuka T, Nishihara M, Mishiba K, Yamamura S. Two different mutations are involved in the formation of white-flowered gentian plants. Plant Sci. 169: 949-958 (2005).

Nakatsuka T, Sato K, Takahashi H, Yamamura S, Nishihara M. Cloning and characterization of the UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene from blue-flowered gentian. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 1241-1252 (2008).

Naoumkina MA, He X, Dixon RA. Elicitor-induced transcription factors for metabolic reprogramming of secondary metabolism in Medicago truncatula. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 132 (2008).

Napoli CA, Fahy D, Wang HY, Taylor LP. white anther: A petunia mutant that abolishes pollen flavonol accumulation, induces male sterility, and is complemented by a chalcone synthase transgene. Plant Physiol. 120: 615-622 (1999).

Narasimhan K, Basheer C, Bajic VB, Swarup S. Enhancement of plant-microbe interactions using a rhizosphere metabolomics-driven approach and its application in the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls. Plant Physiol. 132: 146-153 (2003).

Narvaez-Mastache JM, Novillo F, Delgado G. Antioxidant aryl-prenylcoumarin, flavan-3-ols and flavonoids from Eysenhardtia subcoriacea. Phytochemistry 69: 451-456 (2008).

Nawrot R, Kalinowski A, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. Proteomic analysis of Chelidonium majus milky sap using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 68: 1612-1622 (2007).

Nesi N, Debeaujon I, Jond C, Stewart AJ, Jenkins GI, Caboche M, Lepiniec L. The TRANSPARENT TESTA16 locus encodes the ARABIDOPSIS BSISTER MADS domain protein and is required for proper development and pigmentation of the seed coat. Plant Cell 14: 2463-2479 (2002).

Nesi N, Jond C, Debeaujon I, Caboche M, Lepiniec L. The Arabidopsis TT2 gene encodes an R2R3 MYB domain protein that acts as a key determinant for proanthocyanidin accumulation in developing seed. Plant Cell 13: 2099-2114 (2001).

Ngo Mbing J, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Atchade AD, Allouchi H, Gangoue-Pieboji J, Mbafor JT, Tih RG, Pothier J, Pegnyemb DE, Gueiffier A. Two biflavonoids from Ouratea nigroviolacea. Phytochemistry 67: 2666-2670 (2006).

Nguyen AT, Fontaine J, Malonne H, Duez P. Homoisoflavanones from Disporopsis aspera. Phytochemistry 67: 2159-2163 (2006).

Niemi K, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Haggman H, Sarjala T. Suillus variegatus causes significant changes in the content of individual polyamines and flavonoids in Scots pine seedlings during mycorrhiza formation in vitro. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 391-401 (2007).

Nikiforova V, Freitag J, Kempa S, Adamik M, Hesse H, Hoefgen R. Transcriptome analysis of sulfur depletion in Arabidopsis thaliana: interlacing of biosynthetic pathways provides response specificity. Plant J. 33: 633-650 (2003).

Nishihara M, Nakatsuka T, Yamamura S. Flavonoid components and flower color change in transgenic tobacco plants by suppression of chalcone isomerase gene. FEBS Lett. 579: 6074-6078 (2005).

Noda N, Kanno Y, Kato N, Kazuma K, Suzuki M. Regulation of gene expression involved in flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis during petal development in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). Physiol. Plant. 122: 305-313 (2004).

Noguchi A, Fukui Y, Iuchi-Okada A, Kakutani S, Satake H, Iwashita T, Nakao M, Umezawa T, Ono E. Sequential glucosylation of a furofuran lignan, (+)-sesaminol, by Sesamum indicum UGT71A9 and UGT94D1 glucosyltransferases. Plant J. 54: 415-427 (2008).

Noguchi A, Horikawa M, Fukui Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Iuchi-Okada A, Ishiguro M, Kiso Y, Nakayama T, Ono E. Local differentiation of sugar donor specificity of flavonoid glycosyltransferase in Lamiales. Plant Cell 21: 1556-1572 (2009).

Nookandeh A, Frank N, Steiner F, Ellinger R, Schneider B, Gerhauser C, Becker H. Xanthohumol metabolites in faeces of rats. Phytochemistry 65: 561-570 (2004).

Norbaek R, Kondo T. Flavonol glycosides from flowers of Crocus speciosus and C. antalyensis. Phytochemistry 51: 1113-1119 (1999).

Novak K, Chovanec P, Skrdleta V, Kropacova M, Lisa L, Nemcova M. Effect of exogenous flavonoids on nodulation of pea (Pisum sativum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 53: 1735-1745 (2002).

Novak K, Lisa L, Skrdleta V. Rhizobial nod gene-inducing activity in pea nodulation mutants: dissociation of nodulation and flavonoid response. Physiol. Plant. 120: 546-555 (2004).

O'Callaghan KJ, Dixon RA, Cocking EC. Arabidopsis thaliana: a model for studies of colonization by non-pathogenic and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 975-982 (2001).

Oguchi Y, Masada S, Kondo T, Terasaka K, Mizukami H. Purification and characterization of UDP-glucose:curcumin glucoside 1,6-glucosyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Physiol. 48: 1635-1643 (2007).

Oikawa A, Nakamura Y, Ogura T, Kimura A, Suzuki H, Sakurai N, Shinbo Y, Shibata D, Kanaya S, Ohta D. Clarification of pathway-specific inhibition by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry-based metabolic phenotyping studies. Plant Physiol. 142: 398-413 (2006).

Olschlager C, Regos I, Zeller FJ, Treutter D. Identification of galloylated propelargonidins and procyanidins in buckwheat grain and quantification of rutin and flavanols from homostylous hybrids originating from F. esculentum x F. homotropicum. Phytochemistry 69: 1389-1397 (2008).

Olsen KM, Slimestad R, Lea US, Brede C, Lovdal T, Ruoff P, Verheul M, Lillo C. Temperature and nitrogen effects on regulators and products of the flavonoid pathway: experimental and kinetic model studies. Plant Cell Environ. 32: 286-299 (2009).

Olsen O, Wang X, von Wettstein D. Sodium azide mutagenesis: preferential generation of A.T-->G.C transitions in the barley Ant18 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 8043-8047 (1993).

Ono E, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Nakamura N, Fukui Y, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Yamaguchi M, Nakayama T, Tanaka T, Kusumi T, Tanaka Y. Yellow flowers generated by expression of the aurone biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 11075-11080 (2006).

Ono E, Hatayama M, Isono Y, Sato T, Watanabe R, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Nishino T, Nakayama T. Localization of a flavonoid biosynthetic polyphenol oxidase in vacuoles. Plant J. 45: 133-143 (2006).

Oravecz A, Baumann A, Mate Z, Brzezinska A, Molinier J, Oakeley EJ, Adam E, Schafer E, Nagy F, Ulm R. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 is required for the UV-B response in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18: 1975-1990 (2006).

Ostergaard L, Lauvergeat V V, Naested H, Mattsson O, Mundy J. Two differentially regulated Arabidopsis genes define a new branch of the DFR superfamily. Plant Sci. 160: 463-472 (2001).

Palumbo MJ, Putz FE, Talcott ST. Nitrogen fertilizer and gender effects on the secondary metabolism of yaupon, a caffeine-containing North American holly. Oecologia 151: 1-9 (2007).

Paolacci AR, D'Ovidio R, Marabottini R, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Abenavoli MR, Badiani M. Ozone induces a differential accumulation of phenyalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase RNA transcripts in sensitive and resistant bean cultivars. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 425-428 (2001).

Paolocci F, Bovone T, Tosti N, Arcioni S, Damiani F. Light and an exogenous transcription factor qualitatively and quantitatively affect the biosynthetic pathway of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1093-1103 (2005).

Park JS, Kim JB, Cho KJ, Cheon CI, Sung MK, Choung MG, Roh KH. Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factor AtMYB60 functions as a transcriptional repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Cell Rep. 27: 985-994 (2008).

Park KI, Ishikawa N, Morita Y, Choi JD, Hoshino A, Iida S. A bHLH regulatory gene in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers, proanthocyanidin and phytomelanin pigmentation in seeds, and seed trichome formation. Plant J. 49: 641-654 (2007).

Park WJ, Schafer A, Prinsen E, van Onckelen H, Kang BG, Hertel R. Auxin-induced elongation of short maize coleoptile segments is supported by 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one. Planta 213: 92-100 (2001).

Pearse IS, Heath KD, Cheeseman JM. Biochemical and ecological characterization of two peroxidase isoenzymes from the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 612-622 (2005).

Pedras MS, Zheng QA, Gadagi RS, Rimmer SR. Phytoalexins and polar metabolites from the oilseeds canola and rapeseed: differential metabolic responses to the biotroph Albugo candida and to abiotic stress. Phytochemistry 69: 894-910 (2008).

Peel GJ, Pang Y, Modolo LV, Dixon RA. The LAP1 MYB transcription factor orchestrates anthocyanidin biosynthesis and glycosylation in Medicago. Plant J. 59: 136-149 (2009).

Peer WA, Bandyopadhyay A, Blakeslee JJ, Makam SN, Chen RJ, Masson PH, Murphy AS. Variation in expression and protein localization of the PIN family of auxin efflux facilitator proteins in flavonoid mutants with altered auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 16: 1898-1911 (2004).

Peer WA, Brown DE, Tague BW, Muday GK, Taiz L, Murphy AS. Flavonoid accumulation patterns of transparent testa mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126: 536-548 (2001).

Pelletier MK, Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B. Disruption of specific flavonoid genes enhances the accumulation of flavonoid enzymes and end-products in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 45-54 (1999).

Pelletier MK, Murrell JR, Shirley BW. Characterization of flavonol synthase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes in Arabidopsis. Further evidence for differential regulation of "early" and "late" genes. Plant Physiol. 113: 1437-1445 (1997).

Pelletier MK, Shirley BW. Analysis of flavanone 3-hydroxylase in Arabidopsis seedlings. Coordinate regulation with chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase. Plant Physiol. 111: 339-345 (1996).

Percy JD, Philip R, Vodkin LO. A defective seed coat pattern (Net) is correlated with the post-transcriptional abundance of soluble proline-rich cell wall proteins. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 603-613 (1999).

Persans MW, Schuler MA. Differential induction of cytochrome P450-mediated triasulfuron metabolism by naphthalic anhydride and triasulfuron. Plant Physiol. 109: 1483-1490 (1995).

Peters DJ, Constabel CP. Molecular analysis of herbivore-induced condensed tannin synthesis: cloning and expression of dihydroflavonol reductase from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Plant J. 32: 701-712 (2002).

Petrucco S, Bolchi A, Foroni C, Percudani R, Rossi GL, Ottonello S. A maize gene encoding an NADPH binding enzyme highly homologous to isoflavone reductases is activated in response to sulfur starvation. Plant Cell 8: 69-80 (1996).

Philbin CS, Schwartz SJ. Resolution of diastereomeric flavonoid (1S)-(-)-camphanic acid esters via reversed-phase HPLC. Phytochemistry 68: 1206-1211 (2007).

Phillips DA, Wery J, Joseph CM, Jones D, Teuber LR. Release of flavonoids and betaines from seeds of seven Medicago species. Crop Sci. 35: 805-808 (1995).

Pillai BV, Swarup S. Elucidation of the flavonoid catabolism pathway in Pseudomonas putida PML2 by comparative metabolic profiling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 143-151 (2002).

Pinar Sahin F, Ezer N, Calis I I. Three acylated flavone glycosides from Sideritis ozturkii Aytac & Aksoy. Phytochemistry 65: 2095-2099 (2004).

Pislewska M, Bednarek P, Stobiecki M, Zielinska M, Wojtaszek P. Cell wall-associated isoflavonoids and ss-glucosidase activity in Lupinus albus plants responding to environmental stimuli. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 29-40 (2002).

Pollak PE, Vogt T, Mo Y, Taylor LP. Chalcone synthase and flavonol accumulation in stigmas and anthers of petunia hybrida. Plant Physiol. 102: 925-932 (1993).

Ponce MA, Scervino JM, Erra-Balsells R, Ocampo JA, Godeas AM. Flavonoids from shoots and roots of Trifolium repens (white clover) grown in presence or absence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Phytochemistry 65: 1925-1930 (2004).

Pooma W, Gersos C, Grotewold E. Transposon insertions in the promoter of the Zea mays a1 gene differentially affect transcription by the myb factors P and C1. Genetics 161: 793-801 (2002).

Pourcel L, Routaboul JM, Cheynier V, Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I. Flavonoid oxidation in plants: from biochemical properties to physiological functions. Trends Plant Sci. 12: 29-36 (2007).

Pourcel L, Routaboul JM, Kerhoas L, Caboche M, Lepiniec L, Debeaujon I. TRANSPARENT TESTA10 encodes a laccase-like enzyme involved in oxidative polymerization of flavonoids in Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant Cell 17: 2966-2980 (2005).

Prawat H, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, Prawat U, Tuntiwachwut-tikul P, Tooptakong U, Taylor WC, Pakawatchai C, Skeleton BW, White AH. Cyanogenic and non-cyanogenic glycosides from Manihot esculenta. Phytochemistry 40: 1167-1173 (1995).

Prescott AG, John P. Dioxygenases: molecular structure and role in plant metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 245-271 (1996).

Preston J, Wheeler J, Heazlewood J, Li SF, Parish RW. AtMYB32 is required for normal pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 40: 979-995 (2004).

Pueppke SG, Bolanos-Vasquez MC, Werner D, Bec-Ferte MP, Prome JC, Krishnan HB. Release of flavonoids by the soybean cultivars McCall and Peking and their perception as signals by the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Sinorhizobium fredii. Plant Physiol. 117: 599-606 (1998).

Quattrocchio F, Wing JF, van der Woude K, Mol JN, Koes R. Analysis of bHLH and MYB domain proteins: species-specific regulatory differences are caused by divergent evolution of target anthocyanin genes. Plant J. 13: 475-488 (1998).

Ralston L, Subramanian S, Matsuno M, Yu O. Partial reconstruction of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in yeast using soybean type I and type II chalcone isomerases. Plant Physiol. 137: 1375-1388 (2005).

Rao MV, Paliyath G, Ormrod DP. Ultraviolet-B- and ozone-induced biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 110: 125-136 (1996).

Ray H, Yu M, Auser P, Blahut-Beatty L, McKersie B, Bowley S, Westcott N, Coulman B, Lloyd A, Gruber MY. Expression of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins after transformation of alfalfa with maize Lc. Plant Physiol. 132: 1448-1463 (2003).

Reddy AR, Scheffler B, Madhuri G, Srivastava MN, Kumar A, Sathyanarayanan PV, Nair S, Mohan M. Chalcone synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.): detection of the CHS protein in seedlings and molecular mapping of the chs locus. Plant Mol. Biol. 32: 735-743 (1996).

Reddy MK, Reddy MV, Gunasekar D, Murthy MM, Caux C, Bodo B. A flavone and an unusual 23-carbon terpenoid from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry 62: 1271-1275 (2003).

Reddy NP, Reddy BA, Gunasekar D, Blond A, Bodo B, Murthy MM. Flavonoids from Limnophila indica. Phytochemistry 68: 636-639 (2007).

Regasini LO, Vellosa JC, Silva DH, Furlan M, de Oliveira OM, Khalil NM, Brunetti IL, Young MC, Barreiro EJ, Bolzani VS. Flavonols from Pterogyne nitens and their evaluation as myeloperoxidase inhibitors. Phytochemistry 69: 1739-1744 (2008).

Reifenrath K, Muller C. Species-specific and leaf-age dependent effects of ultraviolet radiation on two Brassicaceae. Phytochemistry 68: 875-885 (2007).

Ren DM, Guo HF, Yu WT, Wang SQ, Ji M, Lou HX. Stereochemistry of flavonoidal alkaloids from Dracocephalum rupestre. Phytochemistry 69: 1425-1433 (2008).

Renard CM, Dupont N, Guillermin P. Concentrations and characteristics of procyanidins and other phenolics in apples during fruit growth. Phytochemistry 68: 1128-1138 (2007).

Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Bolwell PG, Bramley PM, Pridham JB. The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radic. Res. 22: 375-383 (1995).

Riely BK, Ane JM, Penmetsa RV, Cook DR. Genetic and genomic analysis in model legumes bring Nod-factor signaling to center stage. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7: 408-413 (2004).

Ringli C, Bigler L, Kuhn BM, Leiber RM, Diet A, Santelia D, Frey B, Pollmann S, Klein M. The modified flavonol glycosylation profile in the Arabidopsis rol1 mutants results in alterations in plant growth and cell shape formation. Plant Cell 20: 1470-1481 (2008).

Riviere C, Hong VN, Pieters L, Dejaegher B, Heyden YV, Van MC, Quetin-Leclercq J. Polyphenols isolated from antiradical extracts of Mallotus metcalfianus. Phytochemistry 70: 86-94 (2009).

Robbins MP, Paolocci F, Hughes JW, Turchetti V, Allison G, Arcioni S, Morris P, Damiani F. Sn, a maize bHLH gene, modulates anthocyanin and condensed tannin pathways in Lotus corniculatus. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 239-248 (2003).

Roda AL, Oldham NJ, Svatos A, Baldwin IT. Allometric analysis of the induced flavonols on the leaf surface of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata). Phytochemistry 62: 527-536 (2003).

Roesler KR, Shorrosh BS, Ohlrogge JB. Structure and expression of an Arabidopsis acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase gene. Plant Physiol. 105: 611-617 (1994).

Rohde A, Morreel K, Ralph J, Goeminne G, Hostyn V, De Rycke R, Kushnir S, Van Doorsselaere J, Joseleau JP, Vuylsteke M, Van Driessche G, Van Beeumen J, Messens E, Boerjan W. Molecular phenotyping of the pal1 and pal2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals far-reaching consequences on phenylpropanoid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant Cell 16: 2749-2771 (2004).

Rosati C, Cadic A, Duron M, Ingouff M, Simoneau P. Molecular characterization of the anthocyanidin synthase gene in Forsythia x intermedia reveals organ-specific expression during flower development. Plant Sci. 149: 73-79 (1999).

Rosati C, Cadic A, Duron M, Renou JP, Simoneau P. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene in flower organs of Forsythia x intermedia. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 303-311 (1997).

Routaboul JM, Kerhoas L, Debeaujon I, Pourcel L, Caboche M, Einhorn J, Lepiniec L. Flavonoid diversity and biosynthesis in seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 224: 96-107 (2006).

Rozema J, Bjorn LO, Bornman JF, Gaberscik A, Hader DP, Trost T, Germ M, Klisch M, Groniger A, Sinha RP, Lebert M, He YY, Buffoni-Hall R, de Bakker NV, van de Staaij J, Meijkamp BB. The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems--an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 66: 2-12 (2002).

Ryder TB, Hedrick SA, Bell JN, Liang XW, Clouse SD, Lamb CJ. Organization and differential activation of a gene family encoding the plant defense enzyme chalcone synthase in Phaseolus vulgaris. Mol. Gen. Genet. 210: 219-233 (1987).

Sablowski RW, Moyano E, Culianez-Macia FA, Schuch W, Martin C, Bevan M. A flower-specific Myb protein activates transcription of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. EMBO J. 13: 128-137 (1994).

Saga Kitamura RO, Romoff P, Young MC, Kato MJ, Lago JH. Chromenes from Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loudon (Piperaceae). Phytochemistry 67: 2398-2402 (2006).

Sainz MB, Grotewold E, Chandler VL. Evidence for direct activation of an anthocyanin promoter by the maize C1 protein and comparison of DNA binding by related Myb domain proteins. Plant Cell 9: 611-625 (1997).

Saito K, Yamazaki M. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the late-stage of biosynthesis of anthocyanin: lessons from Perilla frutescens as a model plant. New Phytol. 155: 9-23 (2002).

Salib JY, Michael HN. Cytotoxic phenylethanol glycosides from Psidium guaijava seeds. Phytochemistry 65: 2091-2093 (2004).

Samappito S, Page J, Schmidt J, De-Eknamkul W, Kutchan TM. Molecular characterization of root-specific chalcone synthases from Cassia alata. Planta 216: 64-71 (2002).

Sasaki K, Takahashi T. A flavonoid from Brassica rapa flower as the UV-absorbing nectar guide. Phytochemistry 61: 339-343 (2002).

Saslowsky D, Winkel-Shirley B. Localization of flavonoid enzymes in Arabidopsis roots. Plant J. 27: 37-48 (2001).

Saslowsky DE, Dana CD, Winkel-Shirley B. An allelic series for the chalcone synthase locus in Arabidopsis. Gene 255: 127-138 (2000).

Sawada S, Suzuki H, Ichimaida F, Yamaguchi MA, Iwashita T, Fukui Y, Hemmi H, Nishino T, Nakayama T. UDP-glucuronic acid:anthocyanin glucuronosyltransferase from red daisy (Bellis perennis) flowers. Enzymology and phylogenetics of a novel glucuronosyltransferase involved in flower pigment biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 899-906 (2005).

Sawada Y, Kinoshita K, Akashi T, Aoki T, Ayabe S. Key amino acid residues required for aryl migration catalysed by the cytochrome P450 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase. Plant J. 31: 555-564 (2002).

Scarpari LM, Meinhardt LW, Mazzafera P, Pomella AW, Schiavinato MA, Cascardo JC, Pereira GA. Biochemical changes during the development of witches' broom: the most important disease of cocoa in Brazil caused by Crinipellis perniciosa. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 865-877 (2005).

Schalk M, Batard Y, Seyer A, Nedelkina S, Durst F, Werck-Reichhart D. Design of fluorescent substrates and potent inhibitors of CYP73As, P450s that catalyze 4-hydroxylation of cinnamic acid in higher plants. Biochemistry 36: 15253-15261 (1997).

Schijlen EG, de Vos CH, Martens S, Jonker HH, Rosin FM, Molthoff JW, Tikunov YM, Angenent GC, van Tunen AJ, Bovy AG. RNA interference silencing of chalcone synthase, the first step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, leads to parthenocarpic tomato fruits. Plant Physiol. 144: 1520-1530 (2007).

Schijlen EG, Ric de Vos CH, van Tunen AJ, Bovy AG. Modification of flavonoid biosynthesis in crop plants. Phytochemistry 65: 2631-2648 (2004).

Schlangen K, Miosic S, Castro A, Freudmann K, Luczkiewicz M, Vitzthum F, Schwab W, Gamsjager S, Musso M, Halbwirth H. Formation of UV-honey guides in Rudbeckia hirta. Phytochemistry 70: 889-898 (2009).

Schliemann W, Schneider B, Wray V, Schmidt J, Nimtz M, Porzel A, Bohm H. Flavonols and an indole alkaloid skeleton bearing identical acylated glycosidic groups from yellow petals of Papaver nudicaule. Phytochemistry 67: 191-201 (2006).

Schmid J, Doerner PW, Clouse SD, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ. Developmental and environmental regulation of a bean chalcone synthase promoter in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 2: 619-631 (1990).

Schmitz-Hoerner R, Weissenbock G. Contribution of phenolic compounds to the UV-B screening capacity of developing barley primary leaves in relation to DNA damage and repair under elevated UV-B levels. Phytochemistry 64: 243-255 (2003).

Schoenbohm C, Martens S, Eder C, Forkmann G, Weisshaar B. Identification of the Arabidopsis thaliana flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene and functional expression of the encoded P450 enzyme. Biol. Chem. 381: 749-753 (2000).

Schroder G, Wehinger E, Lukacin R, Wellmann F, Seefelder W, Schwab W, Schroder J. Flavonoid methylation: a novel 4'-O-methyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus, and evidence that partially methylated flavanones are substrates of four different flavonoid dioxygenases. Phytochemistry 65: 1085-1094 (2004).

Schwalm K, Aloni R, Langhans M, Heller W, Stich S, Ullrich CI. Flavonoid-related regulation of auxin accumulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced plant tumors. Planta 218: 163-178 (2003).

Seguin J, Muzac I, Ibrahim RK. Purification and immunological characterization of a recombinant trimethylflavonol 3'-O-methyltransferase. Phytochemistry 49: 319-325 (1998).

Seitz C, Ameres S, Forkmann G. Identification of the molecular basis for the functional difference between flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. FEBS Lett. 581: 3429-3434 (2007).

Seitz C, Eder C, Deiml B, Kellner S, Martens S, Forkmann G. Cloning, functional identification and sequence analysis of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase cDNAs reveals independent evolution of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase in the Asteraceae family. Plant Mol. Biol. 61: 365-381 (2006).

Seitz C, Vitten M, Steinbach P, Hartl S, Hirsche J, Rathje W, Treutter D, Forkmann G. Redirection of anthocyanin synthesis in Osteospermum hybrida by a two-enzyme manipulation strategy. Phytochemistry 68: 824-833 (2007).

Sengupta B, Banerjee A, Sengupta PK. Investigations on the binding and antioxidant properties of the plant flavonoid fisetin in model biomembranes. FEBS Lett. 570: 77-81 (2004).

Senthil-Kumar M, Govind G, Kang L, Mysore KS, Udayakumar M. Functional characterization of Nicotiana benthamiana homologs of peanut water deficit-induced genes by virus-induced gene silencing. Planta 225: 523-539 (2007).

Seshime Y, Juvvadi PR, Fujii I, Kitamoto K. Genomic evidences for the existence of a phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337: 747-751 (2005).

Sevenier R, van der Meer IM, Bino R, Koops AJ. Increased production of nutriments by genetically engineered crops. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21: 199S-204S (2002).

Seyoum A, Asres K, El-Fiky FK. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Phytochemistry 67: 2058-2070 (2006).

Sgherri C, Stevanovic B, Navari-Izzo F. Role of phenolics in the antioxidative status of the resurrection plant Ramonda serbica during dehydration and rehydration. Physiol. Plant. 122: 478-485 (2004).

Shao H, He X, Achnine L, Blount JW, Dixon RA, Wang X. Crystal structures of a multifunctional triterpene/flavonoid glycosyltransferase from Medicago truncatula. Plant Cell 17: 3141-3154 (2005).

Shao L, Li Y, Pan A, Cheng Z, Chen M. Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the chalcone synthase gene. Chin. J. Biotechnol. 11: 131-135 (1995).

Shaw LJ, Morris P, Hooker JE. Perception and modification of plant flavonoid signals by rhizosphere microorganisms. Environ. Microbiol. 8: 1867-1880 (2006).

Shen P, Guo BL, Gong Y, Hong DY, Hong Y, Yong EL. Taxonomic, genetic, chemical and estrogenic characteristics of Epimedium species. Phytochemistry 68: 1448-1458 (2007).

Shih CH, Chu H, Tang LK, Sakamoto W, Maekawa M, Chu IK, Wang M, Lo C. Functional characterization of key structural genes in rice flavonoid biosynthesis. Planta 228: 1043-1054 (2008).

Shimada N, Aoki T, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Ayabe S. A cluster of genes encodes the two types of chalcone isomerase involved in the biosynthesis of general flavonoids and legume-specific 5-deoxy(iso)flavonoids in Lotus japonicus. Plant Physiol. 131: 941-951 (2003).

Shimada N, Sasaki R, Sato S, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Aoki T, Ayabe S. A comprehensive analysis of six dihydroflavonol 4-reductases encoded by a gene cluster of the Lotus japonicus genome. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 2573-2585 (2005).

Shimada S, Inoue YT, Sakuta M. Anthocyanidin synthase in non-anthocyanin-producing Caryophyllales species. Plant J. 44: 950-959 (2005).

Shimada Y, Nakano-Shimada R, Ohbayashi M, Okinaka Y, Kiyokawa S, Kikuchi Y. Expression of chimeric P450 genes encoding flavonoid-3', 5'-hydroxylase in transgenic tobacco and petunia plants. FEBS Lett. 461: 241-245 (1999).

Shimada Y, Ohbayashi M, Nakano-Shimada R, Okinaka Y, Kiyokawa S, Kikuchi Y. Genetic engineering of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway with flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase: specific switching of the pathway in petunia. Plant Cell Rep. 20: 456-462 (2001).

Shimamura M, Akashi T, Sakurai N, Suzuki H, Saito K, Shibata D, Ayabe S, Aoki T. 2-Hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase is a critical determinant of isoflavone productivity in hairy root cultures of Lotus japonicus. Plant Cell Physiol. 48: 1652-1657 (2007).

Shirley BW, Kubasek WL, Storz G, Bruggemann E, Koornneef M, Ausubel FM, Goodman HM. Analysis of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis. Plant J. 8: 659-671 (1995).

Shoji T, Winz R, Iwase T, Nakajima K, Yamada Y, Hashimoto T. Expression patterns of two tobacco isoflavone reductase-like genes and their possible roles in secondary metabolism in tobacco. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 427-440 (2002).

Shorrosh BS, Roesler KR, Shintani D, van de Loo FJ, Ohlrogge JB. Structural analysis, plastid localization, and expression of the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase from tobacco. Plant Physiol. 108: 805-812 (1995).

Sidorenko L, Li X, Tagliani L, Bowen B, Peterson T. Characterization of the regulatory elements of the maize P-rr gene by transient expression assays. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 11-19 (1999).

Simmons CR, Fridlender M, Navarro PA, Yalpani N. A maize defense-inducible gene is a major facilitator superfamily member related to bacterial multidrug resistance efflux antiporters. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 433-446 (2003).

Sircar D, Mitra A. Accumulation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in hairy roots of Daucus carota 2: confirming biosynthetic steps through feeding of inhibitors and precursors. J. Plant Physiol. 166: 1370-1380 (2009).

Smith AP, Nourizadeh SD, Peer WA, Xu J, Bandyopadhyay A, Murphy AS, Goldsbrough PB. Arabidopsis AtGSTF2 is regulated by ethylene and auxin, and encodes a glutathione S-transferase that interacts with flavonoids. Plant J. 36: 433-442 (2003).

Solfanelli C, Poggi A, Loreti E, Alpi A, Perata P. Sucrose-specific induction of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 140: 637-646 (2006).

Solovchenko A, Schmitz-Eiberger M. Significance of skin flavonoids for UV-B-protection in apple fruits. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1977-1984 (2003).

Sonbol FM, Fornale S, Capellades M, Encina A, Tourino S, Torres JL, Rovira P, Ruel K, Puigdomenech P, Rigau J, Caparros-Ruiz D. The maize ZmMYB42 represses the phenylpropanoid pathway and affects the cell wall structure, composition and degradability in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 70: 283-296 (2009).

Sparvoli F, Martin C, Scienza A, Gavazzi G, Tonelli C. Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 743-755 (1994).

Spelt C, Quattrocchio F, Mol JN, Koes R. anthocyanin1 of petunia encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein that directly activates transcription of structural anthocyanin genes. Plant Cell 12: 1619-1632 (2000).

Spitaler R, Schlorhaufer PD, Ellmerer EP, Merfort I, Bortenschlager S, Stuppner H, Zidorn C. Altitudinal variation of secondary metabolite profiles in flowering heads of Arnica montana cv. ARBO. Phytochemistry 67: 409-417 (2006).

Sreevidya V, Srinivasa Rao C, Sullia S, Ladha JK, Reddy PM. Metabolic engineering of rice with soybean isoflavone synthase for promoting nodulation gene expression in rhizobia. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1957-1969 (2006).

Sritularak B, Likhitwitayawuid K. Flavonoids from the pods of Millettia erythrocalyx. Phytochemistry 67: 812-817 (2006).

Stapleton AE, Walbot V. Flavonoids can protect maize DNA from the induction of ultraviolet radiation damage. Plant Physiol. 105: 881-889 (1994).

Stevens JF, Page JE. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health! Phytochemistry 65: 1317-1330 (2004).

Stobiecki M. Application of mass spectrometry for identification and structural studies of flavonoid glycosides. Phytochemistry 54: 237-256 (2000).

Stobiecki M, Matysiak-Kata I, Franski R, Skala J, Szopa J. Monitoring changes in anthocyanin and steroid alkaloid glycoside content in lines of transgenic potato plants using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 62: 959-969 (2003).

Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W. Recent advances in betalain research. Phytochemistry 62: 247-269 (2003).

Stracke R, De Vos RC, Bartelniewoehner L, Ishihara H, Sagasser M, Martens S, Weisshaar B. Metabolomic and genetic analyses of flavonol synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana support the in vivo involvement of leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase. Planta 229: 427-445 (2009).

Stracke R, Ishihara H, Huep G, Barsch A, Mehrtens F, Niehaus K, Weisshaar B. Differential regulation of closely related R2R3-MYB transcription factors controls flavonol accumulation in different parts of the Arabidopsis thaliana seedling. Plant J. 50: 660-677 (2007).

Subramanian S, Hu X, Lu G, Odelland JT, Yu O. The promoters of two isoflavone synthase genes respond differentially to nodulation and defense signals in transgenic soybean roots. Plant Mol. Biol. 54: 623-639 (2004).

Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O. Distinct, crucial roles of flavonoids during legume nodulation. Trends Plant Sci. 12: 282-285 (2007).

Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O. Endogenous isoflavones are essential for the establishment of symbiosis between soybean and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Plant J. 48: 261-273 (2006).

Sugiyama A, Shitan N, Yazaki K. Ininvolvement of a soybean ATP-binding cassette-type transporter in the secretion of genistein, a signal flavonoid in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 144: 2000-2008 (2007).

Suita K, Kiryu T, Sawada M, Mitsui M, Nakagawa M, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H. Cyclic GMP acts as a common regulator for the transcriptional activation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in soybean. Planta 229: 403-413 (2009).

Suzuki H, Reddy MS, Naoumkina M, Aziz N, May GD, Huhman DV, Sumner LW, Blount JW, Mendes P, Dixon RA. Methyl jasmonate and yeast elicitor induce differential transcriptional and metabolic re-programming in cell suspension cultures of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Planta 220: 696-707 (2005).

Suzuki T, Kim SJ, Yamauchi H, Takigawa S, Honda Y, Mukasa Y. Characterization of a flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase and its activity during cotyledon growth in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Plant Sci. 169: 943-948 (2005).

Szankowski I, Flachowsky H, Li H, Halbwirth H, Treutter D, Regos I, Hanke MV, Stich K, Fischer TC. Shift in polyphenol profile and sublethal phenotype caused by silencing of anthocyanidin synthase in apple (Malus sp.). Planta 229: 681-692 (2009).

Taguchi G, Shitchi Y, Shirasawa S, Yamamoto H, Hayashida N. Molecular cloning, characterization, and downregulation of an acyltransferase that catalyzes the malonylation of flavonoid and naphthol glucosides in tobacco cells. Plant J. 42: 481-491 (2005).

Takahashi H, Hayashi M, Goto F, Sato S, Soga T, Nishioka T, Tomita M, Kawai-Yamada M, Uchimiya H. Evaluation of metabolic alteration in transgenic rice overexpressing dihydroflavonol-4-reductase. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 98: 819-825 (2006).

Takahashi R, Githiri SM, Hatayama K, Dubouzet EG, Shimada N, Aoki T, Ayabe SI, Iwashina T, Toda K, Matsumura H. A single-base deletion in soybean flavonol synthase gene is associated with magenta flower color. Plant Mol. Biol. 63: 125-135 (2007).

Tamagnone L, Merida A, Parr A, Mackay S, Culianez-Macia FA, Roberts K, Martin C. The AmMYB308 and AmMYB330 transcription factors from Antirrhinum regulate phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 10: 135-154 (1998).

Tanaka A, Tano S, Chantes T, Yokota Y, Shikazono N, Watanabe H. A new Arabidopsis mutant induced by ion beams affects flavonoid synthesis with spotted pigmentation in testa. Genes Genet. Syst. 72: 141-148 (1997).

Tanaka Y, Fukui Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Holton TA, Higgins E, Kusumi T. Molecular cloning and characterization of Rosa hybrida dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene. Plant Cell Physiol. 36: 1023-1031 (1995).

Tanaka Y, Ohmiya A. Seeing is believing: engineering anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19: 190-197 (2008).

Tanaka Y, Sasaki N, Ohmiya A. Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids. Plant J. 54: 733-749 (2008).

Tanaka Y, Tsuda S, Kusumi T. Metabolic engineering to modify flower color. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 1119-1126 (1998).

Tanaka Y, Yonekura K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Fujiwara H, Ashikari T, Kusumi T. Molecular and biochemical characterization of three anthocyanin synthetic enzymes from Gentiana triflora. Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 711-716 (1996).

Taskova RM, Gotfredsen CH, Jensen SR. Chemotaxonomy of Veroniceae and its allies in the Plantaginaceae. Phytochemistry 67: 286-301 (2006).

Tattini M, Guidi L, Morassi-Bonzi L, Pinelli P, Remorini D, Degl'innocenti E, Giordano C, Massai R, Agati G. On the role of flavonoids in the integrated mechanisms of response of Ligustrum vulgare and Phillyrea latifolia to high solar radiation. New Phytol. 167: 457-470 (2005).

Taylor LP, Briggs WR. Genetic regulation and photocontrol of anthocyanin accumulation in maize seedlings. Plant Cell 2: 115-127 (1990).

Taylor LP, Grotewold E. Flavonoids as developmental regulators. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 317-323 (2005).

Tebayashi S, Ishihara A, Iwamura H. Elicitor-induced changes in isoflavonoid metabolism in red clover roots. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 681-689 (2001).

Tegelberg R, Julkunen-Tiitto RJ, Aphalo PJ. Red: far-red light ratio and UV-B radiation: their effects on leaf phenolics and growth of silver birch seedlings. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 1005-1013 (2004).

Temraz A, El Gindi OD, Kadry HA, De Tommasi N, Braca A. Steroidal saponins from the aerial parts of Tribulus alatus Del. Phytochemistry 67: 1011-1018 (2006).

Teng S, Keurentjes J, Bentsink L, Koornneef M, Smeekens S. Sucrose-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis requires the MYB75/PAP1 gene. Plant Physiol. 139: 1840-1852 (2005).

Terrier N, Torregrosa L, Ageorges A, Vialet S, Verries C, Cheynier V, Romieu C. Ectopic expression of VvMybPA2 promotes proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapevine and suggests additional targets in the pathway. Plant Physiol. 149: 1028-1041 (2009).

Thain SC, Murtas G, Lynn JR, McGrath RB, Millar AJ. The circadian clock that controls gene expression in Arabidopsis is tissue specific. Plant Physiol. 130: 102-110 (2002).

Thoison O, Sevenet T, Niemeyer HM, Russell GB. Insect antifeedant compounds from Nothofagus dombeyi and N. pumilio. Phytochemistry 65: 2173-2176 (2004).

Tian L, Blount JW, Dixon RA. Phenylpropanoid glycosyltransferases from osage orange (Maclura pomifera) fruit. FEBS Lett. 580: 6915-6920 (2006).

Tian L, Dixon RA. Engineering isoflavone metabolism with an artificial bifunctional enzyme. Planta 224: 496-507 (2006).

Toda K, Yang D, Yamanaka N, Watanabe S, Harada K, Takahashi R. A single-base deletion in soybean flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene is associated with gray pubescence color. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 187-196 (2002).

Todd JJ, Vodkin LO. Pigmented soybean (Glycine max) seed coats accumulate proanthocyanidins during development. Plant Physiol. 102: 663-670 (1993).

Toguri T, Umemoto N, Kobayashi O, Ohtani T. Activation of anthocyanin synthesis genes by white light in eggplant hypocotyl tissues, and identification of an inducible P-450 cDNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 23: 933-946 (1993).

Tohge T, Nishiyama Y, Hirai MY, Yano M, Nakajima J, Awazuhara M, Inoue E, Takahashi H, Goodenowe DB, Kitayama M, Noji M, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Functional genomics by integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome of Arabidopsis plants over-expressing an MYB transcription factor. Plant J. 42: 218-235 (2005).

Tomas-Barberan FA, Gil MI, Ferreres F, Rivera D, Oobon C, Tomas-Lorente F. Distribution of 8-hydroxyflavone glycosides and flavonoid aglycones in some Spanish Sideritis species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21: 487-497 (1993).

Torres CA, Andrews PK, Davies NM. Physiological and biochemical responses of fruit exocarp of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutants to natural photo-oxidative conditions. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1933-1947 (2006).

Torres R, Faini F, Modak B, Urbina F, Labbe C, Guerrero J. Antioxidant activity of coumarins and flavonols from the resinous exudate of Haplopappus multifolius. Phytochemistry 67: 984-987 (2006).

Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Plant Biol. (Stuttg.) 7: 581-591 (2005).

Trifunovic S, Vajs V, Juranic Z, Zizak Z, Tesevic V, Macura S, Milosavljevic S. Cytotoxic constituents of Achillea clavennae from Montenegro. Phytochemistry 67: 887-893 (2006).

Tucker G. Nutritional enhancement of plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 14: 221-225 (2003).

Tuerck JA, Fromm ME. Elements of the maize A1 promoter required for transactivation by the anthocyanin B/C1 or phlobaphene P regulatory genes. Plant Cell 6: 1655-1663 (1994).

Tuteja JH, Clough SJ, Chan WC, Vodkin LO. Tissue-specific gene silencing mediated by a naturally occurring chalcone synthase gene cluster in Glycine max. Plant Cell 16: 819-835 (2004).

Ueyama Y, Suzuki K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Miyazaki K, Ohkawa H, Kusumi T, Tanaka Y. Molecular and biochemical characterization of torenia flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavone synthase II and modification of flower color by modulating the expression of these genes. Plant Sci. 163: 253-263 (2002).

Uimari A, Strommer J. Anthocyanin regulatory mutations in pea: effects on gene expression and complementation by R-like genes of maize. Mol. Gen. Genet. 257: 198-204 (1998).

Uimari A, Strommer J. Myb26: a MYB-like protein of pea flowers with affinity for promoters of phenylpropanoid genes. Plant J. 12: 1273-1284 (1997).

Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Sumner LW. MedicCyc: a biochemical pathway database for Medicago truncatula. Bioinformatics 23: 1418-1423 (2007).

Uriburu ML, De La Fuente JR, Palermo J, Gil RR, Sosa VE. Constituents of two Flourensia species. Phytochemistry 65: 2039-2043 (2004).

Uriburu ML, Gil RR, Sosa VE, de la Fuente JR. Prenylflavonoids from Flourensia fiebrigii. Phytochemistry 68: 1295-1299 (2007).

Valkama E, Salminen JP, Koricheva J, Pihlaja K. Changes in leaf trichomes and epicuticular flavonoids during leaf development in three birch taxa. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 94: 233-242 (2004).

van der Krol AR, Mur LA, Beld M, Mol JN, Stuitje AR. Flavonoid genes in petunia: addition of a limited number of gene copies may lead to a suppression of gene expression. Plant Cell 2: 291-299 (1990).

van der Meer IM, Bovy AG, Bosch D. Plant-based raw material: improved food quality for better nutrition via plant genomics. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 12: 488-492 (2001).

van der Meer IM, Stam ME, van Tunen AJ, Mol JN, Stuitje AR. Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in petunia anthers results in male sterility. Plant Cell 4: 253-262 (1992).

van der Rest B, Danoun S, Boudet AM, Rochange SF. Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) induces dramatic changes in soluble phenolic pools. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1399-1411 (2006).

van Tunen AJ, Koes RE, Spelt CE, van der Krol AR, Stuitje AR, Mol JN. Cloning of the two chalcone flavanone isomerase genes from Petunia hybrida: coordinate, light-regulated and differential expression of flavonoid genes. EMBO J. 7: 1257-1263 (1988).

van Tunen AJ, Mur LA, Recourt K, Gerats AG, Mol JN. Regulation and manipulation of flavonoid gene expression in anthers of petunia: the molecular basis of the Po mutation. Plant Cell 3: 39-48 (1991).

Veitch NC, Kite GC, Lewis GP. Flavonol pentaglycosides of Cordyla (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Swartzieae): distribution and taxonomic implications. Phytochemistry 69: 2329-2335 (2008).

Verhoeyen ME, Bovy A, Collins G, Muir S, Robinson S, de Vos CH, Colliver S. Increasing antioxidant levels in tomatoes through modification of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 2099-2106 (2002).

Vincent D, Lapierre C, Pollet B, Cornic G, Negroni L, Zivy M. Water deficits affect caffeate O-methyltransferase, lignification, and related enzymes in maize leaves. A proteomic investigation. Plant Physiol. 137: 949-960 (2005).

Vogt T. Regiospecificity and kinetic properties of a plant natural product O-methyltransferase are determined by its N-terminal domain. FEBS Lett. 561: 159-162 (2004).

Vogt T. Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyletic origin of betanidin 5- and 6-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. Planta 214: 492-495 (2002).

Vogt T, Grimm R, Strack D. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding betanidin 5-O-glucosyltransferase, a betanidin- and flavonoid-specific enzyme with high homology to inducible glucosyltransferases from the Solanaceae. Plant J. 19: 509-519 (1999).

Vogt T, Taylor LP. Flavonol 3-O-glycosyltransferases associated with petunia pollen produce gametophyte-specific flavonol diglycosides. Plant Physiol. 108: 903-911 (1995).

Vogt T, Zimmermann E, Grimm R, Meyer M, Strack D. Are the characteristics of betanidin glucosyltransferases from cell-suspension cultures of Dorotheanthus bellidiformis indicative of their phylogenetic relationship with flavonoid glucosyltransferases? Planta 203: 349-361 (1997).

Vom Endt D, Kijne JW, Memelink J. Transcription factors controlling plant secondary metabolism: what regulates the regulators? Phytochemistry 61: 107-114 (2002).

Wade HK, Bibikova TN, Valentine WJ, Jenkins GI. Interactions within a network of phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV-B phototransduction pathways regulate chalcone synthase gene expression in Arabidopsis leaf tissue. Plant J. 25: 675-685 (2001).

Wade HK, Sohal AK, Jenkins GI. Arabidopsis ICX1 is a negative regulator of several pathways regulating flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Plant Physiol. 131: 707-715 (2003).

Walia H, Wilson C, Condamine P, Liu X, Ismail AM, Zeng L, Wanamaker SI, Mandal J, Xu J, Cui X, Close TJ. Comparative transcriptional profiling of two contrasting rice genotypes under salinity stress during the vegetative growth stage. Plant Physiol. 139: 822-835 (2005).

Wang CS, Todd JJ, Vodkin LO. Chalcone synthase mRNA and activity are reduced in yellow soybean seed coats with dominant I alleles. Plant Physiol. 105: 739-748 (1994).

Wang G, Tian L, Aziz N, Broun P, Dai X, He J, King A, Zhao PX, Dixon RA. Terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Plant Physiol. 148: 1254-1266 (2008).

Wang GJ, Tsai TH, Lin LC. Prenylflavonol, acylated flavonol glycosides and related compounds from Epimedium sagittatum. Phytochemistry 68: 2455-2464 (2007).

Wang P, Li S, Ownby S, Zhang Z, Yuan W, Zhang W, Scott Beasley R. Ecdysteroids and a sucrose phenylpropanoid ester from Froelichia floridana. Phytochemistry 70: 430-436 (2009).

Wang X, Olsen O, Knudsen S. Expression of the dihydroflavonol reductase gene in an anthocyanin-free barley mutant. Hereditas 119: 67-75 (1993).

Wang Y, Xu K, Lin L, Pan Y, Zheng X. Geranyl flavonoids from the leaves of Artocarpus altilis. Phytochemistry 68: 1300-1306 (2007).

Wasson AP, Pellerone FI, Mathesius U. Silencing the flavonoid pathway in Medicago truncatula inhibits root nodule formation and prevents auxin transport regulation by rhizobia. Plant Cell 18: 1617-1629 (2006).

Watkinson JI, Sioson AA, Vasquez-Robinet C, Shukla M, Kumar D, Ellis M, Heath LS, Ramakrishnan N, Chevone B, Watson LT, van Zyl L, Egertsdotter U, Sederoff RR, Grene R. Photosynthetic acclimation is reflected in specific patterns of gene expression in drought-stressed loblolly pine. Plant Physiol. 133: 1702-1716 (2003).

Weiss D, van der Luit AH, Kroon JT, Mol JN, Kooter JM. The petunia homologue of the Antirrhinum majus candi and Zea mays A2 flavonoid genes; homology to flavanone 3-hydroxylase and ethylene-forming enzyme. Plant Mol. Biol. 22: 893-897 (1993).

Weisshaar B, Jenkins GI. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and its regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 251-257 (1998).

Weisskopf L, Abou-Mansour E, Fromin N, Tomasi N, Santelia D, Edelkott I, Neumann G, Aragno M, Tabacchi R, Martinoia E. White lupin has developed a complex strategy to limit microbial degradation of secreted citrate required for phosphate acquisition. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 919-927 (2006).

Welford RW, Kirkpatrick JM, McNeill LA, Puri M, Oldham NJ, Schofield CJ. Incorporation of oxygen into the succinate co-product of iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases from bacteria, plants and humans. FEBS Lett. 579: 5170-5174 (2005).

Wellmann F, Lukacin R, Moriguchi T, Britsch L, Schiltz E, Matern U. Functional expression and mutational analysis of flavonol synthase from Citrus unshiu. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 4134-4142 (2002).

Wellmann F, Matern U, Lukacin R. Significance of C-terminal sequence elements for Petunia flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase activity. FEBS Lett. 561: 149-154 (2004).

Weng JR, Chan SC, Lu YH, Lin HC, Ko HH, Lin CN. Antiplatelet prenylflavonoids from Artocarpus communis. Phytochemistry 67: 824-829 (2006).

Williams CE, Grotewold E. Differences between plant and animal Myb domains are fundamental for DNA binding activity, and chimeric Myb domains have novel DNA binding specificities. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 563-571 (1997).

Winefield CS, Lewis DH, Swinny EE, Zhang HB, Arathoon HS, Fischer TC, Halbwirth H, Stich K, Gosch C, Forkmann G, Davies KM. Investigation of the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanins in Sinningia cardinalis. Physiol. Plant. 124: 419-430 (2005).

Winkel-Shirley B. Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol. 126: 485-493 (2001).

Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 218-223 (2002).

Winkel-Shirley B. Evidence for enzyme complexes in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. Physiol. Plant. 107: 142-149 (1999).

Winkel-Shirley B. It takes a garden. How work on diverse plant species has contributed to an understanding of flavonoid metabolism. Plant Physiol. 127: 1399-1404 (2001).

Wisman E, Hartmann U, Sagasser M, Baumann E, Palme K, Hahlbrock K, Saedler H, Weisshaar B. Knock-out mutants from an En-1 mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana population generate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis phenotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 12432-12437 (1998).

Witte S, Moco S, Vervoort J, Matern U, Martens S. Recombinant expression and functional characterisation of regiospecific flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Hieracium pilosella L. Planta 229: 1135-1146 (2009).

Wollenweber E, Stevens JF, Dorr M, Rozefelds AC. Taxonomic significance of flavonoid variation in temperate species of Nothofagus. Phytochemistry 62: 1125-1131 (2003).

Wuyts N, Lognay G, Swennen R, De Waele D. Nematode infection and reproduction in transgenic and mutant Arabidopsis and tobacco with an altered phenylpropanoid metabolism. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2825-2835 (2006).

Xiang W, Li RT, Wang ZY, Li SH, Zhao QS, Zhang HJ, Sun HD. ent-Kaurene diterpenoids from Isodon oresbius. Phytochemistry 65: 1173-1177 (2004).

Xie DY, Jackson LA, Cooper JD, Ferreira D, Paiva NL. Molecular and biochemical analysis of two cDNA clones encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase from Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol. 134: 979-994 (2004).

Xie DY, Sharma SB, Paiva NL, Ferreira D, Dixon RA. Role of anthocyanidin reductase, encoded by BANYULS in plant flavonoid biosynthesis. Science 299: 396-399 (2003).

Xu M, Dong J, Wang H, Huang L. Complementary action of jasmonic acid on salicylic acid in mediating fungal elicitor-induced flavonol glycoside accumulation of Ginkgo biloba cells. Plant Cell Environ. Mar 24 [Epub ahead of print] (2009).

Xu YC, Leung SW, Yeung DK, Hu LH, Chen GH, Che CM, Man RY. Structure-activity relationships of flavonoids for vascular relaxation in porcine coronary artery. Phytochemistry 68: 1179-1188 (2007).

Yadav PP, Ahmad G, Maurya R. Furanoflavonoids from Pongamia pinnata fruits. Phytochemistry 65: 439-443 (2004).

Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, Di Mascio P. Biflavonoids from Araucaria angustifolia protect against DNA UV-induced damage. Phytochemistry 70: 615-620 (2009).

Yamazaki M, Yamagishi E, Gong Z, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Yamaguchi M, Saito K. Two flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Petunia hybrida: molecular cloning, biochemical properties and developmentally regulated expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 401-411 (2002).

Yamazaki Y, Suh DY, Sitthithaworn W, Ishiguro K, Kobayashi Y, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Sankawa U. Diverse chalcone synthase superfamily enzymes from the most primitive vascular plant, Psilotum nudum. Planta 214: 75-84 (2001).

Yang J, Park S, Kamdem DP, Keathley DE, Retzel E, Paule C, Kapur V, Han KH. Novel gene expression profiles define the metabolic and physiological processes characteristic of wood and its extractive formation in a hardwood tree species, Robinia pseudoacacia. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 935-956 (2003).

Yang S, Terachi T, Yamagishi H. Inhibition of chalcone synthase expression in anthers of Raphanus sativus with Ogura male sterile cytoplasm. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 102: 483-489 (2008).

Yang Y, He F, Yu L, Chen X, Lei J, Ji J. Influence of drought on oxidative stress and flavonoid production in cell suspension culture of Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal. Z. Naturforsch. [C.] 62: 410-416 (2007).

Ye CL, Lu YH, Wei DZ. Flavonoids from Cleistocalyx operculatus. Phytochemistry 65: 445-447 (2004).

Yeskaliyeva B, Mesaik MA, Abbaskhan A, Kulsoom A, Burasheva GSh, Abilov ZhA, Choudhary MI, Atta-Ur-Rahman. Bioactive flavonoids and saponins from Climacoptera obtusifolia. Phytochemistry 67: 2392-2397 (2006).

Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Tohge T, Matsuda F, Nakabayashi R, Takayama H, Niida R, Watanabe-Takahashi A, Inoue E, Saito K. Comprehensive flavonol profiling and transcriptome coexpression analysis leading to decoding gene-metabolite correlations in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 20: 2160-2176 (2008).

Yoshida K, Iwasaka R, Kaneko T, Sato S, Tabata S, Sakuta M. Functional differentiation of Lotus japonicus TT2s, R2R3-MYB transcription factors comprising a multigene family. Plant Cell Physiol. 49: 157-169 (2008).

Yoshida K, Kitahara S, Ito D, Kondo T. Ferric ions involved in the flower color development of the Himalayan blue poppy, Meconopsis grandis. Phytochemistry 67: 992-998 (2006).

Yoshihara N, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Okuhara H, Tanaka Y, Yabuya T. Molecular cloning and characterization of O-methyltransferases from the flower buds of Iris hollandica. J. Plant Physiol. 165: 415-422 (2008).

Yoshihara N, Imayama T, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Okuhara H, Tanaka Y, Ino I, Yabuya T. cDNA cloning and characterization of UDP-glucose : anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase in Iris hollandica. Plant Sci. 169: 496-501 (2005).

Yoshimura M, Ito H, Miyashita K, Hatano T, Taniguchi S, Amakura Y, Yoshida T. Flavonol glucuronides and C-glucosidic ellagitannins from Melaleuca squarrosa. Phytochemistry 69: 3062-3069 (2008).

Yu CK, Springob K, Schmidt J, Nicholson RL, Chu IK, Yip WK, Lo C. A stilbene synthase gene (SbSTS1) is involved in host and nonhost defense responses in sorghum. Plant Physiol. 138: 393-401 (2005).

Yu XH, Chen MH, Liu CJ. Nucleocytoplasmic-localized acyltransferases catalyze the malonylation of 7-O-glycosidic (iso)flavones in Medicago truncatula. Plant J. 55: 382-396 (2008).

Yuan T, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S, Matsumoto S, Gou X, He K, Russell SD, Li J. BEN1, a gene encoding a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)-like protein, regulates the levels of brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 51: 220-233 (2007).

Zhang F, Peterson T. Comparisons of maize pericarp color1 alleles reveal paralogous gene recombination and an organ-specific enhancer region. Plant Cell 17: 903-914 (2005).

Zhang J, Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O. Flavones and flavonols play distinct critical roles during nodulation of Medicago truncatula by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Plant J. 57: 171-183 (2009).

Zhang L, Robbins MP, Carver TLW, Zeyen RJ. Induction of phenylpropanoid gene transcripts in oat attacked by Erysiphe graminis at 20 degrees C and 10 degrees C. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 51: 15-33 (1997).

Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang J, Maddock S, Snook M, Peterson T. A maize QTL for silk maysin levels contains duplicated Myb-homologous genes which jointly regulate flavone biosynthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 1-15 (2003).

Zhao P, Hamada C, Inoue K, Yamamoto H. Efficient production and capture of 8-prenylnaringenin and leachianone G-biosynthetic intermediates of sophoraflavanone G-by the addition of cork tissue to cell suspension cultures of Sophora flavescens. Phytochemistry 62: 1093-1099 (2003).

Zhao P, Iwamoto Y, Kouno I, Egami Y, Yamamoto H. Stimulating the production of homoisoflavonoids in cell suspension cultures of Caesalpinia pulcherrima using cork tissue. Phytochemistry 65: 2455-2461 (2004).

Zhou B, Li Y, Xu Z, Yan H, Homma S, Kawabata S. Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa). J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1771-1781 (2007).

Zuker A, Tzfira T, Ben-Meir H, Ovadis M, Shklarman E, Itzhaki H, Forkmann G, Martens S, Neta-Sharir I, Weiss D, Vainstein A. Modification of flower color and fragrance by antisense suppression of the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene. Mol. Breed. 9: 33-41 (2002).

Number of references = 704

| PubMed Search | Entrez Protein Search | ISI Web of Knowledge Search | Scirus Search |

David Rhodes
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
Horticulture Building
625 Agriculture Mall Drive
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010
Last Update: 10/01/09