Ahmed SA, Kawasaki H, Bauerle R, Morita H, Miles EW. Site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151: 672-678 (1988).

Ahmed SA, Martin B, Miles EW. Beta-elimination of indole from L-tryptophan catalyzed by bacterial tryptophan synthase: a comparison between reactions catalyzed by tryptophanase and tryptophan synthase. Biochemistry 25: 4233-4240 (1986).

Ahsan N, Lee DG, Alam I, Kim PJ, Lee JJ, Ahn YO, Kwak SS, Lee IJ, Bahk JD, Kang KY, Renaut J, Komatsu S, Lee BH. Comparative proteomic study of arsenic-induced differentially expressed proteins in rice roots reveals glutathione plays a central role during As stress. Proteomics 8: 3561-3576 (2008).

Akahoshi N, Kobayashi C, Ishizaki Y, Izumi T, Himi T, Suematsu M, Ishii I. Genetic background conversion ameliorates semi-lethality and permits behavioral analyses in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient mice, an animal model for hyperhomocysteinemia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17: 1994-2005 (2008).

Alexander FW, Sandmeier E, Mehta PK, Christen P. Evolutionary relationships among pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes. Regio-specific alpha, beta and gamma families. Eur. J. Biochem. 219: 953-960 (1994).

Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J. Serum betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and N-methylglycine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency and related inborn errors of metabolism. Metabolism 42: 1448-1460 (1993).

Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J. Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency. FASEB J. 7: 1344-1353 (1993).

Amir R, Hacham Y, Galili G. Cystathionine gamma-synthase and threonine synthase operate in concert to regulate carbon flow towards methionine in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 7: 153-157 (2002).

Andria G, Parenti G, Melis D, Sebastio G. Genetic testing of metabolic disorders. Minerva Biotecnologica 12: 65-69 (2000).

Auger S, Yuen WH, Danchin A, Martin-Verstraete I. The metIC operon involved in methionine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis is controlled by transcription antitermination. Microbiology 148: 507-518 (2002).

Avila MA, Corrales FJ, Ruiz F, Sanchez-Gongora E, Mingorance J, Carretero MV, Mato IM. Specific interaction of methionine adenosyltransferase with free radicals. Biofactors 8: 27-32 (1998).

Bagchi D, Verma D. Selenate-regulation of sulfur metabolism in a cyanobacterium, Phormidium uncinatum. J. Plant Physiol. 150: 762-764 (1997).

Baier M, Dietz KJ. Protective function of chloroplast 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin in photosynthesis. Evidence from transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 119: 1407-1414 (1999).

Bandarian V, Matthews RG. Quantitation of rate enhancements attained by the binding of cobalamin to methionine synthase. Biochemistry 40: 5056-5064 (2001).

Banerjee RV, Harder SR, Ragsdale SW, Matthews RG. Mechanism of reductive activation of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase: an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemical study. Biochemistry 29: 1129-1135 (1990).

Banerjee RV, Matthews RG. Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. FASEB J. 4: 1450-1459 (1990).

Banks EC, Doughty SW, Toms SM, Wheelhouse RT, Nicolaou A. Inhibition of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase by substituted benzo-fused heterocycles. FEBS J. 274: 287-299 (2007).

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Mailliard ME, Kharbanda KK, Tuma DJ. Betaine lowers elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine levels in hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats. J. Nutr. 133: 2845-2848 (2003).

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ. Methionine synthase: a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver. Alcohol 26: 65-67 (2002).

Barra L, Fontenelle C, Ermel G, Trautwetter A, Walker GC, Blanco C. Interrelations between glycine betaine catabolism and methionine biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 102F34. J. Bacteriol. 188: 7195-7204 (2006).

Beck A, Lendzian K, Oven M, Christmann A, Grill E. Phytochelatin synthase catalyzes key step in turnover of glutathione conjugates. Phytochemistry 62: 423-431 (2003).

Bendt AK, Burkovski A, Schaffer S, Bott M, Farwick M, Hermann T. Towards a phosphoproteome map of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Proteomics 3: 1637-1646 (2003).

Benzinger P, Alscher DM. Untreated homocystinuria in adulthood. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 130: 2439-2443 (2005).

Biastoff S, Brandt W, Drager B. Putrescine N-methyltransferase - the start for alkaloids. Phytochemistry Aug 1 [Epub ahead of print] (2009).

Blaszczyk A, Sirko L, Hawkesford MJ, Sirko A. Biochemical analysis of transgenic tobacco lines producing bacterial serine acetyltransferase. Plant Sci. 162: 589-597 (2002).

Bogdanova N, Hell R. Cysteine synthesis in plants: protein-protein interactions of serine acetyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 11: 251-262 (1997).

Borup B, Ferry JG. Cysteine biosynthesis in the Archaea: Methanosarcina thermophila utilizes O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189: 205-210 (2000).

Boyles AL, Billups AV, Deak KL, Siegel DG, Mehltretter L, Slifer SH, Bassuk AG, Kessler JA, Reed MC, Nijhout HF, George TM, Enterline DS, Gilbert JR, Speer MC; NTD Collaborative Group. Neural tube defects and folate pathway genes: family-based association tests of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Environ. Health Perspect. 114: 1547-1552 (2006).

Breksa AP 3rd, Garrow TA. Recombinant human liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase: identification of three cysteine residues critical for zinc binding. Biochemistry 38: 13991-13398 (1999).

Brosnan JT, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME. Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism. Acta Biochim. Pol. 51: 405-413 (2004).

Bruno S, Schiaretti F, Burkhard P, Kraus JP, Janosik M, Mozzarelli A. Functional properties of the active core of human cystathionine beta-synthase crystals. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16-19 (2001).

Brzywczy J, Sienko M, Kucharska A, Paszewski A. Sulphur amino acid synthesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe represents a specific variant of sulphur metabolism in fungi. Yeast 19: 29-35 (2002).

Caudill MA, Wang JC, Melnyk S, Pogribny IP, Jernigan S, Collins MD, Santos-Guzman J, Swendseid ME, Cogger EA, James SJ. Intracellular S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations predict global DNA hypomethylation in tissues of methyl-deficient cystathionine beta-synthase heterozygous mice. J. Nutr. 131: 2811-2818 (2001).

Chadwick LH, McCandless SE, Silverman GL, Schwartz S, Westaway D, Nadeau JH. Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2: cDNA cloning, gene sequence, physical mapping, and expression of the human and mouse genes. Genomics 70: 66-73 (2000).

Chang Z, Vining LC. Biosynthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230: roles for cystathionine beta-synthase and transsulfuration. Microbiology 148: 2135-2147 (2002).

Cherest H, Thomas D, Surdin-Kerjan Y. Cysteine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs through the transsulfuration pathway which has been built up by enzyme recruitment. J. Bacteriol. 175: 5366-5374 (1993).

Chiku T, Padovani D, Zhu W, Singh S, Vitvitsky V, Banerjee R. H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 11601-11612 (2009).

Choumenkovitch SF, Selhub J, Bagley PJ, Maeda N, Nadeau MR, Smith DE, Choi SW. In the cystathionine beta-synthase knockout mouse, elevations in total plasma homocysteine increase tissue S-adenosylhomocysteine, but responses of S-adenosylmethionine and DNA methylation are tissue specific. J. Nutr. 132: 2157-2160 (2002).

Christopher SA, Melnyk S, James SJ, Kruger WD. S-adenosylhomocysteine, but not homocysteine, is toxic to yeast lacking cystathionine beta-synthase. Mol. Genet. Metab. 75: 335-343 (2002).

Clausen T, Wahl MC, Messerschmidt A, Huber R, Fuhrmann JC, Laber B, Streber W, Steegborn C. Cloning, purification and characterisation of cystathionine gamma-synthase from Nicotiana tabacum. Biol. Chem. 380: 1237-1242 (1999).

Cobbett C, Goldsbrough P. Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53: 159-182 (2002).

Cobbett CS. A family of phytochelatin synthase genes from plant, fungal and animal species. Trends Plant Sci. 4: 335-337 (1999).

Coppee JY, Auger S, Turlin E, Sekowska A, Le Caer JP, Labas V, Vagner V, Danchin A, Martin-Verstraete I. Sulfur-limitation-regulated proteins in Bacillus subtilis: a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study. Microbiology 147: 1631-1640 (2001).

Cosper MM, Jameson GN, Hernandez HL, Krebs C, Huynh BH, Johnson MK. Characterization of the cofactor composition of Escherichia coli biotin synthase. Biochemistry 43: 2007-2021 (2004).

Coulter CV, Gerrard JA, Kraunsoe JAE, Pratt AJ. Escherichia coli dihydrodipicolinate synthase and dihydrodipicolinate reductase: kinetic and inhibition studies of two putative herbicide targets. Pestic. Sci. 55: 887-895 (1999).

Curien G, Ravanel S, Dumas R. A kinetic model of the branch-point between the methionine and threonine biosynthesis pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 4615-4627 (2003).

Danishpajooh IO, Gudi T, Chen Y, Kharitonov VG, Sharma VS, Boss GR. Nitric oxide inhibits methionine synthase activity in vivo and disrupts carbon flow through the folate pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 27296-27303 (2001).

Dayal S, Bottiglieri T, Arning E, Maeda N, Malinow MR, Sigmund CD, Heistad DD, Faraci FM, Lentz SR. Endothelial dysfunction and elevation of S-adenosylhomocysteine in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient mice. Circ. Res. 88: 1203-1209 (2001).

Dayal S, Lentz SR. Murine models of hyperhomocysteinemia and their vascular phenotypes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28: 1596-1605 (2008).

Dincturk HB, Knaff DB. The evolution of glutamate synthase. Mol. Biol. Rep. 27: 141-148 (2000).

Dixon DP, Skipsey M, Grundy NM, Edwards R. Stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 138: 2233-2244 (2005).

Dominguez MJ, Gutierrez F, Leon R, Vilchez C, Vega JM, Vigara J. Cadmium increases the activity levels of glutamate dehydrogenase and cysteine synthase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 828-832 (2003).

Dudman NP, Guo XW, Gordon RB, Dawson PA, Wilcken DE. Human homocysteine catabolism: three major pathways and their relevance to development of arterial occlusive disease. J. Nutr. 126: 1295S-1300S (1996).

Eichel J, Gonzalez JC, Hotze M, Matthews RG, Schroder J. Vitamin-B12-independent methionine synthase from a higher plant (Catharanthus roseus). Molecular characterization, regulation, heterologous expression, and enzyme properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 230: 1053-1058 (1995).

El-Shora HM, Abo-Kassem EM. Kinetic characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase of marrow cotyledons. Plant Sci. 161: 1047-1053 (2001).

Eto K, Asada T, Arima K, Makifuchi T, Kimura H. Brain hydrogen sulfide is severely decreased in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293: 1485-1488 (2002).

Evans JD, Al-Khaldi SF, Martin SA. Cloning of the O-acetylserine lyase gene from the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium HD4. Curr. Microbiol. 44: 161-166 (2002).

Fernandez M, Kleerebezem M, Kuipers OP, Siezen RJ, van Kranenburg R. Regulation of the metC-cysK operon, involved in sulfur metabolism in Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 184: 82-90 (2002).

Fernandez M, van Doesburg W, Rutten GAM, Marugg JD, Alting AC, van Kranenburg R, Kuipers OP. Molecular and functional analyses of the metC gene of Lactococcus lactis, encoding cystathionine beta-lyase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 42-48 (2000).

Finkelstein JD. Inborn errors of sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism. J. Nutr. 136: 1750S-1754S (2006).

Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ. Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 1582-1587 (1986).

Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ. Methionine metabolism in mammals. Distribution of homocysteine between competing pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 9508-9513 (1984).

Fitzgerald MA, Ugalde TD, Anderson JW. Sulphur nutrition affects delivery and metabolism of S in developing endosperms of wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1519-1526 (2001).

Fodinger M, Buchmayer H, Sunder-Plassmann G. Molecular genetics of homocysteine metabolism. Mineral & Electrolyte Metab. 25: 269-278 (1999).

Fonseca V, Keebler M, Dicker-Brown A, Desouza C, Poirier LA, Murthy SN, McNamara DB. The effect of troglitazone on plasma homocysteine, hepatic and red blood cell S-adenosyl methionine, and S-adenosyl homocysteine and enzymes in homocysteine metabolism in Zucker rats. Metabolism 51: 783-786 (2002).

Fowler B. Disorders of homocysteine metabolism. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 20: 270-285 (1997).

Fowler B. Homocysteine: overview of biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes. Semin. Vasc. Med. 5: 77-86 (2005).

Fowler B. The folate cycle and disease in humans. Kidney Int. 59 (Suppl. 78): 221-229 (2001).

Franco LP, Anderson J, Okoh J, Pomper MG, Braverman N, Barker PB. Proton MR spectroscopy in hyperhomocysteinemia with elevated blood methionine levels. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 23: 404-407 (2006).

Frey PA, Hegeman AD, Ruzicka FJ. The radical SAM superfamily. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 43: 63-88 (2008).

Fu TF, di Salvo M, Schirch V. Enzymatic determination of homocysteine in cell extracts. Anal. Biochem. 290: 359-365 (2001).

Funa N, Ohnishi Y, Fujii I, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Horinouchi S. A new pathway for polyketide synthesis in microorganisms. Nature 400: 897-899 (1999).

Gaille C, Reimmann C, Haas D. Isochorismate synthase (PchA), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in salicylate biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 16893-16898 (2003).

Ganapathy P, Moister B, Roon P, Mysona B, Duplantier JN, Dun Y, Moister TV, Farley MJ, Prasad PD, Liu K, Smith SB. Endogenous elevation of homocysteine induces retinal neuron death in the cystathionine-beta-synthase mutant mouse. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50: 4460-4470 (2009).

Ganichkin OM, Xu XM, Carlson BA, Mix H, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN, Wahl MC. Structure and catalytic mechanism of eukaryotic selenocysteine synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 5849-5865 (2008).

Garrow TA. Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 22831-22838 (1996).

Gasent-Ramirez JM, Benitez T. Lysine-overproducing mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast isolated in continuous culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 4800-4806 (1997).

Geisel J, Hubner U, Bodis M, Schorr H, Knapp JP, Obeid R, Herrmann W. The role of genetic factors in the development of hyperhomocysteinemia. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41: 1427-1434 (2003).

Ghislain M, Frankard V, Jacobs M. A dinucleotide mutation in dihydrodipicolinate synthase of Nicotiana sylvestris leads to lysine overproduction. Plant J. 8: 733-743 (1995).

Gonzalez B, Pajares MA, Martinez-Ripoll M, Blundell TL, Sanz-Aparicio J. Crystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase reveals new oligomerization features and conformational changes upon substrate binding. J. Mol. Biol. 338: 771-782 (2004).

Gonzalez JC, Banerjee RV, Huang S, Sumner JS, Matthews RG. Comparison of cobalamin-independent and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthases from Escherichia coli: two solutions to the same chemical problem. Biochemistry 31: 6045-6056 (1992).

Gonzalez-Arroyo JG, Vega JM, Perez-Castineira JR. Regulation of the O-acetyl-L-serine(thiol)lyase activity in Monoraphidium braunii. J. Physiol. Biochem. 54: 141-147 (1998).

Gould KS, McKelvie J, Markham KR. Do anthocyanins function as antioxidants in leaves? Imaging of H2O2 in red and green leaves after mechanical injury. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1261-1269 (2002).

Goulding CW, Matthews RG. Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase from Escherichia coli: involvement of zinc in homocysteine activation. Biochemistry 36: 15749-15757 (1997).

Goulding CW, Postigo D, Matthews RG. Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase is a modular protein with distinct regions for binding homocysteine, methyltetrahydrofolate, cobalamin, and adenosylmethionine. Biochemistry 36: 8082-8091 (1997).

Green JM, Ballou DP, Matthews RG. Examination of the role of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in incorporation of methyltetrahydrofolate into cellular metabolism. FASEB J. 2: 42-47 (1988).

Grzam A, Martin MN, Hell R, Meyer AJ. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase GGT4 initiates vacuolar degradation of glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 581: 3131-3138 (2007).

Gulati S, Chen Z, Brody LC, Rosenblatt DS, Banerjee R. Defects in auxiliary redox proteins lead to functional methionine synthase deficiency. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 19171-19175 (1997).

Gupta S, Wang L, Hua X, Krijt J, Kozich V, Kruger WD. Cystathionine beta-synthase p.S466L mutation causes hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. Hum. Mutat. 29: 1048-1054 (2008).

Guranowski A, Paszewski A. Metabolism of 5'-methylthioadenosine in Aspergillus nidulans. An alternative pathway for methionine synthesis via utilization of the nucleoside methylthio group. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 717: 289-294 (1982).

Hall DA, Jordan-Starck TC, Loo RO, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. Interaction of flavodoxin with cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 39: 10711-10719 (2000).

Hamelet J, Seltzer V, Petit E, Noll C, Andreau K, Delabar JM, Janel N. Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency induces catalase-mediated hydrogen peroxide detoxification in mice liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1782: 482-488 (2008).

Hansen J, Johannesen PF. Cysteine is essential for transcriptional regulation of the sulfur assimilation genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263: 535-542 (2000).

Harada E, Kusano T, Sano H. Differential expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sulfur assimilation pathways in response to wounding and jasmonate in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol. 156: 272-276 (2000).

Harms K, von Ballmoos P, Brunold C, Hofgen R, Hesse H. Expression of a bacterial serine acetyltransferase in transgenic potato plants leads to increased levels of cysteine and glutathione. Plant J. 22: 335-343 (2000).

Harth G, Maslesa-Galic S, Tullius MV, Horwitz MA. All four Mycobacterium tuberculosis glnA genes encode glutamine synthetase activities but only GlnA1 is abundantly expressed and essential for bacterial homeostasis. Mol. Microbiol. 58: 1157-1172 (2005).

Hatzfeld Y, Maruyama A, Schmidt A, Noji M, Ishizawa K, Saito K. beta-Cyanoalanine synthase is a mitochondrial cysteine synthase-like protein in spinach and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 123: 1163-1172 (2000).

Hawkesford MJ, Wray JL. Molecular genetics of sulphate assimilation. Adv. Bot. Res. 33: 159-223 (2000).

Heil SG, Lievers KJ, Boers GH, Verhoef P, den Heijer M, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ. Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT): genomic sequencing and relevance to hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular disease in humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 71: 511-519 (2000).

Hell R. Molecular physiology of plant sulfur metabolism. Planta 202: 138-148 (1997).

Hermann T, Wersch G, Uhlemann EM, Schmid R, Burkovski A. Mapping and identification of Corynebacterium glutamicum proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and microsequencing. Electrophoresis 19: 3217-3221 (1998).

Hubmacher D, Tiedemann K, Bartels R, Brinckmann J, Vollbrandt T, Batge B, Notbohm H, Reinhardt DP. Modification of the structure and function of fibrillin-1 by homocysteine suggests a potential pathogenetic mechanism in homocystinuria. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 34946-34955 (2005).

Ifergan I, Assaraf YG. Molecular mechanisms of adaptation to folate deficiency. Vitam. Horm. 79: 99-143 (2008).

Jacob-Wilk D, Kurek I, Hogan P, Delmer DP. The cotton fiber zinc-binding domain of cellulose synthase A1 from Gossypium hirsutum displays rapid turnover in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 12191-12196 (2006).

Jakubowski H, Boers GH, Strauss KA. Mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene increase N-homocysteinylated protein levels in humans. FASEB J. 22: 4071-4076 (2008).

Jakubowski H, Perla-Kajan J, Finnell RH, Cabrera RM, Wang H, Gupta S, Kruger WD, Kraus JP, Shih DM. Genetic or nutritional disorders in homocysteine or folate metabolism increase protein N-homocysteinylation in mice. FASEB J. 23: 1721-1727 (2009).

Janosikova B, Pavlikova M, Kocmanova D, Vitova A, Vesela K, Krupkova L, Kahleova R, Krijt J, Kraml P, Hyanek J, Zvarova J, Andel M, Kozich V. Genetic variants of homocysteine metabolizing enzymes and the risk of coronary artery disease. Mol. Genet. Metab. 79: 167-175 (2003).

Jarrett JT, Amaratunga M, Drennan CL, Scholten JD, Sands RH, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. Mutations in the B12-binding region of methionine synthase: how the protein controls methylcobalamin reactivity. Biochemistry 35: 2464-2475 (1996).

Jarrett JT, Choi CY, Matthews RG. Changes in protonation associated with substrate binding and Cob(I)alamin formation in cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. Biochemistry 36: 15739-15748 (1997).

Jarrett JT, Hoover DM, Ludwig ML, Matthews RG. The mechanism of adenosylmethionine-dependent activation of methionine synthase: a rapid kinetic analysis of intermediates in reductive methylation of cob(II)alamin enzyme. Biochemistry 37: 12649-12658 (1998).

Jhee KH, McPhie P, Miles EW. Yeast cystathionine beta-synthase is a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme but, unlike the human enzyme, is not a heme protein. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 11541-11544 (2000).

Jhee KH, McPhie P, Miles EW. Domain architecture of the heme-independent yeast cystathionine beta-synthase provides insights into mechanisms of catalysis and regulation. Biochemistry 39: 10548-10556 (2000).

Jhee KH, Niks D, McPhie P, Dunn MF, Miles EW. The reaction of yeast cystathionine beta-synthase is rate-limited by the conversion of aminoacrylate to cystathionine. Biochemistry 40: 1087-10880 (2001).

Jhee KH, Niks D, McPhie P, Dunn MF, Miles EW. Yeast cystathionine beta-synthase reacts with L-allothreonine, a non-natural substrate, and L-homocysteine to form a new amino acid, 3-methyl-L-cystathionine. Biochemistry 41: 1828-1835 (2002).

Jones MG, Hughes J, Tregova A, Milne J, Tomsett AB, Collin HA. Biosynthesis of the flavour precursors of onion and garlic. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1903-1918 (2004).

Jost R, Berkowitz O, Wirtz M, Hopkins L, Hawkesford MJ, Hell R. Genomic and functional characterization of the oas gene family encoding O-acetylserine (thiol) lyases, enzymes catalyzing the final step in cysteine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 253: 237-247 (2000).

Jung YS, Kim SJ, Kwon do Y, Kim YC. Comparison of the effects of buthioninesulfoximine and phorone on the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 368: 913-918 (2008).

Jung YS, Kwak HE, Choi KH, Kim YC. Effect of acute ethanol administration on S-amino acid metabolism: increased utilization of cysteine for synthesis of taurine rather than glutathione. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 526: 245-252 (2003).

Kabil O, Banerjee R. Deletion of the regulatory domain in the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent heme protein cystathionine beta-synthase alleviates the defect observed in a catalytic site mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 31256-31260 (1999).

Kacprzak MM, Lewandowska I, Matthews RG, Paszewski A. Transcriptional regulation of methionine synthase by hornocysteine and choline in Aspergillus nidulans. Biochem. J. 376: 517-524 (2003).

Kamen B. Folate and antifolate pharmacology. Semin. Oncol. 24: S18-S30 (1997).

Kang SS. Treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: physiological basis. J. Nutr. 126: 1273S-1275S (1996).

Kaplowitz N, Ji C. Unfolding new mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21: S7-S9 (2006).

Keating JN, Trimble KC, Mulcahy F, Scott JM, Weir DG. Evidence of brain methyltransferase inhibition and early brain involvement in HIV-positive patients. Lancet 337: 935-939 (1991).

Kim SK, Choi KH, Kim YC. Effect of acute betaine administration on hepatic metabolism of S-amino acids in rats and mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 65: 1565-1574 (2003).

Kocsis MG, Ranocha P, Gage DA, Simon ES, Rhodes D, Peel GJ, Mellema S, Saito K, Awazuhara M, Li C, Meeley RB, Tarczynski MC, Wagner C, Hanson AD. Insertional inactivation of the methionine S-methyltransferase gene eliminates the S-methylmethionine cycle and increases the methylation ratio. Plant Physiol. 131: 1808-1815 (2003).

Kolko MM, Kapetanovich LA, Lawrence JG. Alternative pathways for siroheme synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J. Bacteriol. 183: 328-835 (2001).

Koprivova A, Suter M, den Camp RO, Brunold C, Kopriva S. Regulation of sulfate assimilation by nitrogen in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 122: 737-746 (2000).

Koutmos M, Pejchal R, Bomer TM, Matthews RG, Smith JL, Ludwig ML. Metal active site elasticity linked to activation of homocysteine in methionine synthases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 3286-3291 (2008).

Kromer JO, Heinzle E, Schroder H, Wittmann C. Accumulation of homolanthionine and activation of a novel pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum McbR deletion strains. J. Bacteriol. 188: 609-618 (2006).

Krueger S, Niehl A, Lopez Martin MC, Steinhauser D, Donath A, Hildebrandt T, Romero LC, Hoefgen R, Gotor C, Hesse H. Analysis of cytosolic and plastidic serine acetyltransferase mutants and subcellular metabolite distributions suggests interplay of the cellular compartments for cysteine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ. 32: 349-367 (2009).

Kurvari V, Qian F, Snell WJ. Increased transcript levels of a methionine synthase during adhesion-induced activation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gametes. Plant Mol. Biol. 29: 1235-1252 (1995).

Lai KW, Yau CP, Tse YC, Jiang L, Yip WK. Heterologous expression analyses of rice OsCAS in Arabidopsis and in yeast provide evidence for its roles in cyanide detoxification rather than in cysteine synthesis in vivo. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 993-1008 (2009).

Lambert BD, Titgemeyer EC, Stokka GL, DeBey BM, Loest CA. Methionine supply to growing steers affects hepatic activities of methionine synthase and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, but not cystathionine synthase. J. Nutr. 132: 2004-2009 (2002).

Langman LJ, Cole DEC. Homocysteine. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 36: 365-406 (1999).

Leonardi R, Roach PL. Thiamine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: in vitro reconstitution of the thiazole synthase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 17054-17062 (2004).

Li Y, Kandasamy MK, Meagher RB. Rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies. Monitoring enzymes in the phytochelatin synthesis pathway. Plant Physiol. 127: 711-719 (2001).

Liszewska F, Blaszczyk A, Sirko A. Modification of non-protein thiols contents in transgenic tobacco plants producing bacterial enzymes of cysteine biosynthesis pathway. Acta Biochim. Pol. 48: 647-656 (2001).

Logemann E, Tavernaro A, Schulz W, Somssich IE, Hahlbrock K. UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 1903-1907 (2000).

Lu SC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol. Aspects Med. 30: 42-59 (2009).

Macfarlane AJ, Perry CA, Girnary HH, Gao D, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Shane B, Stover PJ. Mthfd1 is an essential gene in mice and alters biomarkers of impaired one-carbon metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 1533-1539 (2009).

Maclean KN, Gaustadnes M, Oliveriusova J, Janosik M, Kraus E, Kozich V, Kery V, Skovby F, Rudiger N, Ingerslev J, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Kraus JP. High homocysteine and thrombosis without connective tissue disorders are associated with a novel class of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) mutations. Hum. Mutat. 19: 641-655 (2002).

Maier T, Yu C, Kullertz G, Clemens S. Localization and functional characterization of metal-binding sites in phytochelatin synthases. Planta 218: 300-308 (2003).

Malinow MR, Duell PB, Williams MA, Kruger WD, Evans AA, Anderson PH, Block PC, Hess DL, Upson BM, Graf EE, Irvin-Jones A, Wang L. Short-term folic acid supplementation induces variable and paradoxical changes in plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations. Lipids 36 Suppl: S27-S32 (2001).

Manabe T, Hasumi A, Sugiyama M, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Alliinase [S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase] from Allium tuberosum (Chinese chive). Purification, localization, cDNA cloning and heterologous functional expression. Eur. J. Biochem. 257: 21-30 (1998).

Martinez M, Cuskelly GJ, Williamson J, Toth JP, Gregory JF. Vitamin B-6 deficiency in rats reduces hepatic serine hydroxymethyltransferase and cystathionine beta-synthase activities and rates of in vivo protein turnover, homocysteine remethylation and transsulfuration. J. Nutr. 130: 1115-1123 (2000).

Maruyama A, Saito K, Ishizawa K. Beta-cyanoalanine synthase and cysteine synthase from potato: molecular cloning, biochemical characterization, and spatial and hormonal regulation. Plant Mol. Biol. 46: 749-760 (2001).

Marzluf GA. Molecular genetics of sulfur assimilation in filamentous fungi and yeast. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 51: 73-96 (1997).

Matarasso N, Schuster S, Avni A. A novel plant cysteine protease has a dual function as a regulator of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene expression. Plant Cell 17: 1205-1216 (2005).

Matthews RG, Sheppard C, Goulding C. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase: biochemistry and molecular biology. Eur. J. Pediatr. 157: S54-S59 (1998).

Mattson MP, Kruman II, Duan W. Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Res. Rev. 1: 95-111 (2002).

Meier M, Janosik M, Kery V, Kraus JP, Burkhard P. Structure of human cystathionine beta-synthase: a unique pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent heme protein. EMBO J. 20: 3910-3916 (2001).

Melse-Boonstra A, Holm PI, Ueland PM, Olthof M, Clarke R, Verhoef P. Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81: 1378-1382 (2005).

Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM. High-level multiplex genotyping of polymorphisms involved in folate or homocysteine metabolism by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 50: 391-402 (2004).

Miles EW, Kawasaki H, Ahmed SA, Morita H, Morita H, Nagata S. The beta subunit of tryptophan synthase. Clarification of the roles of histidine 86, lysine 87, arginine 148, cysteine 170, and cysteine 230. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 6280-6287 (1989).

Molloy AM, Weir DG, Kennedy G, Kennedy S, Scott JM. A new high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Concentrations in pig tissues after inactivation of methionine synthase by nitrous oxide. Biomed. Chromatogr. 4: 257-260 (1990).

Mosharov E, Cranford MR, Banerjee R. The quantitatively important relationship between homocysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis by the transsulfuration pathway and its regulation by redox changes. Biochemistry 39: 13005-13011 (2000).

Mouilleron S, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Conformational changes in ammonia-channeling glutamine amidotransferases. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 17: 653-664 (2007).

Nadolska-Lutyk J, Balinska M, Paszewski A. Interrelated regulation of sulphur-containing amino-acid biosynthetic enzymes and folate-metabolizing enzymes in Aspergillus nidulans. Eur. J. Biochem. 181: 231-235 (1989).

Namekata K, Enokido Y, Ishii I, Nagai Y, Harada T, Kimura H. Abnormal lipid metabolism in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient mice, an animal model for hyperhomocysteinemia. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 52961-52969 (2004).

Navratil T, Petr M, Senholdova Z, Pristoupilova K, Pristoupil TI, Heyrovsky M, Pelclova D, Kohlikova E. Diagnostic significance of urinary thiodiglycolic acid as a possible tool for studying the role of vitamins B12 and folates in the metabolism of thiolic substances. Physiol. Res. 56: 113-122 (2007).

Nijhout HF, Gregory JF, Fitzpatrick C, Cho E, Lamers KY, Ulrich CM, Reed MC. A mathematical model gives insights into the effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency on 1-carbon and glutathione metabolism. J. Nutr. 139: 784-791 (2009).

Nikiforova V, Kempa S, Zeh M, Maimann S, Kreft O, Casazza AP, Riedel K, Tauberger E, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Engineering of cysteine and methionine biosynthesis in potato. Amino Acids 22: 259-278 (2002).

Noji M, Saito M, Nakamura M, Aono M, Saji H, Saito K. Cysteine synthase overexpression in tobacco confers tolerance to sulfur-containing environmental pollutants. Plant Physiol. 126: 973-980 (2001).

Ohmori S, Nawata Y, Kiyono K, Murata H, Tsuboi S, Ikeda M, Akagi R, Morohashi K, Ono B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: air-level oxygen stress and protection against stress. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1472: 587-594 (1999).

Oltean S, Banerjee R. A B12-responsive IRES element in human methionine synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 32662-32668 (2005).

Ono B, Naito K, Shirahige Y, Yamamoto M. Regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 7: 843-848 (1991).

Ono BI, Hazu T, Yoshida S, Kawato T, Shinoda S, Brzvwczy J, Paszewski A. Cysteine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a new outlook on pathway and regulation. Yeast 15: 1365-1375 (1999).

Park OK, Bauerle R. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of phenylalanine-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli: inactivation and destabilization by oxidation of active-site cysteines. J. Bacteriol. 181: 1636-1642 (1999).

Paszewski A, Grabski J. Enzymatic lesions in methionine mutants of Aspergillus nidulans: role and regulation of an alternative pathway for cysteine and methionine synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 124: 893-904 (1975).

Paszewski A, Ono BI. Biosynthesis of sulphur amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: regulatory roles of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine reassessed. Curr. Genet. 22: 273-275 (1992).

Paszewski A, Prazmo W, Nadolska J, Regulski M. Mutations affecting the sulphur assimilation pathway in Aspergillus nidulans: their effect on sulphur amino acid metabolism. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 1113-1121 (1984).

Peariso K, Zhou ZS, Smith AE, Matthews RG, Penner-Hahn JE. Characterization of the zinc sites in cobalamin-independent and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase using zinc and selenium X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Biochemistry 40: 987-993 (2001).

Pejchal R, Ludwig ML. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE): a face-to-face double barrel that evolved by gene duplication. PLoS Biol. 3: e31 (2005).

Pillai PB, Fanatico AC, Beers KW, Blair ME, Emmert JL. Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine. Poult. Sci. 85: 90-95 (2006).

Prieto JL, Perez-Castineira JR, Vega JM. Thiosulfate reductase from Chlamydomonas. J. Plant Physiol. 151: 385-389 (1997).

Rabeh WM, Mather T, Cook PF. A three-dimensional homology model of the O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-B from Salmonella typhimurium. Protein Pept. Lett. 13: 7-13 (2006).

Ravanel S. Methionine biosynthesis in higher plants: biochemical and molecular characterization of the transsulfuration pathway enzymes. C. R. Acad. Sci. IIII 320: 497-504 (1997).

Ravanel S, Droux M, Douce R. Methionine biosynthesis in higher plants. I. Purification and characterization of cystathionine gamma-synthase from spinach chloroplasts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316: 572-584 (1995).

Ravanel S, Gakiere B, Job D, Douce R. Cystathionine gamma-synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana: purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 331: 639-648 (1998).

Raynal M, Guilleminot J, Gueguen C, Cooke R, Delseny M, Gruber V. Structure, organization and expression of two closely related novel Lea (late-embryogenesis-abundant) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 153-165 (1999).

Riedel K, Mangelsdorf C, Streber W, Willmitzer L, Hofgen R, Hesse H. Cloning and characterization of cystathionine gamma-synthase from Solanum tuberosum L. Plant Biol. 1: 638-644 (1999).

Rinder J, Casazza AP, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid homeostasis in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by expression of E. coli homoserine kinase. Amino Acids 34: 213-222 (2008).

Rodionov DA, Vitreschak AG, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS. Comparative genomics of the methionine metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria: a variety of regulatory systems. Nucleic Acids Res. 32: 3340-3353 (2004).

Romanyuk ND, Rigden DJ, Vatamaniuk OK, Lang A, Cahoon RE, Jez JM, Rea PA. Mutagenic definition of a papain-like catalytic triad, sufficiency of the N-terminal domain for single-site core catalytic enzyme acylation, and C-terminal domain for augmentative metal activation of a eukaryotic phytochelatin synthase. Plant Physiol. 141: 858-869 (2006).

Saito K. Regulation of sulfate transport and synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 188-195 (2000).

Saito K, Kurosawa M, Tatsuguchi K, Takagi Y, Murakoshi I. Modulation of cysteine biosynthesis in chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco overexpressing cysteine synthase [O-acetylserine(thiol)-lyase]. Plant Physiol. 106: 887-895 (1994).

Saito K, Miura N, Yamazaki M, Hirano H, Murakoshi I. Molecular cloning and bacterial expression of cDNA encoding a plant cysteine synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 8078-8082 (1992).

Saito K, Yokoyama H, Noji M, Murakoshi I. Molecular cloning and characterization of a plant serine acetyltransferase playing a regulatory role in cysteine biosynthesis from watermelon. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 16321-16326 (1995).

Sakakibara H, Watanabe M, Hase T, Sugiyama T. Molecular cloning and characterization of complementary DNA encoding for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize leaf. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2028-2035 (1991).

Schat H, Llugany M, Vooijs R, Hartley-Whitaker J, Bleeker PM. The role of phytochelatins in constitutive and adaptive heavy metal tolerances in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator metallophytes. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 2381-2392 (2002).

Schwartz CJ, Djaman O, Imlay JA, Kiley PJ. The cysteine desulfurase, IscS, has a major role in in vivo Fe-S cluster formation in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 9009-9014 (2000).

Scott J, Rebeille F, Fletcher J. Folic acid and folates: the feasibility for nutritional enhancement in plant foods. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80: 795-824 (2000).

Selhub J. Homocysteine metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19: 217-246 (1999).

She QB, Hayakawa T, Tsuge H. Alteration in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis of rat liver microsomes caused by vitamin B6 deficiency. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59: 163-167 (1995).

Sienko M, Natorff R, Owczarek S, Olewiecki I, Paszewski A. Aspergillus nidulans genes encoding reverse transsulfuration enzymes belong to homocysteine regulon. Curr. Genet. Aug 15 [Epub ahead of print] (2009).

Singh RH, Kruger WD, Wang LQ, Pasquali M, Elsas LJ. Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: Effects of betaine supplementation after methionine restriction in B6-nonresponsive homocystinuria. Genet. Med. 6: 90-95 (2004).

Sirko A, Blaszczyk A, Liszewska F. Overproduction of SAT and/or OASTL in transgenic plants: a survey of effects. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1881-1888 (2004).

Soda K, Oikawa T, Esaki N. Vitamin B6 enzymes participating in selenium amino acid metabolism. Biofactors 10: 257-262 (1999).

Southern F, Eidt J, Drouilhet J, Mukunyadzi P, Williams DK, Cruz C, Wang YF, Poirier LA, Brown AT, Moursi MM. Increasing levels of dietary homocystine with carotid endarterectomy produced proportionate increases in plasma homocysteine and intimal hyperplasia. Atherosclerosis 158: 129-138 (2001).

Srivastava S, Chan C. Application of metabolic flux analysis to identify the mechanisms of free fatty acid toxicity to human hepatoma cell line. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 99: 399-410 (2007).

Steegborn C, Messerschmidt A, Laber B, Streber W, Huber R, Clausen T. The crystal structure of cystathionine gamma-synthase from Nicotiana tabacum reveals its substrate and reaction specificity. J. Mol. Biol. 290: 983-996 (1999).

Steenhoudt O, Vanderleyden J. Azospirillum, a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium closely associated with grasses: genetic, biochemical and ecological aspects. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24: 487-506 (2000).

Stephens CM, Bauerle R. Essential cysteines in 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli. Analysis by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis of the phenylalanine-sensitive isozyme. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 5762-5767 (1992).

Stipanuk MH. Sulfur amino acid metabolism: pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 24: 539-577 (2004).

Strauss E, Kinsland C, Ge Y, McLafferty FW, Begley TP. Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase from Escherichia coli. Identification and characterization of the last unidentified coenzyme A biosynthetic enzyme in bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 13513-13516 (2001).

Sugawara H, Shibuya K, Yoshioka T, Hashiba T, Satoh S. Is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor involved in the regulation of petal wilting in senescing carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers? J. Exp. Bot. 53: 407-413 (2002).

Summers CM, Hammons AL, Mitchell LE, Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, Young IS, Evans A, Whitehead AS. Influence of the cystathionine beta-synthase 844ins68 and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphisms on folate and homocysteine concentrations. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 16: 1010-1013 (2008).

Swanson DA, Liu ML, Baker PJ, Garrett L, Stitzel M, Wu J, Harris M, Banerjee R, Shane B, Brody LC. Targeted disruption of the methionine synthase gene in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 1058-1065 (2001).

Tai CH, Cook PF. O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. Advan. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 74: 185-239 (2000).

Takagi H, Yoshioka K, Awano N, Nakamori S, Ono B. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae serine O-acetyltransferase in cysteine biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 218: 291-297 (2003).

Takahashi H, Saito K. Subcellular localization of spinach cysteine synthase isoforms and regulation of their gene expression by nitrogen and sulfur. Plant Physiol. 112: 273-280 (1996).

Tang C, Zhang Z, Xu B, Li M, Liu J, Cui J. Two newly synthesized 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-like compounds inhibit methionine synthase activity accompanied by cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase and apoptosis in vitro. Anticancer Drugs 19: 697-704 (2008).

Tanghe KA, Garrow TA, Schalinske KL. Triiodothyronine treatment attenuates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase by retinoic acid and elevates plasma homocysteine concentrations in rats. J. Nutr. 134: 2913-2918 (2004).

Taoka S, Banerjee R. Stopped-flow kinetic analysis of the reaction catalyzed by the full-length yeast cystathionine beta-synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 22421-22425 (2002).

Taoka S, West M, Banerjee R. Characterization of the heme and pyridoxal phosphate cofactors of human cystathionine beta-synthase reveals nonequivalent active sites. Biochemistry 38: 2738-2744 (1999).

Taoka S, Widjaja L, Banerjee R. Assignment of enzymatic functions to specific regions of the PLP-dependent heme protein cystathionine beta-synthase. Biochemistry 38: 13155-13161 (1999).

Thomas D, Becker A, Surdin-Kerjan Y. Reverse methionine biosynthesis from S-adenosylmethionine in eukaryotic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 40718-40724 (2000).

Thomas D, Surdin-Kerjan Y. Metabolism of sulfur amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61: 503-532 (1997).

Toda K, Takano H, Nozaki J, Kuroiwa T. The second serine acetyltransferase, bacterial-type O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase and eukaryotic-type O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J. Plant Res. 114: 291-300 (2001).

Tormay P, Wilting R, Lottspeich F, Mehta PK, Christen P, Bock A. Bacterial selenocysteine synthase--structural and functional properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 254: 655-661 (1998).

Tsai MY, Yang F, Bignell M, Aras O, Hanson NQ. Relation between plasma homocysteine concentration, the 844ins68 variant of the cystathionine beta-synthase gene, and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate concentration. Mol. Genet. Metab. 67: 352-356 (1999).

Uthus EO, Brown-Borg HM. Methionine flux to transsulfuration is enhanced in the long living Ames dwarf mouse. Mech. Ageing Dev. 127: 444-450 (2006).

Van Huysen T, Abdel-Ghany S, Hale KL, LeDuc D, Terry N, Pilon-Smits EA. Overexpression of cystathionine-gamma-synthase enhances selenium volatilization in Brassica juncea. Planta 218: 71-78 (2003).

Vatamaniuk OK, Bucher EA, Ward JT, Rea PA. A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals. Phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 20817-20820 (2001).

Vatamaniuk OK, Mari S, Lu YP, Rea PA. AtPCS1, a phytochelatin synthase from Arabidopsis: isolation and in vitro reconstitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 7110-7115 (1999).

Vergara CE, Carpita NC. Beta-D-glycan synthases and the CesA gene family: lessons to be learned from the mixed-linkage (1-->3),(1-->4)beta-D-glucan synthase. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 145-160 (2001).

Vermeij P, Kertesz MA. Pathways of assimilative sulfur metabolism in Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5833-5837 (1999).

Vidmar JJ, Schjoerring JK, Touraine B, Glass AD. Regulation of the hvst1 gene encoding a high-affinity sulfate transporter from Hordeum vulgare. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 883-892 (1999).

Villanueva JA, Halsted CH. Hepatic transmethylation reactions in micropigs with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 39: 1303-1310 (2004).

Vivares D, Arnoux P, Pignol D. A papain-like enzyme at work: native and acyl-enzyme intermediate structures in phytochelatin synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 18848-18853 (2005).

Walker J, Barrett J. Parasite sulphur amino acid metabolism. Int. J. Parasitol. 27: 883-897 (1997).

Wang SC, Frey PA. S-Adenosylmethionine as an oxidant: the radical SAM superfamily. Trends Biochem. Sci. 32: 101-110 (2007).

Warrilow AG, Hawkesford MJ. Modulation of cyanoalanine synthase and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyases A and B activity by beta-substituted alanyl and anion inhibitors. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 439-445 (2002).

Wawrzynski A, Kopera E, Wawrzynska A, Kaminska J, Bal W, Sirko A. Effects of simultaneous expression of heterologous genes involved in phytochelatin biosynthesis on thiol content and cadmium accumulation in tobacco plants. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2173-2182 (2006).

Weir DG, Scott JM. The biochemical basis of the neuropathy in cobalamin deficiency. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 8: 479-497 (1995).

Wijekoon EP, Hall B, Ratnam S, Brosnan ME, Zeisel SH, Brosnan JT. Homocysteine metabolism in ZDF (type 2) diabetic rats. Diabetes 54: 3245-3251 (2005).

Wilcken DE, Wilcken B. B vitamins and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease and aging. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 854: 361-370 (1998).

Williams RA, Westrop GD, Coombs GH. Two pathways for cysteine biosynthesis in Leishmania major. Biochem. J. 420: 451-462 (2009).

Winkel BS. Metabolic channeling in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55: 85-107 (2004).

Wirtz M, Hell R. Dominant-negative modification reveals the regulatory function of the multimeric cysteine synthase protein complex in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 19: 625-639 (2007).

Witkowski A, Joshi AK, Lindqvist Y, Smith S. Conversion of a beta-ketoacyl synthase to a malonyl decarboxylase by replacement of the active-site cysteine with glutamine. Biochemistry 38: 11643-1150 (1999).

Wojas S, Clemens S, Hennig J, Sklodowska A, Kopera E, Schat H, Bal W, Antosiewicz DM. Overexpression of phytochelatin synthase in tobacco: distinctive effects of AtPCS1 and CePCS genes on plant response to cadmium. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 2205-2219 (2008).

Wu G, Ortiz-Flores G, Ortiz-Lopez A, Ort DR. A point mutation in atpC1 raises the redox potential of the Arabidopsis chloroplast ATP synthase gamma-subunit regulatory disulfide above the range of thioredoxin modulation. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 36782-36789 (2007).

Wunschmann J, Beck A, Meyer L, Letzel T, Grill E, Lendzian KJ. Phytochelatins are synthesized by two vacuolar serine carboxypeptidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 581: 1681-1687 (2007).

Xu XM, Carlson BA, Mix H, Zhang Y, Saira K, Glass RS, Berry MJ, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. Biosynthesis of selenocysteine on its tRNA in eukaryotes. PLoS Biol. 5: e4 (2007).

Yamaguchi T, Masada M. Comparative studies on cysteine synthase isozymes from spinach leaves. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1251: 91-98 (1995).

Yamaguchi T, Zhu X, Masada M. Purification and characterization of a novel cysteine synthase isozyme from spinach hydrated seeds. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62: 501-507 (1998).

Yamazaki D, Motohashi K, Kasama T, Hara Y, Hisabori T. Target proteins of the cytosolic thioredoxins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 18-27 (2004).

Yang LM, Lamppa G. Identification of a chloroplast coenzyme A-binding protein related to the peroxisomal thiolases. Plant Physiol. 112: 1641-1647 (1996).

Yang Q, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shi W, Qian C, Peng X. Identification of aluminum-responsive proteins in rice roots by a proteomic approach: cysteine synthase as a key player in Al response. Proteomics 7: 737-749 (2007).

Yuan J, Palioura S, Salazar JC, Su D, O'Donoghue P, Hohn MJ, Cardoso AM, Whitman WB, Soll D. RNA-dependent conversion of phosphoserine forms selenocysteine in eukaryotes and archaea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103: 18923-18927 (2006).

Zalkin H, Yanofsky C. Yeast gene TRP5: structure, function, regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 1491-1500 (1982).

Zeh M, Casazza AP, Kreft O, Roessner U, Bieberich K, Willmitzer L, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Antisense inhibition of threonine synthase leads to high methionine content in transgenic potato plants. Plant Physiol. 127: 792-802 (2001).

Zeh M, Casazza AP, Kreft O, Roessner U, Bieberich K, Willmitzer L, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Antisense inhibition of threonine synthase leads to high methionine content in transgenic potato plants. Plant Physiol. 127: 792-802 (2001).

Zenk MH. Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants--a review. Gene 179: 21-30 (1996).

Zhai Z, Sooksa-Nguan T, Vatamaniuk OK. Establishing RNAi as a reverse genetic approach for gene functional analysis in protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 149: 642-652 (2009).

Zhang M, Wakitani S, Hayashi K, Miki R, Kawamukai M. High production of sulfide in coenzyme Q deficient fission yeast. Biofactors 32: 91-98 (2008).

Zhou X, Ferraris JD, Cai Q, Agarwal A, Burg MB. Increased reactive oxygen species contribute to high NaCl-induced activation of the osmoregulatory transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 289: F377-F385 (2005).

Zhou ZS, Smith AE, Matthews RG. L-Selenohomocysteine: one-step synthesis from L-selenomethionine and kinetic analysis as substrate for methionine synthases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10: 2471-2475 (2000).

Zou CG, Banerjee R. Homocysteine and redox signaling. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 7: 547-559 (2005).

Number of references = 261