Bhuiyan NH, Hamada A, Yamada N, Rai V, Hibino T, Takabe T. Regulation of betaine synthesis by precursor supply and choline monooxygenase expression in Amaranthus tricolor. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 4203-4212 (2007).

Brouquisse R, Weigel P, Rhodes D, Yocum CF, Hanson AD. Evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase from spinach chloroplast stroma. Plant Physiol. 90: 322-329 (1989).

Burnet M, Lafontaine PJ, Hanson AD. Assay, purification, and partial characterization of choline monooxygenase from spinach. Plant Physiol. 108: 581-588 (1995).

Chen TH, Murata N. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257 (2002).

Gray J, Wardzala E, Yang M, Reinbothe S, Haller S, Pauli F. A small family of LLS1-related non-heme oxygenases in plants with an origin amongst oxygenic photosynthesizers. Plant Mol. Biol. 54: 39-54 (2004).

Hibino T, Meng YL, Kawamitsu Y, Uehara N, Matsuda N, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Baba S, Takabe T, Wada K, Ishii T, Takabe T. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betaine-accumulating mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 353-363 (2001).

Hibino T, Waditee R, Araki E, Ishikawa H, Aoki K, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Functional characterization of choline monooxygenase, an enzyme for betaine synthesis in plants. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 41352-41360 (2002).

Holmstrom KO, Somersalo S, Mandal A, Palva TE, Welin B. Improved tolerance to salinity and low temperature in transgenic tobacco producing glycine betaine. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 177-185 (2000).

Liu JY, Luo AL, Liang Z. Isolation of choline monooxygenase of spinach leaves. Chin. Sci. Bull. 43: 1848-1848 (1998).

Liu JY, Yi YJ, Luo AL, Ma DQ, Wang XC, Liang Z. Purification and antibody preparation of choline monooxygenase in spinach leaves. Acta Bot. Sin. 41: 785-787 (1999).

McNeil SD, Rhodes D, Russell BL, Nuccio ML, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD. Metabolic modeling identifies key constraints on an engineered glycine betaine synthesis pathway in tobacco. Plant Physiol. 124: 153-162 (2000).

Meng YL, Wang YM, Zhang B, Nii N. Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions. Cell Res. 11: 187-193 (2001).

Niu X, Zheng W, Lu BR, Ren G, Huang W, Wang S, Liu J, Tang Z, Luo D, Wang Y, Liu Y. An unusual posttranscriptional processing in two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase loci of cereal crops directed by short, direct repeats in response to stress conditions. Plant Physiol. 143: 1929-1942 (2007).

Nuccio ML, McNeil SD, Ziemak MJ, Hanson AD, Jain RK, Selvaraj G. Choline import into chloroplasts limits glycine betaine synthesis in tobacco: analysis of plants engineered with a chloroplastic or a cytosolic pathway. Metab. Eng. 2: 300-311 (2000).

Nuccio ML, Russell BL, Nolte KD, Rathinasabapathi B, Gage DA, Hanson AD. The endogenous choline supply limits glycine betaine synthesis in transgenic tobacco expressing choline monooxygenase. Plant J. 16: 487-496 (1998).

Rathinasabapathi B, Burnet M, Russell BL, Gage DA, Liao PC, Nye GJ, Scott P, Golbeck JH, Hanson AD. Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 3454-3458 (1997).

Rathinasabapathi B, Sigua C, Ho J, Gage DA. Osmoprotectant beta-alanine betaine synthesis in the Plumbaginaceae: S-adenosyl-L-methionine dependent N-methylation of beta-alanine to its betaine is via N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl beta-alanines. Physiol. Plant. 109: 225-231 (2000).

Rhodes D, McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Hanson AD. Metabolic engineering and flux analysis of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: progress and prospects. In (BN Kholodenko, HV Westerhoff, eds.) "Metabolic Engineering in the Post Genomic Era", Horizon Bioscience, Wymondham, Norfolk, U.K., pp. 409-434 (2004).

Russell BL, Rathinasabapathi B, Hanson AD. Osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth. Plant Physiol. 116: 859-865 (1998).

Sakamoto A, Murata N. The use of bacterial choline oxidase, a glycinebetaine-synthesizing enzyme, to create stress-resistant transgenic plants. Plant Physiol. 125: 180-188 (2001).

Shen YG, Du BX, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Cloning and characterization of CMO gene from Atriplex hortensis. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 17: 1-6 (2001).

Shen YG, Du BX, Zhang WK, Zhang JS, Chen SY. AhCMO, regulated by stresses in Atriplex hortensis, can improve drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105: 815-821 (2002).

Shirasawa K, Takabe T, Takabe T, Kishitani S. Accumulation of glycinebetaine in rice plants that overexpress choline monooxygenase from spinach and evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stress. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 98: 565-571 (2006).

Suzuki M, Yasumoto E, Baba S, Ashihara H. Effect of salt stress on the metabolism of ethanolamine and choline in leaves of the betaine-producing mangrove species Avicennia marina. Phytochemistry 64: 941-948 (2003).

Tabuchi T, Kawaguchi Y, Azuma T, Nanmori T, Yasuda T. Similar regulation patterns of choline monooxygenase, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in leaves of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia L. Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 505-513 (2005).

Wang LW, Showalter AM. Cloning and salt-induced, ABA-independent expression of choline monooxygenase in Atriplex prostrata. Physiol. Plant. 120: 405-412 (2004).

Wang YM, Meng YL, Ishikawa H, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Nii N, Takabe T. Photosynthetic adaptation to salt stress in three-color leaves of a C-4 plant Amaranthus tricolor. Plant Cell Physiol. 40: 668-674 (1999).

Wang YM, Meng YL, Nii N. Changes in glycine betaine and related enzyme contents in Amaranthus tricolor under salt stress. Zhi Wu Sheng Li Yu Fen Zi Sheng Wu Xue Xue Bao 30: 496-502 (2004).

Wood AJ, Saneoka H, Rhodes D, Joly RJ, Goldsbrough PB. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in sorghum. Plant Physiol. 110: 1301-1308 (1996).

Zhang J, Tan W, Yang XH, Zhang HX. Plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1113-1124 (2008).

Zhang JH, Okubo A, Yamazaki S. Determination of betaine aldehyde in plants by low-pH capillary electrophoresis. Bunseki Kagaku 46: 509-511 (1997).

Number of references = 31