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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, chlorate

Antipov AN, Sorokin DY, L'vov NP, Kuenen JG. New enzyme belonging to the family of molybdenum-free nitrate reductases. Biochem. J. 369: 185-189 (2003).

Bedzyk L, Wang T, Ye RW. The periplasmic nitrate reductase in Pseudomonas sp. strain G-179 catalyzes the first step of denitrification. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2802-2806 (1999).

Bell LC, Page MD, Berks BC, Richardson DJ, Ferguson SJ. Insertion of transposon Tn5 into a structural gene of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase of Thiosphaera pantotropha results in anaerobic overexpression of periplasmic nitrate reductase activity. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 3205-3214 (1993).

Bender KS, Shang C, Chakraborty R, Belchik SM, Coates JD, Achenbach LA. Identification, characterization, and classification of genes encoding perchlorate reductase. J. Bacteriol. 187: 5090-5096 (2005).

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant (Clo- R) of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH: heterocyst formation and N(2)-fixation in the presence of nitrate, and evidence for separate nitrate and nitrite transport systems. Curr. Microbiol. 45: 99-104 (2002).

Borges R, Miguel EC, Dias JMR, da Cunha M, Bressan-Smith RE, de Oliveira JG, de Souza GA. Ultrastructural, physiological and biochemical analyses of chlorate toxicity on rice seedlings. Plant Sci. 166: 1057-1062 (2004).

Boxer DH. Involvement of the chlorate resistance loci and the molybdenum cofactor in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli nitrate reductase. In "Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Nitrate Assimilation" (JL Wray, JR Kinghorn eds) Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, pp. 27-39 (1989).

Cao D, Froehlich JE, Zhang H, Cheng CL. The chlorate-resistant and photomorphogenesis-defective mutant cr88 encodes a chloroplast-targeted HSP90. Plant J. 33: 107-118 (2003).

Cao D, Lin Y, Cheng CL. Genetic interactions between the chlorate-resistant mutant cr88 and the photomorphogenic mutants cop1 and hy5. Plant Cell 12: 199-210 (2000).

Castillo F, Dobao MM, Reyes F, Blasco R, Roldán MD, Gavira M, Caballero FJ, Moreno-Vivián C, Martínez-Luque M. Molecular and regulatory properties of the nitrate reducing systems of Rhodobacter. Curr. Microbiol. 33: 341-346 (1996).

Danielsson H, Stenklo TK, Karlsson J, Nilsson T. A gene cluster for chlorate metabolism in Ideonella dechloratans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5585-5592 (2003).

Dayakar BV, Lin HJ, Chen CH, Ger MJ, Lee BH, Pai CH, Chow D, Huang HE, Hwang SY, Chung MC, Feng TY. Ferredoxin from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) intensifying harpin(pss)-mediated hypersensitive response shows an enhanced production of active oxygen species (AOS). Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 913-924 (2003).

de Queiroz MV, Barros AO, de Barros EG, Guimaraes V, de Araujo EF. Transformation of Penicillium griseoroseum nitrate reductase mutant with the nia gene from Fusarium oxysporum. Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 487-489 (1998).

Djennane S, Chauvin JE, Quillere I, Meyer C, Chupeau Y. Introduction and expression of a deregulated tobacco nitrate reductase gene in potato lead to highly reduced nitrate levels in transgenic tubers. Transgenic Res. 11: 175-184 (2002).

Fu YH, Young JL, Marzluf GA. Molecular cloning and characterization of a negative-acting nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa. Mol. Gen. Genet. 214: 74-79 (1988).

Gao-Rubinelli F, Marzluf GA. Identification and characterization of a nitrate transporter gene in Neurospora crassa. Biochem. Genet. 42: 21-34 (2004).

Garzon A, Li J, Flores A, Casadesus J, Stewart V. Molybdenum cofactor (chlorate-resistant) mutants of Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al can use hypoxanthine as the sole nitrogen source. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6298-6302 (1992).

Geelen D, Lurin C, Bouchez D, Frachisse JM, Lelievre F, Courtial B, Barbier-Brygoo H, Maurel C. Disruption of putative anion channel gene AtCLC-a in Arabidopsis suggests a role in the regulation of nitrate content. Plant J. 21: 259-267 (2000).

Gouka RJ, van Hartingsveldt W, Bovenberg RA, van den Hondel CA, van Gorcom RF. Cloning of the nitrate-nitrite reductase gene cluster of Penicillium chrysogenum and use of the niaD gene as a homologous selection marker. J. Biotechnol. 20: 189-199 (1991).

Hagedoorn PL, De Geus DC, Hagen WR. Spectroscopic characterization and ligand-binding properties of chlorite dismutase from the chlorate respiring bacterial strain GR-1. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 4905-4911 (2002).

Hasona A, Ray RM, Shanmugam KT. Physiological and genetic analyses leading to identification of a biochemical role for the moeA (molybdate metabolism) gene product in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 180: 1466-1472 (1998).

Heimer YM, Brusslan JA, Kenigsbuch D, Tobin EM. A chimeric Lhcb::Nia gene: an inducible counter selection system for mutants in the phytochrome signal transduction pathway. Plant Mol. Biol. 27: 129-136 (1995).

Hettmann T, Anemuller S, Borcherding H, Mathe L, Steinrucke P, Diekmann S. Pseudomonas stutzeri soluble nitrate reductase alphabeta-subunit is a soluble enzyme with a similar electronic structure at the active site as the inner membrane-bound alphabetagamma holoenzyme. FEBS Lett. 534: 143-150 (2003).

Howard K, Foster SG, Cooley RN, Caten CE. Disruption, replacement, and cosuppression of nitrate assimilation genes in Stagonospora nodorum. Fungal Genet. Biol. 26: 152-162 (1999).

Huang NC, Chiang CS, Crawford NM, Tsay YF. CHL1 encodes a component of the low-affinity nitrate uptake system in Arabidopsis and shows cell type-specific expression in roots. Plant Cell 8: 2183-2191 (1996).

Huang NC, Liu KH, Lo HJ, Tsay YF. Cloning and functional characterization of an Arabidopsis nitrate transporter gene that encodes a constitutive component of low-affinity uptake. Plant Cell 11: 1381-1392 (1999).

Khan A, Sarkar D. Identification of a respiratory-type nitrate reductase and its role for survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis in Wayne model. Microb. Pathog. 41: 90-95 (2006).

Kucera I. Passive penetration of nitrate through the plasma membrane of Paracoccus denitrificans and its potentiation by the lipophilic tetraphenylphosphonium cation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1557: 119-124 (2003).

LaBrie ST, Wilkinson JQ, Tsay YF, Feldmann KA, Crawford NM. Identification of two tungstate-sensitive molybdenum cofactor mutants, chl2 and chl7, of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Gen. Genet. 233: 169-176 (1992).

Lanfaloni L, Cappanna E, Gualerzi CO. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Spirulina platensis. New Microbiol. 17: 133-140 (1994).

Leiva-Presa A, Capdevila M, Gonzalez-Duarte P. Mercury(II) binding to metallothioneins. Variables governing the formation and structural features of the mammalian Hg-MT species. Eur. J. Biochem. 271: 4872-4880 (2004).

Leprinc AS, Grandbastien MA, Christian M. Retrotransposons of the Tnt1B family are mobile in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and can induce alternative splicing of the host gene upon insertion. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 533-541 (2001).

Lin SH, Kuo HF, Canivenc G, Lin CS, Lepetit M, Hsu PK, Tillard P, Lin HL, Wang YY, Tsai CB, Gojon A, Tsay YF. Mutation of the Arabidopsis NRT1.5 nitrate transporter causes defective root-to-shoot nitrate transport. Plant Cell 20: 2514-2528 (2008).

Lin Y, Cheng CL. A chlorate-resistant mutant defective in the regulation of nitrate reductase gene expression in Arabidopsis defines a new HY locus. Plant Cell 9: 21-35 (1997).

Machin F, Medina B, Navarro FJ, Perez MD, Veenhuis M, Tejera P, Lorenzo H, Lancha A, Siverio JM. The role of Ynt1 in nitrate and nitrite transport in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Yeast 21: 265-276 (2004).

Machin F, Perdomo G, Perez MD, Brito N, Siverio JM. Evidence for multiple nitrate uptake systems in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 194: 171-174 (2001).

Malardier L, Daboussi MJ, Julien J, Roussel F, Scazzocchio C, Brygoo Y. Cloning of the nitrate reductase gene (niaD) of Aspergillus nidulans and its use for transformation of Fusarium oxysporum. Gene 78: 147-156 (1989).

Marquez AJ, Betti M, Garcia-Calderon M, Pal'ove-Balang P, Diaz P, Monza J. Nitrate assimilation in Lotus japonicus. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1741-1749 (2005).

Martín Y, Navarro FJ, Siverio JM. Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana nitrate transporter CHL1 in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Plant Mol. Biol. 68: 215-224 (2008).

Marton L, Hrouda M, Pecsvaradi A, Czako M. T-DNA-insert-independent mutations induced in transformed plant cells during Agrobacterium co-cultivation. Transgenic Res. 3: 317-325 (1994).

Mehboob F, Junca H, Schraa G, Stams AJ. Growth of Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1(T) on n-alkanes with chlorate as electron acceptor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 83: 739-747 (2009).

Mihlan M, Homann V, Liu TW, Tudzynski B. AREA directly mediates nitrogen regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi, but its activity is not affected by NMR. Mol. Microbiol. 47: 975-991 (2003).

Motose H, Iwamoto K, Endo S, Demura T, Sakagami Y, Matsubayashi Y, Moore KL, Fukuda H. Involvement of phytosulfokine in the attenuation of stress response during the transdifferentiation of Zinnia mesophyll cells into tracheary elements. Plant Physiol. 150: 437-447 (2009).

Navarro MT, Mariscal V, Macias MI, Fernandez E, Galvan A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains expressing nitrate reductase under control of the cabII-1 promoter: isolation of chlorate resistant mutants and identification of new loci for nitrate assimilation. Photosynth. Res. 83: 151-161 (2005).

Perez MD, Gonzalez C, Avila J, Brito N, Siverio JM. The YNT1 gene encoding the nitrate transporter in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is clustered with genes YNI1 and YNR1 encoding nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase, and its disruption causes inability to grow in nitrate. Biochem. J. 321: 397-403 (1997).

Pignocchi C, Berardi E, Cox BS. Nitrate reduction and the isolation of Nit- mutants in Hansenula polymorpha. Microbiology 144: 2323-2330 (1998).

Polcyn W, Lucinski R. Dissimilatory nitrate reductase from Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus): subcellular location, catalytic properties, and characterization of the active enzyme forms. Curr. Microbiol. 52: 231-237 (2006).

Porch TG, Tseung CW, Schmelz EA, Mark Settles A. The maize Viviparous10/Viviparous13 locus encodes the Cnx1 gene required for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Plant J. 45: 250-263 (2006).

Prieto R, Dubus A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Isolation and characterization of two new negative regulatory mutants for nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii obtained by insertional mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251: 461-471 (1996).

Prieto R, Fernandez E. Toxicity of and mutagenesis by chlorate are independent of nitrate reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237: 429-438 (1993).

Rai AK, Tiwari SP. Mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 altered in nitrate transport and reduction. Curr. Microbiol. 39: 237-243 (1999).

Renckens S, De Greve H, Beltran-Herrera J, Toong LT, Deboeck F, De Rycke R, Van Montagu M, Hernalsteens JP. Insertion mutagenesis and study of transposable elements using a new unstable virescent seedling allele for isolation of haploid petunia lines. Plant J. 10: 533-544 (1996).

Ridley H, Watts CA, Richardson DJ, Butler CS. Resolution of distinct membrane-bound enzymes from Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 that are responsible for selective reduction of nitrate and selenate oxyanions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 5173-5180 (2006).

Sandhu SS, Kinghorn JR, Rajak RC, Unkles SE. Transformation system of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae using nitrate reductase gene of Aspergillus nidulans. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 39: 650-653 (2001).

Schoenmakers HC, Koornneef M, Alefs SJ, Gerrits WF, van der Kop D, Cherel I, Caboche M. Isolation and characterization of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Mol. Gen. Genet. 227: 458-464 (1991).

Simon J, Sanger M, Schuster SC, Gross R. Electron transport to periplasmic nitrate reductase (NapA) of Wolinella succinogenes is independent of a NapC protein. Mol. Microbiol. 49: 69-79 (2003).

Sun Y, Gao X, Li Q, Zhang Q, Xu Z. Functional complementation of a nitrate reductase defective mutant of a green alga Dunaliella viridis by introducing the nitrate reductase gene. Gene 377: 140-149 (2006).

Unkles SE, Heck IS, Appleyard MV, Kinghorn JR. Eukaryotic molybdopterin synthase. Biochemical and molecular studies of Aspergillus nidulans cnxG and cnxH mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 19286-19293 (1999).

van Wijk DJ, Kroon SG, Garttener-Arends IC. Toxicity of chlorate and chlorite to selected species of algae, bacteria, and fungi. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 40: 206-211 (1998).

Wang JJ, Tessier C, Holm RH. Analogue reaction systems of selenate reductase. Inorg. Chem. 45: 2979-2988 (2006).

Wang R, Crawford NM. Genetic identification of a gene involved in constitutive, high-affinity nitrate transport in higher plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 9297-9301 (1996).

Weelink SA, Tan NC, Ten Broeke H, van den Kieboom C, van Doesburg W, Langenhoff AA, Gerritse J, Junca H, Stams AJ. Isolation and characterization of Alicycliphilus denitrificans strain BC that grows on benzene with chlorate as electron acceptor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 6672-6681 (2008).

Whitehead MP, Gurr SJ, Grieve C, Unkles SE, Spence D, Ramsden M, Kinghorn JR. Homologous transformation of Cephalosporium acremonium with the nitrate reductase-encoding gene (niaD). Gene 90: 193-198 (1990).

Wilkinson JQ, Crawford NM. Identification and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with mutations in both nitrate reductase structural genes NIA1 and NIA2. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239: 289-297 (1993).

Wilkinson JQ, Crawford NM. Identification of the Arabidopsis CHL3 gene as the nitrate reductase structural gene NIA2. Plant Cell 3: 461-471 (1991).

Wolterink AF, Jonker AB, Kengen SW, Stams AJ. Pseudomonas chloritidismutans sp. nov., a non-denitrifying, chlorate-reducing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52: 2183-2190 (2002).

Wu TS, Linz JE. Recombinational inactivation of the gene encoding nitrate reductase in Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 2998-3002 (1993).

Yang SH, Berberich T, Miyazaki A, Sano H, Kusano T. Ntdin, a tobacco senescence-associated gene, is involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 1037-1044 (2003).

Zhang D, Lefebvre PA. FAR1, a negative regulatory locus required for the repression of the nitrate reductase gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 146: 121-133 (1997).

Zhao CM, Hasegawa H, Ichii M. A chlorate resistant mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with normal nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase activity. Breeding Sci. 50: 9-15 (2000).

Number of references = 70

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Last Update: 10/01/09