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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
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His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, chalcone synthase

Abe I, Utsumi Y, Oguro S, Noguchi H 2004 The first plant type III polyketide synthase that catalyzes formation of aromatic heptaketide. FEBS Lett. 562: 171-176.

Akashi T, Aoki T, Ayabe Si 1999 Cloning and functional expression of a cytochrome P450 cDNA encoding 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase involved in biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid skeleton in licorice. Plant Physiol. 121: 821-828.

Akiyama T, Shibuya M, Liu HM, Ebizuka Y 1999 p-Coumaroyltriacetic acid synthase, a new homologue of chalcone synthase, from Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii. Eur. J. Biochem. 263: 834-839.

Albrecht H, Yoder JI, Phillips DA 1999 Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. Plant Physiol. 119: 585-592.

Alkharouf NW, Klink VP, Chouikha IB, Beard HS, Macdonald MH, Meyer S, Knap HT, Khan R, Matthews BF 2006 Timecourse microarray analyses reveal global changes in gene expression of susceptible Glycine max (soybean) roots during infection by Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode). Planta 224: 838-852.

Aloni R, Schwalm K, Langhans M, Ullrich CI 2003 Gradual shifts in sites of free-auxin production during leaf-primordium development and their role in vascular differentiation and leaf morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Planta 216: 841-853.

An C, Ichinose Y, Yamada T, Tanaka Y, Shiraishi T, Oku H 1993 Organization of the genes encoding chalcone synthase in Pisum sativum. Plant Mol. Biol. 21: 789-803.

Arfaoui A, El Hadrami A, Mabrouk Y, Sifi B, Boudabous A, El Hadrami I, Daayf F, Cherif M 2007 Treatment of chickpea with Rhizobium isolates enhances the expression of phenylpropanoid defense-related genes in response to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 45: 470-479.

Atanassov I, Russinova E, Antonov L, Atanassov A 1998 Expression of an anther-specific chalcone synthase-like gene is correlated with uninucleate microspore development in Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 1169-1178.

Baldridge GD, O'Neill NR, Samac DA 1998 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mRNA and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 999-1010.

Ban Y, Honda C, Bessho H, Pang XM, Moriguchi T 2007 Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies genes induced in response to UV-B irradiation in apple skin: isolation of a putative UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1825-1834.

Beld M, Martin C, Huits H, Stuitje AR, Gerats AG 1989 Flavonoid synthesis in Petunia hybrida: partial characterization of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 13: 491-502.

Beritogoli I, Magel E, Abdel-Latif A, Charpentier JP, Jay-Allemand C, Breton C 2002 Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in Juglans nigra. Tree Physiol. 22: 291-300.

Bharti AK, Khurana JP 1997 Mutants of Arabidopsis as tools to understand the regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway and UVB protection mechanisms. Photochem. Photobiol. 65: 765-776.

Bieza K, Lois R 2001 An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-B levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavonoids and other phenolics. Plant Physiol. 126: 1105-1115.

Boddu J, Jiang C, Sangar V, Olson T, Peterson T, Chopra S 2006 Comparative structural and functional characterization of sorghum and maize duplications containing orthologous myb transcription regulators of 3-deoxyflavonoid biosynthesis. Plant Mol. Biol. 60: 185-199.

Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP 1996 Analysis of the expression of anthocyanin pathway genes in developing Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz grape berries and the implications for pathway regulation. Plant Physiol. 111: 1059-1066.

Bottcher C, Roepenack-Lahaye EV, Schmidt J, Schmotz C, Neumann S, Scheel D, Clemens S 2008 Metabolome analysis of biosynthetic mutants reveals diversity of metabolic changes and allows identification of a large number of new compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 147: 2107-2120.

Brand S, Holscher D, Schierhorn A, Svatos A, Schroder J, Schneider B 2006 A type III polyketide synthase from Wachendorfia thyrsiflora and its role in diarylheptanoid and phenylphenalenone biosynthesis. Planta 224: 413-428.

Brosche M, Strid A 1999 Cloning, expression, and molecular characterization of a small pea gene family regulated by low levels of ultraviolet B radiation and other stresses. Plant Physiol. 121: 479-488.

Brown DE, Rashotte AM, Murphy AS, Normanly J, Tague BW, Peer WA, Taiz L, Muday GK 2001 Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126: 524-535.

Bruce W, Folkerts O, Garnaat C, Crasta O, Roth B, Bowen B 2000 Expression profiling of the maize flavonoid pathway genes controlled by estradiol-inducible transcription factors CRC and P. Plant Cell 12: 65-80.

Buchholz G, Ehmann B, Wellmann E 1995 Ultraviolet light inhibition of phytochrome-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and DNA photolyase formation in mustard cotyledons (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Physiol. 108: 227-234.

Buer CS, Sukumar P, Muday GK 2006 Ethylene modulates flavonoid accumulation and gravitropic responses in roots of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 140: 1384-1396.

Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B 1999 Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 12929-12934.

Cain CC, Saslowsky DE, Walker RA, Shirley BW 1997 Expression of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase proteins in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 377-381.

Chen JC, Jiang CZ, Gookin TE, Hunter DA, Clark DG, Reid MS 2004 Chalcone synthase as a reporter in virus-induced gene silencing studies of flower senescence. Plant Mol. Biol. 55: 521-530.

Chiou CY, Yeh KW 2008 Differential expression of MYB gene (OgMYB1) determines color patterning in floral tissue of Oncidium Gower Ramsey. Plant Mol. Biol. 66: 379-388.

Christensen AB, Gregersen PL, Schroder J, Collinge DB 1998 A chalcone synthase with an unusual substrate preference is expressed in barley leaves in response to UV light and pathogen attack. Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 849-857.

Claudot AC, Ernst D, Sandermann H, Drouet A 1997 Chalcone synthase activity and polyphenolic compounds of shoot tissues from adult and rejuvenated walnut trees. Planta 203: 275-282.

Collette VE, Jameson PE, Schwinn KE, Umaharan P, Davies KM 2004 Temporal and spatial expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in flowers of Anthurium andraeanum. Physiol. Plant. 122: 297-304.

Colliver SP, Morris P, Robbins MP 1997 Differential modification of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis with an antisense chalcone synthase construct in transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 509-522.

Courtney-Gutterson N, Napoli C, Lemieux C, Morgan A, Firoozabady E, Robinson KE 1994 Modification of flower color in florist's chrysanthemum: production of a white-flowering variety through molecular genetics. Biotechnology (N.Y.) 12: 268-271.

Davies GJ, Sheikh MA, Ratcliffe OJ, Coupland G, Furner IJ 1997 Genetics of homology-dependent gene silencing in Arabidopsis; a role for methylation. Plant J. 12: 791-804.

De Luca V, Laflamme P 2001 The expanding universe of alkaloid biosynthesis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 225-233.

de Meaux J, Goebel U, Pop A, Mitchell-Olds T 2005 Allele-specific assay reveals functional variation in the chalcone synthase promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana that is compatible with neutral evolution. Plant Cell 17: 676-690.

Deng C, Davis TM 2001 Molecular identification of the yellow fruit color (c) locus in diploid strawberry: a candidate gene approach. Theor. Appl. Genet. 103: 316-322.

Devic M, Guilleminot J, Debeaujon I, Bechtold N, Bensaude E, Koornneef M, Pelletier G, Delseny M 1999 The BANYULS gene encodes a DFR-like protein and is a marker of early seed coat development. Plant J. 19: 387-398.

Dong X, Braun EL, Grotewold E 2001 Functional conservation of plant secondary metabolic enzymes revealed by complementation of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants with maize genes. Plant Physiol. 127: 46-57.

Durbin ML, McCaig B, Clegg MT 2000 Molecular evolution of the chalcone synthase multigene family in the morning glory genome. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 79-92.

Ebel J, Schmidt WE, Loyal R 1984 Phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cells: elicitor induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs and correlation with phytoalexin accumulation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 232: 240-248.

Eckermann C, Schroder G, Eckermann S, Strack D, Schmidt J, Schneider B, Schroder J 2003 Stilbenecarboxylate biosynthesis: a new function in the family of chalcone synthase-related proteins. Phytochemistry 62: 271-286.

El Euch C, Jay-Allemand C, Pastuglia M, Doumas P, Charpentier JP, Capelli P, Jouanin L 1998 Expression of antisense chalcone synthase RNA in transgenic hybrid walnut microcuttings. Effect on flavonoid content and rooting ability. Plant Mol. Biol. 38: 467-479.

Feinbaum RL, Ausubel FM 1988 Transcriptional regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 1985-1992.

Ferrer JL, Austin MB, Stewart C Jr, Noel JP 2008 Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 46: 356-370.

Ferrer JL, Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP 1999 Structure of chalcone synthase and the molecular basis of plant polyketide biosynthesis. Nat. Struct. Biol. 6: 775-784.

Focks N, Sagasser M, Weisshaar B, Benning C 1999 Characterization of tt15, a novel transparent testa mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 208: 352-357.

Franca SC, Roberto PG, Marins MA, Puga RD, Rodrigues A, Pereira JO 2001 Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in sugarcane. Genet. Mol. Biol. 24: 243-250.

Franken P, Niesbach-Klosgen U, Weydemann U, Marechal-Drouard L, Saedler H, Wienand U 1991 The duplicated chalcone synthase genes C2 and Whp (white pollen) of Zea mays are independently regulated; evidence for translational control of Whp expression by the anthocyanin intensifying gene in. EMBO J. 10: 2605-2612.

Fukada-Tanaka S, Hoshino A, Hisatomi Y, Habu Y, Hasebe M, Iida S 1997 Identification of new chalcone synthase genes for flower pigmentation in the Japanese and common morning glories. Plant Cell Physiol. 38: 754-758.

Funa N, Ohnishi Y, Fujii I, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Horinouchi S 1999 A new pathway for polyketide synthesis in microorganisms. Nature 400: 897-899.

Gallego ME, Sirand-Pugnet P, White CI 1999 Positive-negative selection and T-DNA stability in Arabidopsis transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 83-93.

Glassgen WE, Rose A, Madlung J, Koch W, Gleitz J, Seitz HU 1998 Regulation of enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrot cell cultures in response to treatment with ultraviolet light and fungal elicitors. Planta 204: 490-498.

Gong Z, Yamazaki M, Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Saito K 1997 Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and expressed in a forma-specific manner in Perilla frutescens. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 915-927.

Graham MY 2005 The diphenylether herbicide lactofen induces cell death and expression of defense-related genes in soybean. Plant Physiol. 139: 1784-1794.

Grotewold E, Chamberlin M, Snook M, Siame B, Butler L, Swenson J, Maddock S, Clair GS, Bowen B 1998 Engineering secondary metabolism in maize cells by ectopic expression of transcription factors. Plant Cell 10: 721-740.

Hanumappa M, Choi G, Ryu S, Choi G 2007 Modulation of flower colour by rationally designed dominant-negative chalcone synthase. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2471-2478.

Harrison MJ, Choudhary AD, Dubery I, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA 1991 Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). 8. Cis-elements and trans-acting factors for the quantitative expression of a bean chalcone synthase gene promoter in electroporated alfalfa protoplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 16: 877-890.

Hartmann U, Sagasser M, Mehrtens F, Stracke R, Weisshaar B 2005 Differential combinatorial interactions of cis-acting elements recognized by R2R3-MYB, BZIP, and BHLH factors control light-responsive and tissue-specific activation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 57: 155-171.

Hartmann U, Valentine WJ, Christie JM, Hays J, Jenkins GI, Weisshaar B 1998 Identification of UV/blue light-response elements in the Arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase promoter using a homologous protoplast transient expression system. Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 741-754.

Heinekamp T, Kuhlmann M, Lenk A, Strathmann A, Droge-Laser W 2002 The tobacco bZIP transcription factor BZI-1 binds to G-box elements in the promoters of phenylpropanoid pathway genes in vitro, but it is not involved in their regulation in vivo. Mol. Genet. Genomics 267: 16-26.

Hellmann H, Funck D, Rentsch D, Frommer WB 2000 Hypersensitivity of an Arabidopsis sugar signaling mutant toward exogenous proline application. Plant Physiol. 123: 779-790.

Hellmann H, Funck D, Rentsch D, Frommer WB 2000 Hypersensitivity of an Arabidopsis sugar signaling mutant toward exogenous proline application. Plant Physiol. 122: 357-368.

Hemleben V, Dressel A, Epping B, Lukacin R, Martens S, Austin M 2004 Characterization and structural features of a chalcone synthase mutation in a white-flowering line of Matthiola incana R. Br. (Brassicaceae). Plant Mol. Biol. 55: 455-465.

Hess WR, Muller A, Nagy F, Borner T 1994 Ribosome-deficient plastids affect transcription of light-induced nuclear genes: genetic evidence for a plastid-derived signal. Mol. Gen. Genet. 242: 305-312.

Hirner AA, Seitz HU 2000 Isoforms of chalcone synthase in Daucus carota L. and their differential expression in organs from the European wild carrot and in ultraviolet-A-irradiated cell cultures. Planta 210: 993-998.

Hirner AA, Veit S, Seitz HU 2001 Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in UV-A-irradiated cell cultures of carrot and in organs of intact carrot plants. Plant Sci. 161: 315-322.

Hoffmann T, Kalinowski G, Schwab W 2006 RNAi-induced silencing of gene expression in strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa) by agroinfiltration: a rapid assay for gene function analysis. Plant J. 48: 818-826.

Hrazdina G, Weeden NF 1986 Enzymatic control of anthocyanin expression in the flowers of pea (Pisum sativum) mutants. Biochem. Genet. 24: 309-317.

Huang Z, Liang M, Peng J, Xing T, Wang X 2008 Exogenous ammonium inhibits petal pigmentation and expansion in Gerbera hybrida. Physiol. Plant. 133: 254-265.

Iannetta PP, Escobar NM, Ross HA, Souleyre EJ, Hancock RD, Witte CP, Davies HV 2004 Identification, cloning and expression analysis of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) mitochondrial citrate synthase and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Physiol. Plant. 121: 15-26.

Jaakola L, Maatta K, Pirttila AM, Torronen R, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A 2002 Expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development. Plant Physiol. 130: 729-739.

Jaakola L, Maatta-Riihinen K, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A 2004 Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis by solar radiation in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L) leaves. Planta 218: 721-728.

Jain A, Poling MD, Karthikeyan AS, Blakeslee JJ, Peer WA, Titapiwatanakun B, Murphy AS, Raghothama KG 2007 Differential effects of sucrose and auxin on localized phosphate deficiency-induced modulation of different traits of root system architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 144: 232-247.

James DW Jr, Lim E, Keller J, Plooy I, Ralston E, Dooner HK 1995 Directed tagging of the Arabidopsis FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 (FAE1) gene with the maize transposon activator. Plant Cell 7: 309-319.

Jenkins GI 1997 UV and blue light signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ. 20: 773-778.

Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP 2000 Structure and mechanism of the evolutionarily unique plant enzyme chalcone isomerase. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7: 786-791.

Jiang C, Schommer CK, Kim SY, Suh DY 2006 Cloning and characterization of chalcone synthase from the moss, Physcomitrella patens. Phytochemistry 67: 2531-2540.

Johansen W, Wilson RC 2008 Viral suppressor proteins show varying abilities and effectiveness to suppress transgene-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing of endogenous Chalcone synthase in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 911-921.

Jorgensen RA, Cluster PD, English J, Que Q, Napoli CA 1996 Chalcone synthase cosuppression phenotypes in petunia flowers: comparison of sense vs. antisense constructs and single-copy vs. complex T-DNA sequences. Plant Mol. Biol. 31: 957-973.

Junghanns KT, Kneusel RE, Groger D, Matern U 1998 Differential regulation and distribution of acridone synthase in Ruta graveolens. Phytochemistry 49: 403-411.

Juvvadi PR, Seshime Y, Kitamoto K 2005 Genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. J. Microbiol. 43 :475-486.

Kalbin G, Ohlsson AB, Berglund T, Rydstrom J, Strid A 1997 Ultraviolet-B-radiation-induced changes in nicotinamide and glutathione metabolism and gene expression in plants. Eur. J. Biochem. 249: 465-472.

Kalbina I, Strid A 2006 Supplementary ultraviolet-B irradiation reveals differences in stress responses between Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 754-763.

Kang X, Ni M 2006 Arabidopsis SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 contains SPX and EXS domains and acts in cryptochrome signaling. Plant Cell 18: 921-934.

Kasai A, Kasai K, Yumoto S, Senda M 2007 Structural features of GmIRCHS, candidate of the I gene inhibiting seed coat pigmentation in soybean: implications for inducing endogenous RNA silencing of chalcone synthase genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 64: 467-479.

Kato H, Wada M, Muraya K, Malik K, Shiraishi T, Ichinose Y, Yamada T 1995 Characterization of nuclear factors for elicitor-mediated activation of the promoter of the pea phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene 1. Plant Physiol. 108: 129-139.

Kliebenstein DJ, Lim JE, Landry LG, Last RL 2002 Arabidopsis UVR8 regulates ultraviolet-B signal transduction and tolerance and contains sequence similarity to human regulator of chromatin condensation 1. Plant Physiol. 130: 234-243.

Koes RE, Spelt CE, van den Elzen PJ, Mol JN 1989 Cloning and molecular characterization of the chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida. Gene 81: 245-257.

Koes RE, Van Blokland R, Quattrocchio F, Van Tunen AJ, Mol J 1990 Chalcone synthase promoters in petunia are active in pigmented and unpigmented cell types. Plant Cell 2: 379-392.

Kubasek WL, Ausubel FM, Shirley BW 1998 A light-independent developmental mechanism potentiates flavonoid gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 37: 217-223.

Kumar A, Ellis BE 2003 A family of polyketide synthase genes expressed in ripening Rubus fruits. Phytochemistry 62: 513-526.

Laplaze L, Gherbi H, Frutz T, Pawlowski K, Franche C, Macheix JJ, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Duhoux E 1999 Flavan-containing cells delimit Frankia-infected compartments in Casuarina glauca nodules. Plant Physiol. 121: 113-122.

Lawton MA, Dixon RA, Hahlbrock K, Lamb CJ 1983 Elicitor induction of mRNA activity. Rapid effects of elicitor on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNA activities in bean cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 130: 131-139.

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Li H, Flachowsky H, Fischer TC, Hanke MV, Forkmann G, Treutter D, Schwab W, Hoffmann T, Szankowski I 2007 Maize Lc transcription factor enhances biosynthesis of anthocyanins, distinct proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Planta 226: 1243-1254.

Lindsay WP, McAlister FM, Zhu Q, He XZ, Droge-Laser W, Hedrick S, Doerner P, Lamb C, Dixon RA 2002 KAP-2, a protein that binds to the H-box in a bean chalcone synthase promoter, is a novel plant transcription factor with sequence identity to the large subunit of human Ku autoantigen. Plant Mol. Biol. 49: 503-514.

Lister C, Jackson D, Martin C 1993 Transposon-induced inversion in Antirrhinum modifies nivea gene expression to give a novel flower color pattern under the control of cycloidearadialis. Plant Cell 5: 1541-1553.

Liu B, Falkenstein-Paul H, Schmidt W, Beerhues L 2003 Benzophenone synthase and chalcone synthase from Hypericum androsaemum cell cultures: cDNA cloning, functional expression, and site-directed mutagenesis of two polyketide synthases. Plant J. 34: 847-855.

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Lo SC, Nicholson RL 1998 Reduction of light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in inoculated sorghum mesocotyls. Implications for a compensatory role in the defense response. Plant Physiol. 116: 979-989.

Logemann E, Tavernaro A, Schulz W, Somssich IE, Hahlbrock K 2000 UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 1903-1907.

Lohmann A, Schottler MA, Brehelin C, Kessler F, Bock R, Cahoon EB, Dormann P 2006 Deficiency in phylloquinone (vitamin K1) methylation affects prenyl quinone distribution, photosystem I abundance and anthocyanin accumulation in the arabidopsis AtmenG mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 40461-40472.

Long JC, Jenkins GI 1998 Involvement of plasma membrane redox activity and calcium homeostasis in the UV-B and UV-A/blue light induction of gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10: 2077-2086.

Loyall L, Uchida K, Braun S, Furuya M, Frohnmeyer H 2000 Glutathione and a UV light-induced glutathione S-transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Plant Cell 12: 1939-1950.

Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Zernova OV, Ulanov AV, Li S, Hartman GL, Widholm JM 2007 Modification of phenolic metabolism in soybean hairy roots through down regulation of chalcone synthase or isoflavone synthase. Planta 225: 665-679.

Mahroug S, Courdavault V, Thiersault M, St-Pierre B, Burlat V 2006 Epidermis is a pivotal site of at least four secondary metabolic pathways in Catharanthus roseus aerial organs. Planta 223: 1191-1200.

McKhann HI, Hirsch AM 1994 Isolation of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase cDNAs from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): highest transcript levels occur in young roots and root tips. Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 767-777.

Mehrtens F, Kranz H, Bednarek P, Weisshaar B 2005 The Arabidopsis transcription factor MYB12 is a flavonol-specific regulator of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 138: 1083-1096.

Metzlaff M, O'Dell M, Cluster PD, Flavell RB 1997 RNA-mediated RNA degradation and chalcone synthase A silencing in petunia. Cell 88: 845-854.

Metzlaff M, O'Dell M, Hellens R, Flavell RB 2000 Developmentally and transgene regulated nuclear processing of primary transcripts of chalcone synthase A in petunia. Plant J. 23: 63-72.

Moalem-Beno D, Tamari G, Leitner-Dagan Y, Borochov A, Weiss D 1997 Sugar-dependent gibberellin-induced chalcone synthase gene expression in petunia corollas. Plant Physiol. 113: 419-424.

Mori T, Sakurai M, Sakuta M 2001 Effects of conditioned medium on activities of PAL, CHS, DAHP synthase (DS-Co and DS-Mn) and anthocyanin production in suspension cultures of Fragaria ananassa. Plant Sci. 160: 355-360.

Moscovici S, Moalem-Beno D, Weiss D 1996 Leaf-mediated light responses in petunia flowers. Plant Physiol. 110: 1275-1282.

Muller R, Nilsson L, Nielsen LK, Nielsen TH 2005 Interaction between phosphate starvation signalling and hexokinase-independent sugar sensing in Arabidopsis leaves. Physiol. Plant. 124: 81-90.

Nakatsuka T, Nishihara M, Mishiba K, Yamamura S 2005 Two different mutations are involved in the formation of white-flowered gentian plants. Plant Sci. 169: 949-958.

Napoli C, Lemieux C, Jorgensen R 1990 Introduction of a chimeric chalcone synthase gene into petunia results in reversible co-suppression of homologous genes in trans. Plant Cell 2: 279-289.

Napoli CA, Fahy D, Wang HY, Taylor LP 1999 white anther: A petunia mutant that abolishes pollen flavonol accumulation, induces male sterility, and is complemented by a chalcone synthase transgene. Plant Physiol. 120: 615-622.

Noda N, Kanno Y, Kato N, Kazuma K, Suzuki M 2004 Regulation of gene expression involved in flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis during petal development in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). Physiol. Plant. 122: 305-313.

Noh B, Spalding EP 1998 Anion channels and the stimulation of anthocyanin accumulation by blue light in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol. 116: 503-509.

O'Neill SD, Tong Y, Sporlein B, Forkmann G, Yoder JI 1990 Molecular genetic analysis of chalcone synthase in Lycopersicon esculentum and an anthocyanin-deficient mutant. Mol. Gen. Genet. 224: 279-288.

Ono E, Hatayama M, Isono Y, Sato T, Watanabe R, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Nishino T, Nakayama T 2006 Localization of a flavonoid biosynthetic polyphenol oxidase in vacuoles. Plant J. 45: 133-143.

Ozeki Y, Sakano K, Komamine A, Tanaka Y, Noguchi H, Sankawa U, Suzuki T 1985 Purification and some properties of chalcone synthase from a carrot suspension culture induced for anthocyanin synthesis and preparation of its specific antiserum. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 98: 9-17.

Pan H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Fang C, Nan P, Wang X, Li X, Wei Y, Chen J 2008 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase functions as a switch directly controlling the accumulation of calycosin and calycosin-7-O-{beta}-D-glucoside in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus plants. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 3027-3037.

Paolacci AR, D'Ovidio R, Marabottini R, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Abenavoli MR, Badiani M 2001 Ozone induces a differential accumulation of phenyalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase RNA transcripts in sensitive and resistant bean cultivars. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28: 425-428.

Pelletier MK, Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B 1999 Disruption of specific flavonoid genes enhances the accumulation of flavonoid enzymes and end-products in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 45-54.

Pelletier MK, Shirley BW 1996 Analysis of flavanone 3-hydroxylase in Arabidopsis seedlings. Coordinate regulation with chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase. Plant Physiol. 111: 339-345.

Peters JL, Szell M, Kendrick RE 1998 The expression of light-regulated genes in the high-pigment-1 mutant of tomato. Plant Physiol. 117: 797-807.

Pollak PE, Vogt T, Mo Y, Taylor LP 1993 Chalcone synthase and flavonol accumulation in stigmas and anthers of petunia hybrida. Plant Physiol. 102: 925-932.

Quattrocchio F, Wing JF, Leppen H, Mol J, Koes RE 1993 Regulatory genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation are functionally conserved among plant species and have distinct sets of target genes. Plant Cell 5: 1497-1512.

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Number of references = 199

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