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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
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Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
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Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
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HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, betaine and transport

Abdel-Ghany YS, Ihnat MA, Miller DD, Kunin CM, Tong HH 1993 Structure-activity relationship of glycine betaine analogs on osmotolerance of enteric bacteria. J. Med. Chem. 36: 784-789.

Abee T, Palmen R, Hellingwerf KJ, Konings WN 1990 Osmoregulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 172: 149-154.

Abee T, Wouters JA 1999 Microbial stress response in minimal processing Int. J. Food Microbiol. 50: 65-91.

Ahmad N, Wyn Jones RG, Jeschke WD 1987 Effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on Na+ transport in barley roots. J. Exp. Bot. 38: 913-922.

Albers SV, Koning SM, Konings WN, Driessen AJM 2004 Insights into ABC transport in archaea. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 36: 5-15.

Alfieri RR, Bonelli MA, Cavazzoni A, Briggotti M, Fumarola C, Sestili P, Mozzoni P, DE Palma G, Mutti A, Carnicelli D, Vacondio F, Silva C, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP, Petronini PG 2006 Creatine as a compatible osmolyte in muscle cells exposed to hypertonic stress. J. Physiol. 576: 391-401.

Alfieri RR, Cavazzoni A, Petronini PG, Bonelli MA, Caccamo AE, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP 2002 Compatible osmolytes modulate the response of porcine endothelial cells to hypertonicity and protect them from apoptosis. J. Physiol. 540: 499-508.

Alfieri RR, Petronini PG, Bonelli MA, Desenzani S, Cavazzoni A, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP 2004 Roles of compatible osmolytes and heat shock protein 70 in the induction of tolerance to stresses in porcine endothelial cells. J. Physiol. (London) 555: 757-767.

Allard F, Houde M, Krol M, Ivanov A, Huner NPA, Sarhan F 1998 Betaine improves freezing tolerance in wheat. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 1194-1202.

Alloing G, Travers I, Sagot B, Le Rudulier D, Dupont L 2006 Proline betaine uptake in Sinorhizobium meliloti: characterization of Prb, an Opp-like ABC transporter regulated by both proline betaine and salinity stress. J. Bacteriol. 188: 6308-6317.

Amin US, Lash TD, Wilkinson BJ 1995 Proline betaine is a highly effective osmoprotectant for Staphylococcus aureus. Arch. Microbiol. 163: 138-142.

Andresen PA, Kaasen I, Styrvold OB, Boulnois G, Strom AR 1988 Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 1737-1746.

Angelidis AS, Smith GM 2003 Role of the glycine betaine and carnitine transporters in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to chill stress in defined medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 7492-7498.

Angelidis AS, Smith LT, Hoffman LM, Smith GM 2002 Identification of opuC as a chill-activated and osmotically activated carnitine transporter in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2644-2650.

Angelidis AS, Smith LT, Smith GM 2002 Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 75: 1-9.

Anthoni U, Christophersen C, Hougaard L, Nielsen PH 1991 Quaternay ammonium compounds in the biosphere - an example of a versatile adaptive strategy. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [B] 99: 1-18.

Asha H, Gowrishankar J 1993 Regulation of kdp operon expression in Escherichia coli: evidence against turgor as signal for transcriptional control. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4528-4537.

Ashraf M, Bashir A 2003 Salt stress induced changes in some organic metabolites and ionic relations in nodules and other plant parts of two crop legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora 198: 486-498.

Atta MG, Dahl SC, Kwon HM, Handler JS 1999 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants perturb the myo-inositol but not the betaine cotransporter in isotonic and hypertonic MDCK cells. Kidney Int. 55: 956-962.

Bae JH, Anderson SH, Miller KJ 1993 Identification of a high-affinity glycine betaine transport system in Staphylococcus aureus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 2734-2736.

Balaji B, O'Connor K, Lucas JR, Anderson JM, Csonka LN 2005 Timing of induction of osmotically controlled genes in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, determined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 8273-8283.

Baliarda A, Robert H, Jebbar M, Blanco C, Deschamps A, Le Marrec C 2003 Potential osmoprotectants for the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophila. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 84: 13-20.

Baliarda A, Robert H, Jebbar M, Blanco C, Le Marrec C 2003 Isolation and characterization of ButA, a secondary glycine betaine transport system operating in Tetragenococcus halophila. Curr. Microbiol. 47: 347-351.

Baliarda A, Robert H, Jebbar M, Blanco C, Le Marrec C 2003 Isolation and characterization of ButA, a secondary glycine betaine transport system operating in Tetragenococcus halophila. Curr. Microbiol. 47: 347-351.

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ 2002 Methionine synthase: a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver. Alcohol 26: 65-67.

Barron A, Jung JU, Villarejo M 1987 Purification and characterization of a glycine betaine binding protein from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 11841-11846.

Basham JC, Chabrerie A, Kempson SA 2001 Hypertonic activation of the renal betaine/GABA transporter is microtubule dependent. Kidney Int. 59: 2182-2191.

Berardi S, Stieger B, Wachter S, O'Neill B, Krahenbuhl S 1998 Characterization of a sodium-dependent transport system for butyrobetaine into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. Hepatology 28: 521-525.

Bernard T, Jebbar M, Rassouli Y, Himdikabbab S, Hamelin J, Blanco C 1993 Ectoine accumulation and osmotic regulation in Brevibacterium linens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 129-136.

Biemans-Oldehinkel E, Poolman B 2003 On the role of the two extracytoplasmic substrate-binding domains in the ABC transporter OpuA. EMBO J. 22: 5983-5993.

Blumwald E 2003 Engineering salt tolerance in plants. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 20: 261-275.

Boch J, Kempf B, Bremer E 1994 Osmoregulation in Bacillus subtilis: synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from exogenously provided choline. J. Bacteriol. 176: 5364-5371.

Boll M, Foltz M, Anderson CM, Oechsler C, Kottra G, Thwaites DT, Daniel H 2003 Substrate recognition by the mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporter PAT1. Mol. Membr. Biol. 20: 261-269.

Boncompagni E, Dupont L, Mignot T, Osteras M, Lambert A, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D 2000 Characterization of a Snorhizobium meliloti ATP-binding cassette histidine transporter also involved in betaine and proline uptake. J. Bacteriol. 182: 3717-3725.

Boncompagni E, Osteras M, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D 1999 Occurrence of choline and glycine betaine uptake and metabolism in the family Rhizobiaceae and their roles in osmoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2072-2077.

Boscari A, Mandon K, Dupont L, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D 2002 BetS is a major glycine betaine/proline betaine transporter required for early osmotic adjustment in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 184: 2654-2663.

Boscari A, Van de Sype G, Le Rudulier D, Mandon K 2006 Overexpression of BetS, a Sinorhizobium meliloti high-affinity betaine transporter, in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules sustains nitrogen fixation during early salt stress adaptation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 19: 896-903.

Botzenhardt J, Morbach S, Kramer R 2004 Activity regulation of the betaine transporter BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum in response to osmotic compensation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1667: 229-240.

Bouvier J, Bordes P, Romeo Y, Fourcans A, Bouvier I, Gutierrez C 2000 Characterization of OpuA, a glycine-betaine uptake system of Lactococcus lactis. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2: 199-205.

Boyaval P, Deborde C, Corre C, Blanco C, Begue E 1999 Stress and osmoprotection in propionibacteria. Lait 79: 59-69.

Burg MB 1994 Molecular basis for osmoregulation of organic osmolytes in renal medullary cells. J. Exp. Zool. 268: 171-175.

Burg MB 1995 Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 268: F983-F996.

Burg MB 1997 Renal osmoregulatory transport of compatible organic osmolytes. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 6: 430-433.

Burg MB, Kwon ED, Kultz D 1997 Regulation of gene expression by hypertonicity. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59: 437-455.

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Marz J, Fraek ML, Thurau K, Beck FX 1999 Hypertonicity-induced accumulation of organic osmolytes in papillary interstitial cells. Kidney Int. 55: 1417-1425.

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Neuhofer W, Marz J, Thurau K, Beck F 1998 Expression of Na+/Cl-/betaine and Na+/myo-inositol transporters, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in macula densa cells of the kidney. Pflugers Arch. 436: 807-809.

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Neuhofer W, Marz J, Thurau K, Beck F 1999 Expression of aldose reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and Na+/myo-inositol and Na+/Cl-/betaine transporter mRNAs in individual cells of the kidney during changes in the diuretic state. Pflugers Arch. 437: 248-254.

Burnham CE, Buerk B, Schmidt C, Bucuvalas JC 1996 A liver-specific isoform of the betaine/GABA transporter in the rat: cDNA sequence and organ distribution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1284: 4-8.

Burns SP, Holmes HC, Chalmers RA, Johnson A, Iles RA 1998 Proton NMR spectroscopic analysis of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-capacity of the choline oxidation pathway for methylation in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1406: 274-282.

Cai Q, Ferraris JD, Burg MB 2004 Greater tolerance of renal medullary cells for a slow increase in osmolality is associated with enhanced expression of HSP70 and other osmoprotective genes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 286: F58-F67.

Cairney J, Booth IR, Higgins CF 1985 Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium: proU encodes an osmotically induced betaine transport system. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1224-1232.

Cairney J, Booth IR, Higgins CF 1985 Salmonella typhimurium proP gene encodes a transport system for the osmoprotectant betaine. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1218-1223.

Canovas D, Vargas C, Csonka LN, Ventosa A, Nieto JJ 1996 Osmoprotectants in Halomonas elongata: high-affinity betaine transport system and choline-betaine pathway. J. Bacteriol. 178: 7221-7226.

Canovas D, Vargas C, Kneip S, Moron MJ, Ventosa A, Bremer E, Nieto JJ 2000 Genes for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043, USA. Microbiology 146: 455-463.

Canovas M, Bernal V, Sevilla A, Iborra JL 2007 Salt stress effects on the central and carnitine metabolisms of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 96: 722-737.

Canovas M, Bernal V, Torroglosa T, Ramirez JL, Iborra JL 2003 Link between primary and secondary metabolism in the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds by Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84: 686-699.

Cayley S, Record MT 2003 Roles of cytoplasmic osmolytes, water, and crowding in the response of Escherichia coli to osmotic stress: biophysical basis of osmoprotection by glycine betaine. Biochemistry 42: 12596-12609.

Cayley S, Record MT Jr, Lewis BA 1989 Accumulation of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate by osmotically stressed Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 171: 3597-3602.

Cetin MS, Zhang CM, Hutkins RW, Benson AK 2004 Regulation of transcription of compatible solute transporters by the general stress sigma factor, sigma(B), in Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 186: 794-802.

Chen C, Beattie GA 2007 Characterization of the osmoprotectant transporter OpuC from Pseudomonas syringae and demonstration that CBS domains are required for its osmoregulatory function. J. Bacteriol. 189: 6901-6912.

Chen NH, Reith MEA, Quick MW 2004 Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6. Pflugers Arch. 447: 519-531.

Chen TH, Murata N 2002 Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257.

Choquet G, Jehan N, Pissavin C, Blanco C, Jebbar M 2005 OusB, a broad-specificity ABC-type transporter from Erwinia chrysanthemi, mediates uptake of glycine betaine and choline with a high affinity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 3389-3398.

Coelho-Sampaio T, Ferreira ST, Castro Junior EJ, Vieyra A 1994 Betaine counteracts urea-induced conformational changes and uncoupling of the human erythrocyte Ca2+ pump. Eur. J. Biochem. 221: 1103-1110.

Cosquer A, Pichereau V, Pocard JA, Minet J, Cormier M, Bernard T 1999 Nanomolar levels of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfonioacetate, and glycine betaine are sufficient to confer osmoprotection to Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3304-3311.

Csonka LN, Ikeda TP, Fletcher SA, Kustu S 1994 The accumulation of glutamate is necessary for optimal growth of Salmonella typhimurium in media of high osmolality but not induction of the proU operon. J. Bacteriol. 176: 6324-6333.

Cuin TA, Shabala S 2005 Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 1924-1933.

Culham DE, Dalgado C, Gyles CL, Mamelak D, MacLellan S, Wood JM 1998 Osmoregulatory transporter ProP influences colonization of the urinary tract by Escherichia coli. Microbiology 144: 91-102.

Culham DE, Emmerson KS, Lasby B, Mamelak D, Steer BA, Gyles CL, Villarejo M, Wood JM 1994 Genes encoding osmoregulatory proline/glycine betaine transporters and the proline catabolic system are present and expressed in diverse clinical Escherichia coli isolates. Can. J. Microbiol. 40: 397-402.

Culham DE, Hillar A, Henderson J, Ly A, Vernikovska YI, Racher KI, Boggs JM, Wood JM 2003 Creation of a fully functional cysteine-less variant of osmosensor and proton-osmoprotectant symporter ProP from Escherichia coli and its application to assess the transporter's membrane orientation. Biochemistry 42: 11815-11823.

Culham DE, Lasby B, Marangoni AG, Milner JL, Steer BA, van Nues RW, Wood JM 1993 Isolation and sequencing of Escherichia coli gene proP reveals unusual structural features of the osmoregulatory proline/betaine transporter, ProP. J. Mol. Biol. 229: 268-276.

Cummings SP, Williamson MP, Gilmour DJ 1993 Turgor regulation in a novel Halomonas species. Arch. Microbiol. 160: 319-323.

Dattananda CS, Gowrishankar J 1989 Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli: complementation analysis and gene-protein relationships in the proU locus. J. Bacteriol. 171: 1915-1922.

Dawson KM, Baltz JM 1997 Organic osmolytes and embryos: substrates of the Gly and beta transport systems protect mouse zygotes against the effects of raised osmolarity. Biol. Reprod. 56: 1550-1558.

Denkert C, Warskulat U, Hensel F, Haussinger D 1998 Osmolyte strategy in human monocytes and macrophages: involvement of p38MAPK in hyperosmotic induction of betaine and myoinositol transporters. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 354: 172-180.

deZengotita VM, Abston LR, Schmelzer AE, Shaw S, Miller WM 2002 Selected amino acids protect hybridoma and CHO cells from elevated carbon dioxide and osmolality. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78: 741-752.

Dodia C, Fisher AB, Chander A, Kleinzeller A 1992 Inhibitors of choline transport in alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6: 426-429.

Dunlap VJ, Csonka LN 1985 Regulation of the osmotically stimulated transport of proline and glycinebetaine in Salmonella typhimurium. In (JL Key, T Kosuge eds) "Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress", Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 115-128.

Dupont L, Garcia I, Poggi MC, Alloing G, Mandon K, Le Rudulier D 2004 The Sinorhizobium meliloti ABC transporter Cho is highly specific for choline and expressed in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules. J. Bacteriol. 186: 5988-5996.

Ekena K, Liao MK, Maloy S 1990 Activation of a new proline transport system in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 172: 2940-2945.

Engemann C, Elssner T, Pfeifer S, Krumbholz C, Maier T, Kleber HP 2005 Identification and functional characterisation of genes and corresponding enzymes involved in carnitine metabolism of Proteus sp. Arch. Microbiol. 183: 176-189.

Engle JS, Lipps PE, Graham TL, Boehm MJ 2004 Effects of choline, betaine, and wheat floral extracts on growth of Fusarium graminearum. Plant Dis. 88: 175-180.

Eremeeva ME, Madan A, Shaw CD, Tang K, Dasch GA 2005 New perspectives on rickettsial evolution from new genome sequences of rickettsia, particularly R. canadensis, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1063: 47-63.

Eshoo MW 1988 lac fusion analysis of the bet genes of Escherichia coli: regulation by osmolarity, temperature, oxygen, choline, and glycine betaine. J. Bacteriol. 170: 5208-5215.

Faatz E, Middendorf A, Bremer E 1988 Cloned structural genes for the osmotically regulated binding-protein-dependent glycine betaine transport system (ProU) of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Microbiol. 2: 265-279.

Fan X, Pericone CD, Lysenko E, Goldfine H, Weiser JN 2003 Multiple mechanisms for choline transport and utilization in Haemophilus influenzae. Mol. Microbiol. 50: 537-548.

Farnum CE, Lee R, O'Hara K, Urban JP 2002 Volume increase in growth plate chondrocytes during hypertrophy: the contribution of organic osmolytes. Bone 30: 574-581.

Farwick M, Siewe RM, Kramer R 1995 Glycine betaine uptake after hyperosmotic shift in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 177: 4690-4695.

Ferraris JD, Burg MB, Williams CK, Peters EM, Garcia-Perez A 1996 Betaine transporter cDNA cloning and effect of osmolytes on its mRNA induction. Am. J. Physiol. 270: C650-C654.

Forlani G, Bossi E, Perego C, Giovannardi S, Peres A 2001 Three kinds of currents in the canine betaine-GABA transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1538: 172-180.

Fougere F, Le Rudulier D 1990 Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 157-163.

Friedrich B, Matskevich I, Lang F 2006 Cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Contrib. Nephrol. 152: 1-8.

Fujimori S, Hinoi E, Takarada T, Iemata M, Takahata Y, Yoneda Y 2006 Possible expression of a particular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter isoform responsive to upregulation by hyperosmolarity in rat calvarial osteoblasts. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 550: 24-32.

Fujimori S, Osawa M, Iemata M, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y 2006 Increased GABA transport activity in rat calvarial osteoblasts cultured under hyperglycemic conditions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29: 297-301.

Galvao TC, de Lorenzo V, Canovas D 2006 Uncoupling of choline-O-sulphate utilization from osmoprotection in Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 62: 1643-1654.

Garcia-Estepa R, Canovas D, Iglesias-Guerra F, Ventosa A, Csonka LN, Nieto JJ, Vargas C 2006 Osmoprotection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by N(gamma)-acetyldiaminobutyrate, the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 626-633.

Garcia-Lopez M 1999 Axolemmal transporters for neurotransmissor uptake. Rev. Neurol. 29: 1056-1063.

Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB 1991 Renal medullary organic osmolytes. Physiol. Rev. 71: 1081-1115.

Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB 1991 Role of organic osmolytes in adaptation of renal cells to high osmolality. J. Membr. Biol. 119: 1-13.

Gardan R, Cossart P, Labadie J 2003 Identification of Listeria monocytogenes genes involved in salt and alkaline-pH tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 3137-3143.

Gauthier MJ, Flatau GN, Le Rudulier D, Clement RL, Combarro Combarro MP 1991 Intracellular accumulation of potassium and glutamate specifically enhances survival of Escherichia coli in seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 272-276.

Gerhardt PN, Smith LT, Smith GM 1996 Sodium-driven, osmotically activated glycine betaine transport in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles. J. Bacteriol. 178: 6105-6109.

Gerhardt PN, Tombras Smith L, Smith GM 2000 Osmotic and chill activation of glycine betaine porter II in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles. J. Bacteriol. 182: 2544-2550.

Glaasker E, Konings WN, Poolman B 1996 Glycine betaine fluxes in Lactobacillus plantarum during osmostasis and hyper- and hypo-osmotic shock. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10060-10065.

Glaasker E, Konings WN, Poolman B 1996 Osmotic regulation of intracellular solute pools in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 178: 575-582.

Glaasker E, Tjan FSB, Ter Steeg PF, Konings WN, Poolman B 1998 Physiological response of Lactobacillus plantarum to salt and nonelectrolyte stress. J. Bacteriol. 180: 4718-4723.

Goldstein L, Davis EM 1994 Taurine, betaine, and inositol share a volume-sensitive transporter in skate erythrocyte cell membrane. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R426-R431.

Gouesbet G, Trautwetter A, Bonnassie S, Wu LF, Blanco C 1996 Characterization of the Erwinia chrysanthemi osmoprotectant transporter gene ousA. J. Bacteriol. 178: 447-455.

Gowrishankar J 1989 Nucleotide sequence of the osmoregulatory proU operon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171: 1923-1931.

Gowrishankar J, Manna D 1996 How is osmotic regulation of transcription of the Escherichia coli proU operon achieved? A review and a model. Genetica 97: 363-378.

Grallath S, Weimar T, Meyer A, Gumy C, Suter-Grotemeyer M, Neuhaus JM, Rentsch D 2005 The AtProT family. Compatible solute transporters with similar substrate specificity but differential expression patterns. Plant Physiol. 137: 117-126.

Grundemann D, Harlfinger S, Golz S, Geerts A, Lazar A, Berkels R, Jung N, Rubbert A, Schomig E 2005 Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 5256-52561.

Gutierrez JA, Crowley PJ, Cvitkovitch DG, Brady LJ, Hamilton IR, Hillman JD, Bleiweis AS 1999 Streptococcus mutans ffh, a gene encoding a homologue of the 54 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle, is involved in resistance to acid stress. Microbiology 145: 357-366.

Haardt M, Bremer E 1996 Use of phoA and lacZ fusions to study the membrane topology of ProW, a component of the osmoregulated ProU transport system of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5370-5381.

Haardt M, Kempf B, Faatz E, Bremer E 1995 The osmoprotectant proline betaine is a major substrate for the binding-protein-dependent transport system ProU of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246: 783-786.

Hamilton EW 3rd, Heckathorn SA 2001 Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas Complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant Physiol. 126: 1266-1274.

Hammer MA, Baltz JM 2002 Betaine is a highly effective organic osmolyte but does not appear to be transported by established organic osmolyte transporters in mouse embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 195-202.

Handler JS, Kwon HM 1993 Regulation of renal cell organic osmolyte transport by tonicity. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C1449-C1455.

Handler JS, Kwon HM 1996 Regulation of the myo-inositol and betaine cotransporters by tonicity. Kidney Int. 49: 1682-1683.

Handler JS, Kwon HM 1997 Kidney cell survival in high tonicity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 117: 301-306.

Hare PD, Cress WA, Van Staden J 1998 Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ. 21: 535-553.

Heermann R, Jung K 2004 Structural features and mechanisms for sensing high osmolarity in microorganisms. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7: 168-174.

Henley WJ, Major KM, Hironaka JL 2002 Response to salinity and heat stress in two halotolerant chlorophyte algae. J. Phycol. 38: 757-766.

Higgins CF, Dorman CJ, Stirling DA, Waddell L, Booth IR, May G, Bremer E 1988 A physiological role for DNA supercoiling in the osmotic regulation of gene expression in S. typhimurium and E. coli. Cell 52: 569-584.

Higgins CF, Sutherland L, Cairney J, Booth IR 1987 The osmotically regulated proU locus of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a periplasmic betaine-binding protein. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 305-310.

Hillar A, Culham DE, Vernikovska YI, Wood JM, Boggs JM 2005 Formation of an antiparallel, intermolecular coiled coil is associated with in vivo dimerization of osmosensor and osmoprotectant transporter ProP in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 44: 10170-10180.

Holtmann G, Bremer E 2004 Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by exogenously provided glycine betaine and structurally related compatible solutes: Involvement of Opu transporters. J. Bacteriol. 186: 1683-1693.

Horn C, Bremer E, Schmitt L 2005 Functional overexpression and in vitro re-association of OpuA, an osmotically regulated ABC-transport complex from Bacillus subtilis. FEBS Lett. 579: 5765-6768.

Horn C, Bremer E, Schmitt L 2003 Nucleotide dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium of OpuAA, the nucleotide- binding protein of the osmotically regulated ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilis. J. Mol. Biol. 334: 403-419.

Horn C, Bremer E, Schmitt L 2005 Functional overexpression and in vitro re-association of OpuA, an osmotically regulated ABC-transport complex from Bacillus subtilis. FEBS Lett. 579: 5765-5768.

Horn C, Jenewein S, Sohn-Bosser L, Bremer E, Schmitt L 2005 Biochemical and structural analysis of the Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter OpuA and its isolated subunits. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 76-91.

Horn C, Sohn-Bosser L, Breed J, Welte W, Schmitt L, Bremer E 2006 Molecular determinants for substrate specificity of the ligand-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis for the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine. J. Mol. Biol. 357: 592-606.

Houssin C, Eynard N, Shechter E, Ghazi A 1991 Effect of osmotic pressure on membrane energy-linked functions in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056: 76-84.

Idris Anas MK, Hammer MA, Lever M, Stanton JA, Baltz JM 2007 The organic osmolytes betaine and proline are transported by a shared system in early preimplantation mouse embryos. J. Cell Physiol. 210: 266-277.

Ingram-Smith C, Miller KJ 1998 Effects of ionic and osmotic strength on the glucosyltransferase of Rhizobium meliloti responsible for cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1290-1297.

Irarrazabal CE, Liu JC, Burg MB, Ferraris JD 2004 ATM, a DNA damage-inducible kinase, contributes to activation by high NaCl of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 8809-8814.

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Number of references = 363

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