Abdel-Ghany YS, Ihnat MA, Miller DD, Kunin CM, Tong HH. Structure-activity relationship of glycine betaine analogs on osmotolerance of enteric bacteria. J. Med. Chem. 36: 784-789 (1993).

Abee T, Palmen R, Hellingwerf KJ, Konings WN. Osmoregulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 172: 149-154 (1990).

Abee T, Wouters JA. Microbial stress response in minimal processing Int. J. Food Microbiol. 50: 65-91 (1999).

Ahmad N, Wyn Jones RG, Jeschke WD. Effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on Na+ transport in barley roots. J. Exp. Bot. 38: 913-922 (1987).

Albers SV, Koning SM, Konings WN, Driessen AJM. Insights into ABC transport in archaea. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 36: 5-15 (2004).

Alfieri RR, Bonelli MA, Cavazzoni A, Briggotti M, Fumarola C, Sestili P, Mozzoni P, DE Palma G, Mutti A, Carnicelli D, Vacondio F, Silva C, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP, Petronini PG. Creatine as a compatible osmolyte in muscle cells exposed to hypertonic stress. J. Physiol. 576: 391-401 (2006).

Alfieri RR, Cavazzoni A, Petronini PG, Bonelli MA, Caccamo AE, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP. Compatible osmolytes modulate the response of porcine endothelial cells to hypertonicity and protect them from apoptosis. J. Physiol. 540: 499-508 (2002).

Alfieri RR, Petronini PG, Bonelli MA, Desenzani S, Cavazzoni A, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP. Roles of compatible osmolytes and heat shock protein 70 in the induction of tolerance to stresses in porcine endothelial cells. J. Physiol. (London) 555: 757-767 (2004).

Allard F, Houde M, Krol M, Ivanov A, Huner NPA, Sarhan F. Betaine improves freezing tolerance in wheat. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 1194-1202 (1998).

Alloing G, Travers I, Sagot B, Le Rudulier D, Dupont L. Proline betaine uptake in Sinorhizobium meliloti: characterization of Prb, an Opp-like ABC transporter regulated by both proline betaine and salinity stress. J. Bacteriol. 188: 6308-6317 (2006).

Amin US, Lash TD, Wilkinson BJ. Proline betaine is a highly effective osmoprotectant for Staphylococcus aureus. Arch. Microbiol. 163: 138-142 (1995).

Anas MK, Lee MB, Zhou C, Hammer MA, Slow S, Karmouch J, Liu XJ, Broer S, Lever M, Baltz JM. SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage. Development 135: 4123-4130 (2008).

Andresen PA, Kaasen I, Styrvold OB, Boulnois G, Strom AR. Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 1737-1746 (1988).

Angelidis AS, Smith GM. Role of the glycine betaine and carnitine transporters in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to chill stress in defined medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 7492-7498 (2003).

Angelidis AS, Smith LT, Hoffman LM, Smith GM. Identification of opuC as a chill-activated and osmotically activated carnitine transporter in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2644-2650 (2002).

Angelidis AS, Smith LT, Smith GM. Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 75: 1-9 (2002).

Anthoni U, Christophersen C, Hougaard L, Nielsen PH. Quaternay ammonium compounds in the biosphere - an example of a versatile adaptive strategy. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [B] 99: 1-18 (1991).

Asha H, Gowrishankar J. Regulation of kdp operon expression in Escherichia coli: evidence against turgor as signal for transcriptional control. J. Bacteriol. 175: 4528-4537 (1993).

Ashraf M, Bashir A. Salt stress induced changes in some organic metabolites and ionic relations in nodules and other plant parts of two crop legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora 198: 486-498 (2003).

Atta MG, Dahl SC, Kwon HM, Handler JS. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants perturb the myo-inositol but not the betaine cotransporter in isotonic and hypertonic MDCK cells. Kidney Int. 55: 956-962 (1999).

Bae JH, Anderson SH, Miller KJ. Identification of a high-affinity glycine betaine transport system in Staphylococcus aureus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 2734-2736 (1993).

Balaji B, O'Connor K, Lucas JR, Anderson JM, Csonka LN. Timing of induction of osmotically controlled genes in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, determined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 8273-8283 (2005).

Baliarda A, Robert H, Jebbar M, Blanco C, Deschamps A, Le Marrec C. Potential osmoprotectants for the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophila. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 84: 13-20 (2003).

Baliarda A, Robert H, Jebbar M, Blanco C, Le Marrec C. Isolation and characterization of ButA, a secondary glycine betaine transport system operating in Tetragenococcus halophila. Curr. Microbiol. 47: 347-351 (2003).

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ. Methionine synthase: a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver. Alcohol 26: 65-67 (2002).

Barron A, Jung JU, Villarejo M. Purification and characterization of a glycine betaine binding protein from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 11841-11846 (1987).

Basham JC, Chabrerie A, Kempson SA. Hypertonic activation of the renal betaine/GABA transporter is microtubule dependent. Kidney Int. 59: 2182-2191 (2001).

Berardi S, Stieger B, Wachter S, O'Neill B, Krahenbuhl S. Characterization of a sodium-dependent transport system for butyrobetaine into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. Hepatology 28: 521-525 (1998).

Bernard T, Jebbar M, Rassouli Y, Himdikabbab S, Hamelin J, Blanco C. Ectoine accumulation and osmotic regulation in Brevibacterium linens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 129-136 (1993).

Biemans-Oldehinkel E, Poolman B. On the role of the two extracytoplasmic substrate-binding domains in the ABC transporter OpuA. EMBO J. 22: 5983-5993 (2003).

Blumwald E. Engineering salt tolerance in plants. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 20: 261-275 (2003).

Boch J, Kempf B, Bremer E. Osmoregulation in Bacillus subtilis: synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from exogenously provided choline. J. Bacteriol. 176: 5364-5371 (1994).

Boll M, Foltz M, Anderson CM, Oechsler C, Kottra G, Thwaites DT, Daniel H. Substrate recognition by the mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporter PAT1. Mol. Membr. Biol. 20: 261-269 (2003).

Boncompagni E, Dupont L, Mignot T, Osteras M, Lambert A, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. Characterization of a Snorhizobium meliloti ATP-binding cassette histidine transporter also involved in betaine and proline uptake. J. Bacteriol. 182: 3717-3725 (2000).

Boncompagni E, Osteras M, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. Occurrence of choline and glycine betaine uptake and metabolism in the family Rhizobiaceae and their roles in osmoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2072-2077 (1999).

Boscari A, Mandon K, Dupont L, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. BetS is a major glycine betaine/proline betaine transporter required for early osmotic adjustment in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 184: 2654-2663 (2002).

Boscari A, Van de Sype G, Le Rudulier D, Mandon K. Overexpression of BetS, a Sinorhizobium meliloti high-affinity betaine transporter, in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules sustains nitrogen fixation during early salt stress adaptation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 19: 896-903 (2006).

Botzenhardt J, Morbach S, Kramer R. Activity regulation of the betaine transporter BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum in response to osmotic compensation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1667: 229-240 (2004).

Bouvier J, Bordes P, Romeo Y, Fourcans A, Bouvier I, Gutierrez C. Characterization of OpuA, a glycine-betaine uptake system of Lactococcus lactis. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2: 199-205 (2000).

Boyaval P, Deborde C, Corre C, Blanco C, Begue E. Stress and osmoprotection in propionibacteria. Lait 79: 59-69 (1999).

Burg MB. Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 268: F983-F996 (1995).

Burg MB. Molecular basis for osmoregulation of organic osmolytes in renal medullary cells. J. Exp. Zool. 268: 171-175 (1994).

Burg MB. Renal osmoregulatory transport of compatible organic osmolytes. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 6: 430-433 (1997).

Burg MB, Kwon ED, Kultz D. Regulation of gene expression by hypertonicity. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59: 437-455 (1997).

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Marz J, Fraek ML, Thurau K, Beck FX. Hypertonicity-induced accumulation of organic osmolytes in papillary interstitial cells. Kidney Int. 55: 1417-1425 (1999).

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Neuhofer W, Marz J, Thurau K, Beck F. Expression of aldose reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and Na+/myo-inositol and Na+/Cl-/betaine transporter mRNAs in individual cells of the kidney during changes in the diuretic state. Pflugers Arch. 437: 248-254 (1999).

Burger-Kentischer A, Muller E, Neuhofer W, Marz J, Thurau K, Beck F. Expression of Na+/Cl-/betaine and Na+/myo-inositol transporters, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in macula densa cells of the kidney. Pflugers Arch. 436: 807-809 (1998).

Burnham CE, Buerk B, Schmidt C, Bucuvalas JC. A liver-specific isoform of the betaine/GABA transporter in the rat: cDNA sequence and organ distribution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1284: 4-8 (1996).

Burns SP, Holmes HC, Chalmers RA, Johnson A, Iles RA. Proton NMR spectroscopic analysis of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-capacity of the choline oxidation pathway for methylation in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1406: 274-282 (1998).

Cai Q, Ferraris JD, Burg MB. Greater tolerance of renal medullary cells for a slow increase in osmolality is associated with enhanced expression of HSP70 and other osmoprotective genes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 286: F58-F67 (2004).

Cairney J, Booth IR, Higgins CF. Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium: proU encodes an osmotically induced betaine transport system. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1224-1232 (1985).

Cairney J, Booth IR, Higgins CF. Salmonella typhimurium proP gene encodes a transport system for the osmoprotectant betaine. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1218-1223 (1985).

Canovas D, Vargas C, Csonka LN, Ventosa A, Nieto JJ. Osmoprotectants in Halomonas elongata: high-affinity betaine transport system and choline-betaine pathway. J. Bacteriol. 178: 7221-7226 (1996).

Canovas D, Vargas C, Kneip S, Moron MJ, Ventosa A, Bremer E, Nieto JJ. Genes for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043, USA. Microbiology 146: 455-463 (2000).

Canovas M, Bernal V, Sevilla A, Iborra JL. Salt stress effects on the central and carnitine metabolisms of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 96: 722-737 (2007).

Canovas M, Bernal V, Torroglosa T, Ramirez JL, Iborra JL. Link between primary and secondary metabolism in the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds by Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84: 686-699 (2003).

Canovas M, Sevilla A, Bernal V, Leal R, Iborra JL. Role of energetic coenzyme pools in the production of L-carnitine by Escherichia coli. Metab. Eng. 8: 603-618 (2006).

Cayley S, Record MT. Roles of cytoplasmic osmolytes, water, and crowding in the response of Escherichia coli to osmotic stress: biophysical basis of osmoprotection by glycine betaine. Biochemistry 42: 12596-12609 (2003).

Cayley S, Record MT Jr, Lewis BA. Accumulation of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate by osmotically stressed Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 171: 3597-3602 (1989).

Cetin MS, Zhang CM, Hutkins RW, Benson AK. Regulation of transcription of compatible solute transporters by the general stress sigma factor, sigma(B), in Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 186: 794-802 (2004).

Chen C, Beattie GA. Characterization of the osmoprotectant transporter OpuC from Pseudomonas syringae and demonstration that CBS domains are required for its osmoregulatory function. J. Bacteriol. 189: 6901-6912 (2007).

Chen NH, Reith MEA, Quick MW. Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6. Pflugers Arch. 447: 519-531 (2004).

Chen TH, Murata N. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257 (2002).

Choquet G, Jehan N, Pissavin C, Blanco C, Jebbar M. OusB, a broad-specificity ABC-type transporter from Erwinia chrysanthemi, mediates uptake of glycine betaine and choline with a high affinity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 3389-3398 (2005).

Coelho-Sampaio T, Ferreira ST, Castro Junior EJ, Vieyra A. Betaine counteracts urea-induced conformational changes and uncoupling of the human erythrocyte Ca2+ pump. Eur. J. Biochem. 221: 1103-1110 (1994).

Cosquer A, Pichereau V, Pocard JA, Minet J, Cormier M, Bernard T. Nanomolar levels of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfonioacetate, and glycine betaine are sufficient to confer osmoprotection to Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3304-3311 (1999).

Csonka LN, Ikeda TP, Fletcher SA, Kustu S. The accumulation of glutamate is necessary for optimal growth of Salmonella typhimurium in media of high osmolality but not induction of the proU operon. J. Bacteriol. 176: 6324-6333 (1994).

Cuin TA, Shabala S. Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 1924-1933 (2005).

Culham DE, Dalgado C, Gyles CL, Mamelak D, MacLellan S, Wood JM. Osmoregulatory transporter ProP influences colonization of the urinary tract by Escherichia coli. Microbiology 144: 91-102 (1998).

Culham DE, Emmerson KS, Lasby B, Mamelak D, Steer BA, Gyles CL, Villarejo M, Wood JM. Genes encoding osmoregulatory proline/glycine betaine transporters and the proline catabolic system are present and expressed in diverse clinical Escherichia coli isolates. Can. J. Microbiol. 40: 397-402 (1994).

Culham DE, Hillar A, Henderson J, Ly A, Vernikovska YI, Racher KI, Boggs JM, Wood JM. Creation of a fully functional cysteine-less variant of osmosensor and proton-osmoprotectant symporter ProP from Escherichia coli and its application to assess the transporter's membrane orientation. Biochemistry 42: 11815-11823 (2003).

Culham DE, Lasby B, Marangoni AG, Milner JL, Steer BA, van Nues RW, Wood JM. Isolation and sequencing of Escherichia coli gene proP reveals unusual structural features of the osmoregulatory proline/betaine transporter, ProP. J. Mol. Biol. 229: 268-276 (1993).

Cummings SP, Williamson MP, Gilmour DJ. Turgor regulation in a novel Halomonas species. Arch. Microbiol. 160: 319-323 (1993).

Dattananda CS, Gowrishankar J. Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli: complementation analysis and gene-protein relationships in the proU locus. J. Bacteriol. 171: 1915-1922 (1989).

Dawson KM, Baltz JM. Organic osmolytes and embryos: substrates of the Gly and beta transport systems protect mouse zygotes against the effects of raised osmolarity. Biol. Reprod. 56: 1550-1558 (1997).

Denkert C, Warskulat U, Hensel F, Haussinger D. Osmolyte strategy in human monocytes and macrophages: involvement of p38MAPK in hyperosmotic induction of betaine and myoinositol transporters. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 354: 172-180 (1998).

deZengotita VM, Abston LR, Schmelzer AE, Shaw S, Miller WM. Selected amino acids protect hybridoma and CHO cells from elevated carbon dioxide and osmolality. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78: 741-752 (2002).

Dodia C, Fisher AB, Chander A, Kleinzeller A. Inhibitors of choline transport in alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6: 426-429 (1992).

Dreux N, Albagnac C, Sleator RD, Hill C, Carlin F, Morris CE, Nguyen-the C. Glycine betaine improves Listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu and OpuC. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104: 1221-1227 (2008).

Dunlap VJ, Csonka LN. Regulation of the osmotically stimulated transport of proline and glycinebetaine in Salmonella typhimurium. In (JL Key, T Kosuge eds) "Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress", Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 115-128 (1985).

Dupont L, Garcia I, Poggi MC, Alloing G, Mandon K, Le Rudulier D. The Sinorhizobium meliloti ABC transporter Cho is highly specific for choline and expressed in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules. J. Bacteriol. 186: 5988-5996 (2004).

Ekena K, Liao MK, Maloy S. Activation of a new proline transport system in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 172: 2940-2945 (1990).

Engemann C, Elssner T, Pfeifer S, Krumbholz C, Maier T, Kleber HP. Identification and functional characterisation of genes and corresponding enzymes involved in carnitine metabolism of Proteus sp. Arch. Microbiol. 183: 176-189 (2005).

Engle JS, Lipps PE, Graham TL, Boehm MJ. Effects of choline, betaine, and wheat floral extracts on growth of Fusarium graminearum. Plant Dis. 88: 175-180 (2004).

Eremeeva ME, Madan A, Shaw CD, Tang K, Dasch GA. New perspectives on rickettsial evolution from new genome sequences of rickettsia, particularly R. canadensis, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1063: 47-63 (2005).

Eshoo MW. lac fusion analysis of the bet genes of Escherichia coli: regulation by osmolarity, temperature, oxygen, choline, and glycine betaine. J. Bacteriol. 170: 5208-5215 (1988).

Faatz E, Middendorf A, Bremer E. Cloned structural genes for the osmotically regulated binding-protein-dependent glycine betaine transport system (ProU) of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Microbiol. 2: 265-279 (1988).

Fan X, Pericone CD, Lysenko E, Goldfine H, Weiser JN. Multiple mechanisms for choline transport and utilization in Haemophilus influenzae. Mol. Microbiol. 50: 537-548 (2003).

Farnum CE, Lee R, O'Hara K, Urban JP. Volume increase in growth plate chondrocytes during hypertrophy: the contribution of organic osmolytes. Bone 30: 574-581 (2002).

Farwick M, Siewe RM, Kramer R. Glycine betaine uptake after hyperosmotic shift in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 177: 4690-4695 (1995).

Ferraris JD, Burg MB, Williams CK, Peters EM, Garcia-Perez A. Betaine transporter cDNA cloning and effect of osmolytes on its mRNA induction. Am. J. Physiol. 270: C650-C654 (1996).

Forlani G, Bossi E, Perego C, Giovannardi S, Peres A. Three kinds of currents in the canine betaine-GABA transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1538: 172-180 (2001).

Fougere F, Le Rudulier D. Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 157-163 (1990).

Fox MA, Karunakaran R, Leonard ME, Mouhsine B, Williams A, East AK, Downie JA, Poole PS. Characterization of the quaternary amine transporters of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 287: 212-220 (2008).

Friedrich B, Matskevich I, Lang F. Cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Contrib. Nephrol. 152: 1-8 (2006).

Fujimori S, Hinoi E, Takarada T, Iemata M, Takahata Y, Yoneda Y. Possible expression of a particular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter isoform responsive to upregulation by hyperosmolarity in rat calvarial osteoblasts. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 550: 24-32 (2006).

Fujimori S, Osawa M, Iemata M, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Increased GABA transport activity in rat calvarial osteoblasts cultured under hyperglycemic conditions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29: 297-301 (2006).

Galvao TC, de Lorenzo V, Canovas D. Uncoupling of choline-O-sulphate utilization from osmoprotection in Pseudomonas putida. Mol. Microbiol. 62: 1643-1654 (2006).

Garcia-Estepa R, Canovas D, Iglesias-Guerra F, Ventosa A, Csonka LN, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. Osmoprotection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by N(gamma)-acetyldiaminobutyrate, the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 626-633 (2006).

Garcia-Lopez M. Axolemmal transporters for neurotransmissor uptake. Rev. Neurol. 29: 1056-1063 (1999).

Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB. Renal medullary organic osmolytes. Physiol. Rev. 71: 1081-1115 (1991).

Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB. Role of organic osmolytes in adaptation of renal cells to high osmolality. J. Membr. Biol. 119: 1-13 (1991).

Gardan R, Cossart P, Labadie J. Identification of Listeria monocytogenes genes involved in salt and alkaline-pH tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 3137-3143 (2003).

Gauthier MJ, Flatau GN, Le Rudulier D, Clement RL, Combarro Combarro MP. Intracellular accumulation of potassium and glutamate specifically enhances survival of Escherichia coli in seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 272-276 (1991).

Gerhardt PN, Smith LT, Smith GM. Sodium-driven, osmotically activated glycine betaine transport in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles. J. Bacteriol. 178: 6105-6109 (1996).

Gerhardt PN, Tombras Smith L, Smith GM. Osmotic and chill activation of glycine betaine porter II in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles. J. Bacteriol. 182: 2544-2550 (2000).

Glaasker E, Konings WN, Poolman B. Osmotic regulation of intracellular solute pools in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 178: 575-582 (1996).

Glaasker E, Konings WN, Poolman B. Glycine betaine fluxes in Lactobacillus plantarum during osmostasis and hyper- and hypo-osmotic shock. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10060-10065 (1996).

Glaasker E, Tjan FSB, Ter Steeg PF, Konings WN, Poolman B. Physiological response of Lactobacillus plantarum to salt and nonelectrolyte stress. J. Bacteriol. 180: 4718-4723 (1998).

Goldstein L, Davis EM. Taurine, betaine, and inositol share a volume-sensitive transporter in skate erythrocyte cell membrane. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R426-R431 (1994).

Gouesbet G, Trautwetter A, Bonnassie S, Wu LF, Blanco C. Characterization of the Erwinia chrysanthemi osmoprotectant transporter gene ousA. J. Bacteriol. 178: 447-455 (1996).

Gowrishankar J. Nucleotide sequence of the osmoregulatory proU operon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171: 1923-1931 (1989).

Gowrishankar J, Manna D. How is osmotic regulation of transcription of the Escherichia coli proU operon achieved? A review and a model. Genetica 97: 363-378 (1996).

Grallath S, Weimar T, Meyer A, Gumy C, Suter-Grotemeyer M, Neuhaus JM, Rentsch D. The AtProT family. Compatible solute transporters with similar substrate specificity but differential expression patterns. Plant Physiol. 137: 117-126 (2005).

Grundemann D, Harlfinger S, Golz S, Geerts A, Lazar A, Berkels R, Jung N, Rubbert A, Schomig E. Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 5256-52561 (2005).

Gutierrez JA, Crowley PJ, Cvitkovitch DG, Brady LJ, Hamilton IR, Hillman JD, Bleiweis AS. Streptococcus mutans ffh, a gene encoding a homologue of the 54 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle, is involved in resistance to acid stress. Microbiology 145: 357-366 (1999).

Haardt M, Bremer E. Use of phoA and lacZ fusions to study the membrane topology of ProW, a component of the osmoregulated ProU transport system of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5370-5381 (1996).

Haardt M, Kempf B, Faatz E, Bremer E. The osmoprotectant proline betaine is a major substrate for the binding-protein-dependent transport system ProU of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246: 783-786 (1995).

Hamilton EW 3rd, Heckathorn SA. Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant Physiol. 126: 1266-1274 (2001).

Hamilton EW 3rd, Heckathorn SA. Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas Complex II is protected by proline and betaine. Plant Physiol. 126: 1266-1274 (2001).

Hammer MA, Baltz JM. Betaine is a highly effective organic osmolyte but does not appear to be transported by established organic osmolyte transporters in mouse embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 195-202 (2002).

Handler JS, Kwon HM. Regulation of the myo-inositol and betaine cotransporters by tonicity. Kidney Int. 49: 1682-1683 (1996).

Handler JS, Kwon HM. Kidney cell survival in high tonicity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [A] 117: 301-306 (1997).

Handler JS, Kwon HM. Regulation of renal cell organic osmolyte transport by tonicity. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C1449-C1455 (1993).

Hanekop N, Hoing M, Sohn-Bosser L, Jebbar M, Schmitt L, Bremer E. Crystal structure of the ligand-binding protein EhuB from Sinorhizobium meliloti reveals substrate recognition of the compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine. J. Mol. Biol. 374: 1237-1250 (2007).

Hare PD, Cress WA, Van Staden J. Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell Environ. 21: 535-553 (1998).

Heermann R, Jung K. Structural features and mechanisms for sensing high osmolarity in microorganisms. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 7: 168-174 (2004).

Henley WJ, Major KM, Hironaka JL. Response to salinity and heat stress in two halotolerant chlorophyte algae. J. Phycol. 38: 757-766 (2002).

Higgins CF, Dorman CJ, Stirling DA, Waddell L, Booth IR, May G, Bremer E. A physiological role for DNA supercoiling in the osmotic regulation of gene expression in S. typhimurium and E. coli. Cell 52: 569-584 (1988).

Higgins CF, Sutherland L, Cairney J, Booth IR. The osmotically regulated proU locus of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a periplasmic betaine-binding protein. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 305-310 (1987).

Hillar A, Culham DE, Vernikovska YI, Wood JM, Boggs JM. Formation of an antiparallel, intermolecular coiled coil is associated with in vivo dimerization of osmosensor and osmoprotectant transporter ProP in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 44: 10170-10180 (2005).

Holtmann G, Bremer E. Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by exogenously provided glycine betaine and structurally related compatible solutes: Involvement of Opu transporters. J. Bacteriol. 186: 1683-1693 (2004).

Horn C, Bremer E, Schmitt L. Nucleotide dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium of OpuAA, the nucleotide- binding protein of the osmotically regulated ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilis. J. Mol. Biol. 334: 403-419 (2003).

Horn C, Bremer E, Schmitt L. Functional overexpression and in vitro re-association of OpuA, an osmotically regulated ABC-transport complex from Bacillus subtilis. FEBS Lett. 579: 5765-5768 (2005).

Horn C, Jenewein S, Sohn-Bosser L, Bremer E, Schmitt L. Biochemical and structural analysis of the Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter OpuA and its isolated subunits. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 76-91 (2005).

Horn C, Sohn-Bosser L, Breed J, Welte W, Schmitt L, Bremer E. Molecular determinants for substrate specificity of the ligand-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis for the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine. J. Mol. Biol. 357: 592-606 (2006).

Houssin C, Eynard N, Shechter E, Ghazi A. Effect of osmotic pressure on membrane energy-linked functions in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1056: 76-84 (1991).

Idris Anas MK, Hammer MA, Lever M, Stanton JA, Baltz JM. The organic osmolytes betaine and proline are transported by a shared system in early preimplantation mouse embryos. J. Cell Physiol. 210: 266-277 (2007).

Iles RA. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and genetic disorders. Curr. Med. Chem. 15: 15-36 (2008).

Ingram-Smith C, Miller KJ. Effects of ionic and osmotic strength on the glucosyltransferase of Rhizobium meliloti responsible for cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1290-1297 (1998).

Irarrazabal CE, Liu JC, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. ATM, a DNA damage-inducible kinase, contributes to activation by high NaCl of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 8809-8814 (2004).

Jebbar M, Sohn-Bosser L, Bremer E, Bernard T, Blanco C. Ectoine-induced proteins in Sinorhizobium meliloti include an ectoine ABC-type transporter involved in osmoprotection and ectoine catabolism. J. Bacteriol. 187: 1293-1304 (2005).

Jebbar M, Talibart R, Gloux K, Bernard T, Blanco C. Osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by ectoine: uptake and accumulation characteristics. J. Bacteriol. 174: 5027-5035 (1992).

Jewell JB, Kashket ER. Osmotically regulated transport of proline by Lactobacillus acidophilus IFO 3532. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 2829-2833 (1991).

Jones DP, Miller LA, Chesney RW. The relative roles of external taurine concentration and medium osmolality in the regulation of taurine transport in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells. Pediatr. Res. 37: 227-232 (1995).

Jung H, Buchholz M, Clausen J, Nietschke M, Revermann A, Schmid R, Jung K. CaiT of Escherichia coli: a new transporter catalyzing L-carnitine/gamma-butyrobetaine exchange. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 39251-39258 (2002).

Jung H, Jung K, Kleber HP. L-Carnitine uptake by Escherichia coli. J. Basic Microbiol. 30: 507-514 (1990).

Kaenjak A, Graham JE, Wilkinson BJ. Choline transport activity in Staphylococcus aureus induced by osmotic stress and low phosphate concentrations. J. Bacteriol. 175: 2400-2406 (1993).

Kapfhammer D, Karatan E, Pflughoeft KJ, Watnick PI. Role for glycine betaine transport in Vibrio cholerae osmoadaptation and biofilm formation within microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 3840-3847 (2005).

Kappes RM, Kempf B, Kneip S, Boch J, Gade J, Meier-Wagner J, Bremer E. Two evolutionarily closely related ABC transporters mediate the uptake of choline for synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 32: 203-216 (1999).

Kappes RN, Kempf B, Bremer W. Three transport systems for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine operate in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of OpuD. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5071-5079 (1996).

Katz-Brull R, Seger D, Rivenson-Segal D, Rushkin E, Degani H. Metabolic markers of breast cancer: enhanced choline metabolism and reduced choline-ether-phospholipid synthesis. Cancer Res. 62: 1966-1970 (2002).

Kempf B, Bremer E. OpuA, an osmotically regulated binding protein-dependent transport system for the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 16701-16713 (1995).

Kempf B, Gade J, Bremer E. Lipoprotein from the osmoregulated ABC transport system OpuA of Bacillus subtilis: purification of the glycine betaine binding protein and characterization of a functional lipidless mutant. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6213-6220 (1997).

Kempson SA. Differential activation of system A and betaine/GABA transport in MDCK cell membranes by hypertonic stress. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1372: 117-123 (1998).

Kempson SA, Beck JA, Lammers PE, Gens JS, Montrose MH. Membrane insertion of betaine/GABA transporter during hypertonic stress correlates with nuclear accumulation of TonEBP. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1712: 71-80 (2005).

Kempson SA, Edwards JM, Osborn A, Sturek M. Acute inhibition of the betaine transporter by ATP and adenosine in renal MDCK cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 295: F108-F117 (2008).

Kempson SA, Edwards JM, Sturek M. Inhibition of the renal betaine transporter by calcium ions. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291: F305-F313 (2006).

Kempson SA, Parikh V, Xi LX, Chu SY, Montrose MH. Subcellular redistribution of the renal betaine transporter during hypertonic stress. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 285: C1091-C1100 (2003).

Kennedy DJ, Gatfield KM, Winpenny JP, Ganapathy V, Thwaites DT. Substrate specificity and functional characterisation of the H+/amino acid transporter rat PAT2 (Slc36a2). Br. J. Pharmacol. 144: 28-41 (2005).

Kiene RP. Uptake of choline and its conversion to glycine betaine by bacteria in estuarine waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1045-1051 (1998).

Kiene RP, Williams LPH, Walker JE. Seawater microorganisms have a high affinity glycine betaine uptake system which also recognizes dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Aquat. Microbial Ecol. 15: 39-51 (1998).

Kinoshita A, Nakayama Y, Tomita M. Towards simulation of whole metabolic pathways in human erythrocyte. Genome Informatics 12: 312-313 (2001).

Ko R, Smith GM, Smith LT. Salt-activated and cold-activated glycine betaine transport in Listeria monocytogenes. FASEB J. 7: A1142 (1993).

Ko R, Smith LT. Identification of an ATP-driven, osmoregulated glycine betaine transport system in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 4040-4048 (1999).

Ko R, Smith LT, Smith GM. Glycine betaine confers enhanced osmotolerance and cryotolerance on Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 176: 426-431 (1994).

Kokoeva MV, Storch KF, Klein C, Oesterhelt D. A novel mode of sensory transduction in archaea: binding protein-mediated chemotaxis towards osmoprotectants and amino acids. EMBO J. 21: 2312-2322 (2002).

Koo SP, Booth IR. Quantitative analysis of growth stimulation by glycine betaine in Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiology 140: 617-621 (1994).

Koo SP, Higgins CF, Booth IR. Regulation of compatible solute accumulation in Salmonella typhimurium: evidence for a glycine betaine efflux system. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 2617-2625 (1991).

Kowalczuk S, Broer A, Munzinger M, Tietze N, Klingel K, Broer S. Molecular cloning of the mouse IMINO system: an Na+- and Cl--dependent proline transporter. Biochem. J. 386: 417-422 (2005).

Kramer R. Osmosensing and osmosignaling in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Amino Acids 37: 487-497 (2009).

Kramer R, Morbach S. BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a transporter with three different functions: betaine transport, osmosensing, and osmoregulation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1658: 31-36 (2004).

Kunin CM, Hua TH, Van Arsdale White L, Villarejo M. Growth of Escherichia coli in human urine: role of salt tolerance and accumulation of glycine betaine. J. Infect. Dis. 166: 1311-1315 (1992).

Kunin CM, Tong HH, Miller DD, Abdel-Ghany Y, Poggi MC, LeRudulier D. Effect of novel compound, 1-methyl-1-piperidino methane sulfonate (MPMS), on the osmoprotectant activity of glycine betaine, choline and L-proline in Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 160: 81-86 (1993).

Kwon HM, Itoh T, Rim JS, Handler JS. The MAP kinase cascade is not essential for transcriptional stimulation of osmolyte transporter genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213: 975-979 (1995).

Lai MC, Hong TY, Gunsalus RP. Glycine betaine transport in the obligate halophilic archaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis. J. Bacteriol. 182: 5020-5024 (2000).

Laloknam S, Tanaka K, Buaboocha T, Waditee R, Incharoensakdi A, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Takabe T. Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6018-6026 (2006).

Lamark T, Kaasen I, Eshoo MW, Falkenberg P, McDougall J, Strom AR. DNA sequence and analysis of the bet genes encoding the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 5: 1049-1064 (1991).

Lammers PE, Beck JA, Chu S, Kempson SA. Hypertonic upregulation of betaine transport in renal cells is blocked by a proteasome inhibitor. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 23: 315-324 (2005).

Landis L, Xu JM, Johnson RC. The cAMP receptor protein CRP can function as an osmoregulator of transcription in Escherichia coli. Genes & Dev. 13: 3081-3091 (1999).

Lang F, Busch GL, Volkl H. The diversity of volume regulatory mechanisms. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 8: 1-45 (1998).

Laprade R, Noulin JF, Lapointe JY. Volume regulation and ion transport in renal cells. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 5: 417-421 (1996).

Le Rudulier D, Gloux K, Riou N. Identification of an osmotically induced periplasmic glycine betaine-binding protein from Rhizobium meliloti. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1061: 197-205 (1991).

Li S, Xiao X, Sun P, Wang F. Screening of genes regulated by cold shock in Shewanella piezotolerans WP3 and time course expression of cold-regulated genes. Arch. Microbiol. 189: 549-556 (2008).

Liao MK, Gort S, Maloy S. A cryptic proline permease in Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiology 143: 2903-2911 (1997).

Liu M, Hanks TS, Zhang J, McClure MJ, Siemsen DW, Elser JL, Quinn MT, Lei B. Defects in ex vivo and in vivo growth and sensitivity to osmotic stress of group A Streptococcus caused by interruption of response regulator gene vicR. Microbiology 152: 967-978 (2006).

Liu QR, Lopez-Corcuera B, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N. Molecular characterization of four pharmacologically distinct gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in mouse brain. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 2106-2112 (1993).

Lohr JW, Pochal MA, Acara M. Osmoregulatory betaine uptake by rat renal medullary slices. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2: 879-884 (1991).

Lopez-Corcuera B, Liu QR, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N. Expression of a mouse brain cDNA encoding novel gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17491-17493 (1992).

Lu W, Zhao B, Feng D, Yang S. Cloning and characterization of the Halobacillus trueperi betH gene, encoding the transport system for the compatible solute glycine betaine. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 235: 393-399 (2004).

Lu WD, Zhao BS, Feng DQ, Wang L, Yang SS. Construction of the genomic library of Halobacillus sp. D8 and isolation of the glycine betaine transporter betH gene. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 45: 451-454 (2005).

Lucchesi GI, Pallotti C, Lisa AT, Domenech CE. Constitutive choline transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162: 123-126 (1998).

Lucht JM, Bremer E. Adaptation of Escherichia coli to high osmolarity environments: osmoregulation of the high-affinity glycine betaine transport system proU. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 14: 3-20 (1994).

Ly A, Henderson J, Lu A, Culham DE, Wood JM. Osmoregulatory systems of Escherichia coli: Identification of betaine- carnitine-choline transporter family member BetU and distributions of betU and trkG among pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates. J. Bacteriol. 186: 296-306 (2004).

Maallem S, Berod A, Mutin M, Kwon HM, Tappaz ML. Large discrepancies in cellular distribution of the tonicity-induced expression of osmoprotective genes and their regulatory transcription factor TonEBP in rat brain. Neuroscience 142: 355-368 (2006).

MacMillan SV, Alexander DA, Culham DE, Kunte HJ, Marshall EV, Rochon D, Wood JM. The ion coupling and organic substrate specificities of osmoregulatory transporter ProP in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1420: 30-44 (1999).

Mamedov M, Hayashi H, Murata N. Effects of glycinebetaine and unsaturation of membrane lipids on heat stability of photosynthetic electron-transport and phosphorylation reactions in Synechocystis PCC6803. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1142: 1-5 (1993).

Mandon K, Osteras M, Boncompagni E, Trinchant JC, Spennato G, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. The Sinorhizobium meliloti glycine betaine biosynthetic genes (betlCBA) are induced by choline and highly expressed in bacteroids. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 16: 709-719 (2003).

Matskevitch I, Wagner CA, Stegen C, Broer S, Noll B, Risler T, Kwon HM, Handler JS, Waldegger S, Busch AE, Lang F. Functional characterization of the betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 16709-16716 (1999).

Matsuoka Y, Yamauchi A, Nakanishi T, Sugiura T, Kitamura H, Horio M, Takamitsu Y, Ando A, Imai E, Hori M. Response to hypertonicity in mesothelial cells: role of Na+/myo-inositol co-transporter. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14: 1217-1223 (1999).

May G, Faatz E, Lucht JM, Haardt M, Bolliger M, Bremer E. Characterization of the osmoregulated Escherichia coli proU promoter and identification of ProV as a membrane-associated protein. Mol. Microbiol. 3: 1521-1531 (1989).

May G, Faatz E, Villarejo M, Bremer E. Binding protein dependent transport of glycine betaine and its osmotic regulation in Escherichia coli K12. Mol. Gen. Genet. 205: 225-233 (1986).

McLaggan D, Epstein W. Escherichia coli accumulates the eukaryotic osmolyte taurine at high osmolarity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 65: 209-213 (1991).

McLeod SM, Xu JM, Cramton SE, Gaal T, Gourse RL, Johnson RC. Localization of amino acids required for Fis to function as a class II transcriptional activator at the RpoS-dependent proP P2 promoter. J. Mol. Biol. 294: 333-346 (1999).

McNeil SD, Rhodes D, Russell BL, Nuccio ML, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD. Metabolic modeling identifies key constraints on an engineered glycine betaine synthesis pathway in tobacco. Plant Physiol. 124: 153-162 (2000).

Mellies J, Brems R, Villarejo M. The Escherichia coli proU promoter element and its contribution to osmotically signaled transcription activation. J. Bacteriol. 176: 3638-3645 (1994).

Mellies J, Wise A, Villarejo M. Two different Escherichia coli proP promoters respond to osmotic and growth phase signals. J. Bacteriol. 177: 144-151 (1995).

Mendum ML, Smith LT. Characterization of the glycine betaine transporters from Listeria monocytogenes and their role in salt and cold tolerance. FASEB J. 13: A1442 (1999).

Mendum ML, Smith LT. Characterization of glycine betaine porter I from Listeria monocytogenes and its roles in salt and chill tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 813-819 (2002).

Meury J. Immediate and transient inhibition of the respiration of Escherichia coli under hyperosmotic shock. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 121: 281-286 (1994).

Meury J. Glycine betaine reverses the effects of osmotic stress on DNA replication and cellular division in Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 149: 232-239 (1988).

Meyer A, Eskandari S, Grallath S, Rentsch D. AtGAT1, a high affinity transporter for gamma-aminobutyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 7197-7204 (2006).

Michel V, Bakovic M. The solute carrier 44A1 is a mitochondrial protein and mediates choline transport. FASEB J. 23: 2749-2758 (2009).

Miller B, Schmid H, Chen TJ, Schmolke M, Guder WG. Determination of choline dehydrogenase activity along the rat nephron. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 377: 129-137 (1996).

Miller KJ, Zelt SC, Bae JH. Glycine betaine and proline are the principal compatible solutes of Staphylococcus aureus. Curr. Microbiol. 23: 131-137 (1991).

Milner JL, McClellan DJ, Wood JM. Factors reducing and promoting the effectiveness of proline as an osmoprotectant in Escherichia coli K12. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 1851-1860 (1987).

Milner JL, Wood JM. Insertion proQ220::Tn5 alters regulation of proline porter II, a transporter of proline and glycine betaine in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 171: 947-951 (1989).

Miyai A, Yamauchi A, Moriyama T, Kaneko T, Takenaka M, Sugiura T, Kitamura H, Ando A, Tohyama M, Shimada S, Imai E, Kamada T. Expression of betaine transporter mRNA: its unique localization and rapid regulation in rat kidney. Kidney Int. 50: 819-827 (1996).

Miyakawa H, Rim JS, Handler JS, Kwon HM. Identification of the second tonicity-responsive enhancer for the betaine transporter (BGT1) gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1446: 359-364 (1999).

Moeckel GW, Lai LW, Guder WG, Kwon HM, Lien YH. Kinetics and osmoregulation of Na(+)-and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter in rat renal medulla. Am. J. Physiol. 272: F100-F106 (1997).

Moeckel GW, Lien YH. Bicarbonate dependency of betaine synthesis in cultured LLC-PK1 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266: F512-F515 (1994).

Moghaieb RE, Tanaka N, Saneoka H, Murooka Y, Ono H, Morikawa H, Nakamura A, Nguyen NT, Suwa R, Fujita K. Characterization of salt tolerance in ectoine-transformed tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum): photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and nitrogen partitioning. Plant Cell Environ. 29: 173-182 (2006).

Molenaar D, Hagting A, Alkema H, Driessen AJ, Konings WN. Characteristics and osmoregulatory roles of uptake systems for proline and glycine betaine in Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 175: 5438-5444 (1993).

Molina-Hoppner A, Doster W, Vogel RF, Ganzle MG. Protective effect of sucrose and sodium chloride for Lactococcus lactis during sublethal and lethal high-pressure treatments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2013-2020 (2004).

Moore DJ, Reed RH, Stewart WDP. A glycine betaine transport system in Aphanothece halophytica and other glycine betaine synthesizing cyanobacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 147: 399-405 (1987).

Moorhead SM, Dykes GA. Influence of the sigB gene on the cold stress survival and subsequent recovery of two Listeria monocytogenes serotypes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 91: 63-72 (2004).

Morbach S, Kramer R. Impact of transport processes in the osmotic response of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biotechnol. 104: 69-75 (2003).

Mukhopadhyay A, He Z, Alm EJ, Arkin AP, Baidoo EE, Borglin SC, Chen W, Hazen TC, He Q, Holman HY, Huang K, Huang R, Joyner DC, Katz N, Keller M, Oeller P, Redding A, Sun J, Wall J, Wei J, Yang Z, Yen HC, Zhou J, Keasling JD. Salt stress in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough: an integrated genomics approach. J. Bacteriol. 188: 4068-4078 (2006).

Munro PM, Gauthier MJ, Breittmayer VA, Bongiovanni J. Influence of osmoregulation processes on starvation survival of Escherichia coli in seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 2017-2024 (1989).

Murugasu-Oei B, Tay A, Dick T. Upregulation of stress response genes and abc transporters in anaerobic stationary-phase Mycobacterium smegmatis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 262: 677-682 (1999).

Nadkarni V, Gabbay KH, Bohren KM, Sheikh-Hamad D. Osmotic response element enhancer activity. Regulation through p38 kinase and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 20185-20190 (1999).

Nagata S. Growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 9637 through the uptake of compatible solutes at high osmolarity. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 92: 324-329 (2001).

Nagata S, Adachi K, Shirai K, Sano H. 23Na NMR spectroscopy of free Na+ in the halotolerant bacterium Brevibacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Microbiology 141: 729-736 (1995).

Nagata S, Maekawa Y, Ikeuchi T, Wang YB, Ishida A. Effect of compatible solutes on the respiratory activity and growth of Escherichia coli K-12 under NaCl stress. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 94: 384-389 (2002).

Nakanishi T, Burg MB. Osmoregulatory fluxes of myo-inositol and betaine in renal cells. Am. J. Physiol. 257: C964-C970 (1989).

Nakanishi T, Turner RJ, Burg MB. Osmoregulation of betaine transport in mammalian renal medullary cells. Am. J. Physiol. 258: F1061-F1067 (1990).

Nandineni MR, Laishram RS, Gowrishankar J. Osmosensitivity associated with insertions in argP (iciA) or glnE in glutamate synthase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 6391-6399 (2004).

Nau-Wagner G, Boch J, Le Good JA, Bremer E. High-affinity transport of choline-O-sulfate and its use as a compatible solute in Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 560-568 (1999).

Naughton LM, Blumerman SL, Carlberg M, Boyd EF. Osmoadaptation among Vibrio species and unique genomic features and physiological responses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 2802-2810 (2009).

Neufeld DS, Wright SH. Basolateral transport of taurine in epithelial cells of isolated, perfused Mytilus californianus gills. J. Exp. Biol. 198: 465-473 (1995).

Neuhofer W, Bartels H, Fraek ML, Beck FX. Relationship between intracellular ionic strength and expression of tonicity-responsive genes in rat papillary collecting duct cells. J. Physiol. 543: 147-153 (2002).

Neuhofer W, Vastag M, Fraek ML, Beck FX. Effect of ammonium on the expression of osmosensitive genes in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J. Physiol. 563: 497-505 (2005).

Nuccio ML, McNeil SD, Ziemak MJ, Hanson AD, Jain RK, Selvaraj G. Choline import into chloroplasts limits glycine betaine synthesis in tobacco: analysis of plants engineered with a chloroplastic or a cytosolic pathway. Metab. Eng. 2: 300-311 (2000).

Obis D, Guillot A, Gripon JC, Renault P, Bolotin A, Mistou MY. Genetic and biochemical characterization of a high-affinity betaine uptake system (BusA) in Lactococcus lactis reveals a new functional organization within bacterial ABC transporters. J. Bacteriol. 181: 6238-6246 (1999).

Obis D, Guillot A, Mistou MY. Tolerance to high osmolality of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and cremoris is related to the activity of a betaine transport system. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 202: 39-44 (2001).

Okada Y, Okada N, Makino S, Asakura H, Yamamoto S, Igimi S. The sigma factor RpoN (sigma54) is involved in osmotolerance in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 263: 54-60 (2006).

Olsen M, Sarup A, Larsson OM, Schousboe A. Effect of hyperosmotic conditions on the expression of the betaine-GABA-transporter (BGT-1) in cultured mouse astrocytes. Neurochem. Res. 30: 855-865 (2005).

Onraedt A, De Mey M, Walcarius B, Soetaert W, Vandamme EJ. Transport kinetics of ectoine, an osmolyte produced by Brevibacterium epidermis. Biotechnol. Lett. 28: 1741-1747 (2006).

Ott V, Koch J, Spate K, Morbach S, Kamer R. Regulatory properties and interaction of the C- and N-terminal domains of BetP, an osmoregulated betaine transporter from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biochemistry 47: 12208-12218 (2008).

Ozcan N, Kramer R, Morbach S. Chill activation of compatible solute transporters in Corynebacterium glutamicum at the level of transport activity. J. Bacteriol. 187: 4752-4759 (2005).

Padda R, Wamsley-Davis A, Gustin MC, Ross R, Yu C, Sheikh-Hamad D. MEKK3-mediated signaling to p38 kinase and TonE in hypertonically stressed kidney cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291: F874-F881 (2006).

Patchett RA, Kelly AF, Kroll RG. Transport of glycine-betaine by Listeria monocytogenes. Arch. Microbiol. 162: 205-210 (1994).

Patzlaff JS, van der Heide T, Poolman B. The ATP/substrate stoichiometry of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter OpuA. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 29546-29551 (2003).

Peddie BA, Wong-She J, Randall K, Lever M, Chambers ST. Osmoprotective properties and accumulation of betaine analogues by Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 160: 25-30 (1998).

Perroud B, Le Rudulier D. Glycine betaine transport in Escherichia coli: osmotic modulation. J. Bacteriol. 161: 393-401 (1985).

Peter H, Bader A, Burkovski A, Lambert C, Kramer R. Isolation of the putP gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum and characterization of a low-affinity uptake system for compatible solutes. Arch. Microbiol. 168: 143-151 (1997).

Peter H, Burkovski A, Kramer R. Osmo-sensing by N- and C-terminal extensions of the glycine betaine uptake system BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 2567-2574 (1998).

Peter H, Burkovski A, Kramer R. Isolation, characterization, and expression of the Corynebacterium glutamicum betP gene, encoding the transport system for the compatible solute glycine betaine. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5229-5234 (1996).

Petronini PG, De Angelis E, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP. Osmotically inducible uptake of betaine via amino acid transport system A in SV-3T3 cells. Biochem. J. 300: 45-50 (1994).

Petronini PG, De Angelis EM, Borghetti P, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP. Modulation by betaine of cellular responses to osmotic stress. Biochem. J. 282: 69-73 (1992).

Petty CN, Lucero MT. Characterization of a Na+-dependent betaine transporter with Cl- channel properties in squid motor neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 1567-1574 (1999).

Pfluger K, Muller V. Transport of compatible solutes in extremophiles. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 36: 17-24 (2004).

Pflughoeft KJ, Kierek K, Watnick PI. Role of ectoine in Vibrio cholerae osmoadaptation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5919-5927 (2003).

Pichereau V, Pocard JA, Hamelin J, Blanco C, Bernard T. Differential effects of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfonioacetate, and other S-methylated compounds on the growth of Sinorhizobium meliloti at low and high osmolarities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1420-1429 (1998).

Pietrini G, Suh YJ, Edelmann L, Rudnick G, Caplan MJ. The axonal gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 is sorted to the apical membranes of polarized epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 4668-4674 (1994).

Pocard JA, Vincent N, Boncompagni E, Smith LT, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. Molecular characterization of the bet genes encoding glycine betaine synthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti 102F34. Microbiology 143: 1369-1379 (1997).

Pochini L, Oppedisano F, Indiveri C. Reconstitution into liposomes and functional characterization of the carnitine transporter from renal cell plasma membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1661: 78-86 (2004).

Porter RK, Scott JM, Brand MD. Characterization of betaine efflux from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1141: 269-274 (1993).

Pourkomailian B, Booth IR. Glycine betaine transport by Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for two transport systems and for their possible roles in osmoregulation. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138: 2515-2518 (1992).

Pourkomailian B, Booth IR. Glycine betaine transport by Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for feedback regulation of the activity of the two transport systems. Microbiology 140: 3131-3138 (1994).

Pourkomaillan B. Possible link between a 35 kDa membrane protein and osmolyte transport in Staphylococcus aureus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26: 149-152 (1998).

Preston AS, Yamauchi A, Kwon HM, Handler JS. Activators of protein kinase A and of protein kinase C inhibit MDCK cell myo-inositol and betaine uptake. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6: 1559-1564 (1995).

Price CT, Bukka A, Cynamon M, Graham JE. Glycine betaine uptake by the ProXVWZ ABC transporter contributes to the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to initiate growth in human macrophages. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3955-3961 (2008).

Prigent-Combaret C, Vidal O, Dorel C, Lejeune P. Abiotic surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5993-6002 (1999).

Proctor LM, Lai R, Gunsalus RP. The methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 possesses a high-affinity glycine betaine transporter involved in osmotic adaptation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 2252-2257 (1997).

Pummer S, Dantzler WH, Lien YH, Moeckel GW, Volker K, Silbernagl S. Reabsorption of betaine in Henle's loops of rat kidney in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 278: F434-F439 (2000).

Queau M, Renault J, Uriac P, Corbel JC, Travert MF, Bernard T, Donnio PY. Antibacterial effect of two glycine betaine analogues against Escherichia coli. Pathol. Biol. 51: 516-519 (2003).

Quentin Y, Fichant G, Denizot F. Inventory, assembly and analysis of Bacillus subtilis ABC transport systems. J. Mol. Biol. 287: 467-484 (1999).

Quinn RH, Pierce SK. The ionic basis of the hypo-osmotic depolarization in neurons from the opisthobranch mollusc Elysia chlorotica. J. Exp. Biol. 163: 169-186 (1992).

Racher KI, Voegele RT, Marshall EV, Culham DE, Wood JM, Jung H, Bacon M, Cairns MT, Ferguson SM, Liang WJ, Henderson PJF, White G, Hallett FR. Purification and reconstitution of an osmosensor: transporter ProP of Escherichia coli senses and responds to osmotic shifts. Biochemistry 38: 1676-1684 (1999).

Ramanathan VK, Brett CM, Giacomini KM. Na+-dependent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport in the choroid plexus of rabbit. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1330: 94-102 (1997).

Ramirez RM, Prince WS, Bremer E, Villarejo M. In vitro reconstitution of osmoregulated expression of proU of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 1153-1157 (1989).

Randall K, Lever M, Peddie BA, Chambers ST. Competitive accumulation of betaines by Escherichia coli K-12 and derivative strains lacking betaine porters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1245: 116-120 (1995).

Rasola A, Galietta LJ, Barone V, Romeo G, Bagnasco S. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a GABA/betaine transporter from human kidney. FEBS Lett. 373: 229-233 (1995).

Rathinasabapathi B, McCue KF, Gage DA, Hanson AD. Metabolic engineering of glycine betaine synthesis: plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases lacking typical transit peptides are targeted to tobacco chloroplasts where they confer betaine aldehyde resistance. Planta 193: 155-162 (1994).

Redding AM, Mukhopadhyay A, Joyner DC, Hazen TC, Keasling JD. Study of nitrate stress in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough using iTRAQ proteomics. Brief Funct. Genomic Proteomic 5: 133-143 (2006).

Regev R, Peri I, Gilboa H, Avi-Dor Y. 13C NMR study of the interrelation between synthesis and uptake of compatible solutes in two moderately halophilic eubacteria. Bacterium Ba1and Vibro costicola. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 278: 106-112 (1990).

Reith ME, Zhen J, Chen N. The importance of company: Na+ and Cl- influence substrate interaction with SLC6 transporters and other proteins. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 175: 75-93 (2006).

Ressl S, Terwisscha van Scheltinga AC, Vonrhein C, Ott V, Ziegler C. Molecular basis of transport and regulation in the Na(+)/betaine symporter BetP. Nature 458: 47-52 (2009).

Rhodes D, McNeil SD, Nuccio ML, Hanson AD. Metabolic engineering and flux analysis of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: progress and prospects. In (BN Kholodenko, HV Westerhoff, eds.) "Metabolic Engineering in the Post Genomic Era", Horizon Bioscience, Wymondham, Norfolk, U.K., pp. 409-434 (2004).

Riley M, Staley JT, Danchin A, Wang TZ, Brettin TS, Hauser LJ, Land ML, Thompson LS. Genomics of an extreme psychrophile, Psychromonas ingrahamii. BMC Genomics 9: 210 (2008).

Riou N, Le Rudulier D. Osmoregulation in Azospirillum brasilense: glycine betaine transport enhances growth and nitrogen fixation under salt stress. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 1455-1461 (1990).

Robert H, Le Marrec C, Blanco C, Jebbar M. Glycine betaine, carnitine, and choline enhance salinity tolerance and prevent the accumulation of sodium to a level inhibiting growth of Tetragenococcus halophila. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 509-517 (2000).

Robertson DE, Noll D, Roberts MF. Free amino acid dynamics in marine methanogens. beta-Amino acids as compatible solutes. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 14893-14901 (1992).

Robertson DE, Noll D, Roberts MF, Menaia JA, Boone DR. Detection of the osmoregulator betaine in methanogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 563-565 (1990).

Robey RB, Kwon HM, Handler JS, Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB. Induction of glycinebetaine uptake into Xenopus oocytes by injection of poly(A)+ RNA from renal cells exposed to high extracellular NaCl. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 10400-10405 (1991).

Robson GD, Best LC, Wiebe MG, Trinci AP. Choline transport in Fusarium graminearum A 3/5. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 71: 247-251 (1992).

Robson GD, Wiebe MG, Cunliffe B, Trinci AP. Choline- and acetylcholine-induced changes in the morphology of Fusarium graminearum: evidence for the involvement of the choline transport system and acetylcholinesterase. Microbiology 141: 1309-1314 (1995).

Rodionov DA, Vitreschak AG, Mironov AA, Gelfand MS. Comparative genomics of the methionine metabolism in Gram-positive bacteria: a variety of regulatory systems. Nucleic Acids Res. 32: 3340-3353 (2004).

Roessler M, Pfluger K, Flach H, Lienard T, Gottschalk G, Muller V. Identification of a salt-induced primary transporter for glycine betaine in the methanogen Methanosarcina mazei Go1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2133-2139 (2002).

Rosenberg NK, Lee RW, Yancey PH. High contents of hypotaurine and thiotaurine in hydrothermal-vent gastropods without thiotrophic endosymbionts. J. Exp. Zoolog. A. Comp. Exp. Biol. 305: 655-662 (2006).

Rosenstein R, Futter-Bryniok D, Gotz F. The choline-converting pathway in Staphylococcus xylosus C2A: genetic and physiological characterization. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2273-2278 (1999).

Rossi F, Gatto V, Marzotto M, Torriani S. A genetic insight into peptide and amino-acid utilization by Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG 16415. Curr. Microbiol. 52: 464-468 (2006).

Rubenhagen R, Morbach S, Kramer R. The osmoreactive betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a sensor for cytoplasmic K(+). EMBO J. 20: 5412-5420 (2001).

Ruffert S, Lambert C, Peter H, Wendisch VF, Kramer R. Efflux of compatible solutes in Corynebacterium glutamicum mediated by osmoregulated channel activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 247: 572-580 (1997).

Ruiz-Tachiquin ME, Sanchez-Lemus E, Soria-Jasso LE, Arias-Montano JA, Ortega A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (BGT-1) expressed in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells: Pharmacological and molecular characterization and phorbol ester-induced inhibition. J. Neurosci. Res. 69: 125-132 (2002).

Sairam RK, Tyagi A. Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Curr. Sci. 86: 407-421 (2004).

Saum R, Mingote A, Santos H, Muller V. Genetic analysis of the role of the ABC transporter Ota and Otb in glycine betaine transport in Methanosarcina mazei Go1. Arch. Microbiol. 191: 291-301 (2009).

Scaglia F, Wang Y, Longo N. Functional characterization of the carnitine transporter defective in primary carnitine deficiency. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 364: 99-106 (1999).

Schiefner A, Breed J, Bosser L, Kneip S, Gade J, Holtmann G, Diederichs K, Welte W, Bremer E. Cation-pi interactions as determinants for binding of the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine by the periplasmic ligand-binding protein ProX from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 5588-5596 (2004).

Schiefner A, Holtmann G, Diederichs K, Welte W, Bremer E. Structural basis for the binding of compatible solutes by ProX from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 48270-48281 (2004).

Schiller D, Rubenhagen R, Kramer R, Morbach S. The C-terminal domain of the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum is directly involved in sensing K+ as an osmotic stimulus. Biochemistry 43: 5583-5591 (2004).

Schliess F, Schafer C, vom Dahl S, Fischer R, Lordnejad MR, Haussinger D. Expression and regulation of the Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1 in rat liver and human HuH-7 hepatoma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 401: 187-197 (2002).

Schmidt S, Pfluger K, Kugl S, Spanheimer R, Muller V. The salt-induced ABC transporter Ota of the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei Go1 is a glycine betaine transporter. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 277: 44-49 (2007).

Schoberth SM, Bar NK, Kramer R, Karger J. Pulsed high-field gradient in vivo NMR spectroscopy to measure diffusional water permeability in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Anal. Biochem. 279: 100-105 (2000).

Schwacke R, Grallath S, Breitkreuz KE, Stransky E, Stransky H, Frommer WB, Rentsch D. LeProT1, a transporter for proline, glycine betaine, and gamma-amino butyric acid in tomato pollen. Plant Cell 11: 377-392 (1999).

Schwan WF, Wetzel KJ, Gomez TS, Stiles MA, Beitlich BD, Grunwald S. Low-proline environments impair growth, proline transport and in vivo survival of Staphylococcus aureus strain-specific putP mutants. Microbiology (U.K.) 150: 1055-1061 (2004).

Sehayek E, Wang R, Ono JG, Zinchuk VS, Duncan EM, Shefer S, Vance DE, Ananthanarayanan M, Chait BT, Breslow JL. Localization of the PE methylation pathway and SR-BI to the canalicular membrane: evidence for apical PC biosynthesis that may promote biliary excretion of phospholipid and cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 44: 1605-1613 (2003).

Selmer-Olsen E, Birkeland SE, Sorhaug T. Effect of protective solutes on leakage from and survival of immobilized Lactobacillus subjected to drying, storage and rehydration. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87: 429-437 (1999).

Sheikh-Hamad D, Di Mari J, Suki WN, Safirstein R, Watts BA 3rd, Rouse D. p38 kinase activity is essential for osmotic induction of mRNAs for HSP70 and transporter for organic solute betaine in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1832-1837 (1998).

Sheikh-Hamad D, Garcia-Perez A, Ferraris JD, Peters EM, Burg MB. Induction of gene expression by heat shock versus osmotic stress. Am. J. Physiol. 267: F28-F34 (1994).

Sleator RD, Francis GA, O'Beirne D, Gahan CG, Hill C. Betaine and carnitine uptake systems in Listeria monocytogenes affect growth and survival in foods and during infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95: 839-846 (2003).

Sleator RD, Gahan CG, Abee T, Hill C. Identification and disruption of BetL, a secondary glycine betaine transport system linked to the salt tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes LO28. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2078-2083 (1999).

Sleator RD, Wood JM, Hill C. Transcriptional regulation and posttranslational activity of the betaine transporter BetL in Listeria monocytogenes are controlled by environmental salinity. J. Bacteriol. 185: 7140-7144 (2003).

Sleator RD, Wouters J, Gahan CG, Abee T, Hill C. Analysis of the role of OpuC, an osmolyte transport system, in salt tolerance and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 2692-2698 (2001).

Smiddy M, Sleator RD, Patterson MF, Hill C, Kelly AL. Role for compatible solutes glycine betaine and L-carnitine in listerial barotolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 7555-7557 (2004).

Smith LT. Role of osmolytes in adaptation of osmotically stressed and chill-stressed Listeria monocytogenes grown in liquid media and on processed meat surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 3088-3093 (1996).

Smits SH, Hoing M, Lecher J, Jebbar M, Schmitt L, Bremer E. The compatible solute-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis: ligand-binding, site directed mutagenesis and crystallographic studies. J. Bacteriol. 190: 5663-5671 (2008).

Spiegelhalter F, Bremer E. Osmoregulation of the opuE proline transport gene from Bacillus subtilis: contributions of the sigma A- and sigma B-dependent stress-responsive promoters. Mol. Microbiol. 29: 285-296 (1998).

Stamatakis K, Nectarios L, Papageorgiou GC. Facilitated water transport in cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 studied by phycobilisome-sensitized chlorophyll a fluorescence. Photosynth. Res. 84: 181-185 (2005).

Steger R, Weinand M, Kramer R, Morbach S. LcoP, an osmoregulated betaine/ectoine uptake system from Corynebacterium glutamicum. FEBS Lett. 573: 155-160 (2004).

Steil L, Hoffmann T, Budde I, Volker U, Bremer E. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis of adaptation of Bacillus subtilis to high salinity. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6358-6370 (2003).

Stimeling KW, Graham JE, Kaenjak A, Wilkinson BJ. Evidence for feedback (trans) regulation of, and two systems for, glycine betaine transport by Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 140: 3139-3144 (1994).

Stirling DA, Hulton CS, Waddell L, Park SF, Stewart GS, Booth IR, Higgins CF. Molecular characterization of the proU loci of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli encoding osmoregulated glycine betaine transport systems. Mol. Microbiol. 3: 1025-1038 (1989).

Sutherland L, Cairney J, Elmore MJ, Booth IR, Higgins CF. Osmotic regulation of transcription: induction of the proU betaine transport gene is dependent on accumulation of intracellular potassium. J. Bacteriol. 168: 805-814 (1986).

Takenaka M, Preston AS, Kwon HM, Handler JS. The tonicity-sensitive element that mediates increased transcription of the betaine transporter gene in response to hypertonic stress. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 29379-29381 (1994).

Takenaka M, Yamauchi A, Imai E. Regulation of osmolyte transporter gene expression by tonicity. Nippon Rinsho 54: 2821-2828 (1996).

Talibart R, Jebbar M, Gouesbet G, Himdi-Kabbab S, Wroblewski H, Blanco C, Bernard T. Osmoadaptation in rhizobia: ectoine-induced salt tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 176: 5210-5217 (1994).

Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu J, Yabuuchi H, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A. Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 20378-20382 (1998).

Tamas MJ, Luyten K, Sutherland FCW, Hernandez A, Albertyn J, Valadi H, Li H, Prior BA, Killan SG, Ramos J, Gustafsson L, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S. Fps1p controls the accumulation and release of the compatible solute glycerol in yeast osmoregulation. Mol. Microbiol. 31: 1087-1104 (1999).

Thwaites DT, Anderson CM. Deciphering the mechanisms of intestinal imino (and amino) acid transport: the redemption of SLC36A1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768: 179-197 (2007).

Tomi M, Tajima A, Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI. Function of taurine transporter (Slc6a6/TauT) as a GABA transporting protein and its relevance to GABA transport in rat retinal capillary endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1778: 2138-2142 (2008).

Townsend DE, Wilkinson BJ. Proline transport in Staphylococcus aureus: a high-affinity system and a low-affinity system involved in osmoregulation. J. Bacteriol. 174: 2702-2710 (1992).

Trikha J, Theil EC, Allewell NM. High resolution crystal structures of amphibian red-cell L ferritin: potential roles for structural plasticity and solvation in function. J. Mol. Biol. 248: 949-967 (1995).

Tripathi AK, Mishra BM. Isolation and cloning of a Azospirillum lipoferum locus that complements Escherichia coli proU mutant. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162: 241-247 (1998).

Tsai CJ, Ejsing CS, Shevchenko A, Ziegler C. The role of lipids and salts in two-dimensional crystallization of the glycine-betaine transporter BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Struct. Biol. 160: 275-286 (2007).

Tsai CJ, Ziegler C. Structure determination of secondary transport proteins by electron crystallography: two-dimensional crystallization of the betaine uptake system BetP. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 197-207 (2005).

Uchida S, Yamauchi A, Preston AS, Kwon HM, Handler JS. Medium tonicity regulates expression of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by increasing transcription of the transporter gene. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 1604-1607 (1993).

Ueda A, Shi WM, Sanmiya K, Shono M, Takabe T. Functional analysis of salt-inducible proline transporter of barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 1282-1289 (2001).

Van der Heide T, Poolman B. Glycine betaine transport in Lactococcus lactis is osmotically regulated at the level of expression and translocation activity. J. Bacteriol. 182: 203-206 (2000).

van der Heide T, Stuart MC, Poolman B. On the osmotic signal and osmosensing mechanism of an ABC transport system for glycine betaine. EMBO J. 20: 7022-7032 (2001).

Vargas C, Argandona M, Reina-Bueno M, Rodriguez-Moya J, Fernandez-Aunion C, Nieto JJ. Unravelling the adaptation responses to osmotic and temperature stress in Chromohalobacter salexigens, a bacterium with broad salinity tolerance. Saline Systems 4: 14 (2008).

Vargas C, Jebbar M, Carrasco R, Blanco C, Calderon MI, Iglesias-Guerra F, Nieto JJ. Ectoines as compatible solutes and carbon and energy sources for the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100: 98-107 (2006).

Verheul A, Glaasker E, Poolman B, Abee T. Betaine and L-carnitine transport by Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in response to osmotic signals. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6979-6985 (1997).

Verheul A, Rombouts FM, Beumer RR, Abee T. An ATP-dependent L-carnitine transporter in Listeria monocytogenes Scott A is involved in osmoprotection. J. Bacteriol. 177: 3205-3212 (1995).

Verheul A, Wouters JA, Rombouts FM, Abee T. A possible role of ProP, ProU and CaiT in osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by carnitine. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85: 1036-1046 (1998).

Vermeulen V, Kunte HJ. Marinococcus halophilus DSM 20408T encodes two transporters for compatible solutes belonging to the betaine-carnitine-choline transporter family: identification and characterization of ectoine transporter EctM and glycine betaine transporter BetM. Extremophiles 8: 175-184 (2004).

Vinothkumar KR, Raunser S, Jung H, Kuhlbrandt W. Oligomeric structure of the carnitine transporter CaiT from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 4795-4801 (2006).

von Blohn C, Kempf B, Kappes RM, Bremer E. Osmostress response in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of a proline uptake system (OpuE) regulated by high osmolarity and the alternative transcription factor sigma B. Mol. Microbiol. 25: 175-187 (1997).

Waditee R, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Nakamura T, Incharoensakdi A, Hayakawa S, Suzuki S, Futsuhara Y, Kawamitsu Y, Takabe T, Takabe T. Functional characterization of betaine/proline transporters in betaine-accumulating mangrove. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 18373-18382 (2002).

Warskulat U, Brookmann S, Felsner I, Brenden H, Grether-Beck S, Haussinger D. Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Exp. Dermatol. 17: 1031-1036 (2008).

Warskulat U, Reinen A, Grether-Beck S, Krutmann J, Haussinger D. The osmolyte strategy of normal human keratinocytes in maintaining cell homeostasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123: 516-521 (2004).

Warskulat U, Wettstein M, Haussinger D. Betaine is an osmolyte in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. FEBS Lett. 377: 47-50 (1995).

Warskulat U, Wettstein M, Haussinger D. Osmoregulated taurine transport in H4IIE hepatoma cells and perfused rat liver. Biochem. J. 321: 683-690 (1997).

Weik C, Warskulat U, Bode J, Peters-Regehr T, Haussinger D. Compatible organic osmolytes in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 27: 569-575 (1998).

Welsh DT, Guyoneaud R, Caumette P. Utilization of the compatible solutes sucrose and trehalose by purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 974-979 (1998).

Welsh DT, Reed RH, Herbert RA. The role of trehalose in the osmoadaptation of Escherichia coli NCIB-9484: interaction of trehalose, K+ and glutamate during osmoadaptation in continuous culture. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137: 745-750 (1991).

Wemekamp-Kamphuis HH, Sleator RD, Wouters JA, Hill C, Abee T. Molecular and physiological analysis of the role of osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC in growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2912-2918 (2004).

White HS, Watson WP, Hansen SL, Slough S, Perregaard J, Sarup A, Bolvig T, Petersen G, Larsson OM, Clausen RP, Frolund B, Falch E, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Schousboe A. First demonstration of a functional role for central nervous system betaine/{gamma}-aminobutyric acid transporter (mGAT2) based on synergistic anticonvulsant action among inhibitors of mGAT1 and mGAT2. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312: 866-874 (2005).

Wright SH, Wunz TM, Silva AL. Betaine transport in the gill of a marine mussel, Mytilus californianus. Am. J. Physiol. 263: R226-R232 (1992).

Wunz TM, Wright SH. Betaine transport in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles. Am. J. Physiol. 264: F948-F955 (1993).

Xu J, Johnson RC. Fis activates the RpoS-dependent stationary-phase expression of proP in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177: 5222-5231 (1995).

Xu J, Johnson RC. Cyclic AMP receptor protein functions as a repressor of the osmotically inducible promoter proP P1 in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179: 2410-2417 (1997).

Yamauchi A, Kwon HM, Uchida S, Preston AS, Handler JS. Myo-inositol and betaine transporters regulated by tonicity are basolateral in MDCK cells. Am. J. Physiol. 261: F197-F202 (1991).

Yamauchi A, Sugiura T, Ito T, Miyai A, Horio M, Imai E, Kamada T. Na+/myo-inositol transport is regulated by basolateral tonicity in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 263-267 (1996).

Yamauchi A, Uchida S, Kwon HM, Preston AS, Robey RB, Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB, Handler JS. Cloning of a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 649-652 (1992).

Yang X, Liang Z, Wen X, Lu C. Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine leads to increased tolerance of photosynthesis to salt stress in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 66: 73-86 (2008).

Yang XH, Lu CM. Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt-stressed maize plants. Physiol. Plant. 124: 343-352 (2005).

Zhang F, Warskulat U, Wettstein M, Haussinger D. Identification of betaine as an osmolyte in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Gastroenterology 110: 1543-1552 (1996).

Zhang XM, Wang XT, Yue HW, Leung SW, Thibodeau PH, Thomas PJ, Guggino SE. Organic solutes rescue the functional defect in delta F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 51232-51242 (2003).

Zhao CR, Shang L, Wang W, Jacobs DO. Myocellular creatine and creatine transporter serine phosphorylation after starvation. J. Surg. Res. 105: 10-16 (2002).

Zhou X, Ferraris JD, Burg MB. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species contribute to high NaCl-induced activation of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290: F1169-F1176 (2006).

Zhu XM, Ong WY. Changes in GABA transporters in the rat hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury: decrease in GAT-1 and GAT-3 but upregulation of betaine/GABA transporter BGT-1. J. Neurosci. Res. 77: 402-409 (2004).

Ziegler C, Morbach S, Schiller D, Kramer R, Tziatzios C, Schubert D, Kuhlbrandt W. Projection structure and oligomeric state of the osmoregulated sodium/glycine betaine symporter BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Mol. Biol. 337: 1137-1147 (2004).

Zoetewey DL, Tripet BP, Kutateladze TG, Overduin MJ, Wood JM, Hodges RS. Solution structure of the C-terminal antiparallel coiled-coil domain from Escherichia coli osmosensor ProP. J. Mol. Biol. 334: 1063-1076 (2003).

Number of references = 385