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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
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Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, betaine and aldehyde

Andresen PA, Kaasen I, Styrvold OB, Boulnois G, Strom AR 1988 Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 1737-1746.

Arakawa K, Katayama M, Takabe T 1990 Levels of betaine and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the green leaves, and etiolated leaves and roots of barley. Plant Cell Physiol. 31: 797-803.

Arakawa K, Mizuno K, Kishitani S, Takabe T 1977 Immunological studies of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in barley. Plant Cell Physiol. 33: 833-840.

Arakawa K, Takabe T, Sugiyama T, Akazawa T 1987 Purification of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach leaves and preparation of its antibody. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 101: 1485-1488.

Balkan J, Parldar FH, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M 2005 The effect of taurine or betaine pretreatment on hepatotoxicity and prooxidant status induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in the liver of rats. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17: 917-921.

Barak AJ, Beckenhauer HC, Tuma DJ 2002 Methionine synthase: a possible prime site of the ethanolic lesion in liver. Alcohol 26: 65-67.

Blunden G, Wilson SJ, Romero MA, Wu Y, Jenkins T, Tyihak E 1996 Betaines: their distribution in the plant kingdom, function and potential use as crop protection agents. Chemicke Listy 90: 679-683.

Boch J, Kempf B, Schmid R, Bremer E 1996 Synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of the gbsAB genes. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5121-5129.

Boch J, Nau-Wagner G, Kneip S, Bremer E 1997 Glycine betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis: characterization of an enzyme required for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine. Arch. Microbiol. 168: 282-289.

Boncompagni E, Osteras M, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D 1999 Occurrence of choline and glycine betaine uptake and metabolism in the family Rhizobiaceae and their roles in osmoprotection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2072-2077.

Boyd LA, Adam L, Pelcher LE, McHughen A, Hirji R, Selvaraj G 1991 Characterization of an Escherichia coli gene encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH): structural similarity to mammalian ALDHs and a plant BADH. Gene 103: 45-52.

Bradbury LM, Fitzgerald TL, Henry RJ, Jin Q, Waters DL 2005 The gene for fragrance in rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 3: 363-370.

Burg MB, Peters EM, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH 1999 Factors affecting counteraction by methylamines of urea effects on aldose reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 6517-6522.

Burnet M, Lafontaine PJ, Hanson AD 1995 Assay, purification, and partial characterization of choline monooxygenase from spinach. Plant Physiol. 108: 581-588.

Canovas D, Vargas C, Kneip S, Moron MJ, Ventosa A, Bremer E, Nieto JJ 2000 Genes for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043, USA. Microbiology 146: 455-463.

Charlton WL, Matsui K, Johnson B, Graham IA, Ohme-Takagi M, Baker A 2005 Salt-induced expression of peroxisome-associated genes requires components of the ethylene, jasmonate and abscisic acid signalling pathways. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 513-524.

Chen TH, Murata N 2002 Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257.

Chen W, Wright L, Li S, Cosloy SD, Russell CS 1996 Expression of glutamyl-tRNA reductase in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1309: 109-121.

Chen WP, Li PH, Chen THH 2000 Glycinebetaine increases chilling tolerance and reduces chilling-induced lipid peroxidation in Zea mays L. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 609-618.

Chern MK, Pietruszko R 1995 Human aldehyde dehydrogenase E3 isozyme is a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213: 561-568.

Chern MK, Pietruszko R 1999 Evidence for mitochondrial localization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver: purification, characterization, and comparison with human cytoplasmic E3 isozyme. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77: 179-187.

Christakopoulos A, Norin H, Sandstrom M, Thor H, Moldeus P, Ryhage R 1988 Cellular metabolism of arsenocholine. J. Appl. Toxicol. 8: 119-127.

Daniell H, Muthukumar B, Lee SB 2001 Marker free transgenic plants: engineering the chloroplast genome without the use of antibiotic selection. Curr. Genet. 39: 109-116.

de Ridder JJ, van Dam K 1975 Control of choline oxidation by rat-liver mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 408: 112-122.

Deetz JS, Luehr CA, Vallee BL 1984 Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes: reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Biochemistry 23: 6822-6828.

Demiral T, Turkan I 2004 Does exogenous glycinebetaine affect antioxidative system of rice seedlings under NaCl treatment? J. Plant Physiol. 161: 1089-1100.

Dockham PA, Lee MO, Sladek NE 1992 Identification of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenases that catalyze the oxidation of aldophosphamide and retinaldehyde. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 2453-2469.

Dodia C, Fisher AB, Chander A, Kleinzeller A 1992 Inhibitors of choline transport in alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6: 426-429.

Duhaze C, Gagneul D, Leport L, Larher FR, Bouchereau A 2003 Uracil as one of the multiple sources of beta-alanine in Limonium latifolium, a halotolerant beta-alanine betaine accumulating Plumbaginaceae. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 993-998.

Falkenberg P, Strom AR 1990 Purification and characterization of osmoregulatory betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034: 253-259.

Fan F, Gadda G 2005 On the catalytic mechanism of choline oxidase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 2067-2074.

Fan F, Gadda G 2005 Oxygen- and temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effects in choline oxidase: correlating reversible hydride transfer with environmentally enhanced tunneling. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 17954-17961.

Fan F, Germann MW, Gadda G 2006 Mechanistic studies of choline oxidase with betaine aldehyde and its isosteric analogue 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde. Biochemistry 45: 1979-1986.

Fan F, Ghanem M, Gadda G 2004 Cloning, sequence analysis, and purification of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis: a bacterial enzyme involved in osmotic stress tolerance. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 421: 149-158.

Figueroa-Soto CG, Lopez-Cervantes G, Valenzuela-Soto EM 1999 Immunolocalization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in porcine kidney. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258: 732-736.

Figueroa-Soto CG, Valenzuela-Soto EM 2001 Purification of a heterodimeric betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from wild amaranth plants subjected to water deficit. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285: 1052-1058.

Figueroa-Soto CG, Valenzuela-Soto EM 2000 Kinetic study of porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 269: 596-603.

Fougere F, Le Rudulier D 1990 Glycine betaine biosynthesis and catabolism in bacteroids of Rhizobium meliloti - effect of salt stress. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 2503-2510.

Gadda G 2003 pH and deuterium kinetic isotope effects studies on the oxidation of choline to betaine-aldehyde catalyzed by choline oxidase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1650: 4-9.

Gadda G, Powell NL, Menon P 2004 The trimethylammonium headgroup of choline is a major determinant for substrate binding and specificity in choline oxidase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 430: 264-273.

Gao XP, Pan QH, Li MJ, Zhang LY, Wang XF, Shen YY, Lu YF, Chen SW, Liang Z, Zhang DP 2004 Abscisic acid is involved in the water stress-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 742-750.

Gao XP, Wang XF, Lu YF, Zhang LY, Shen YY, Liang Z, Zhang DP 2004 Jasmonic acid is involved in the water-stress-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 497-507.

Gao XP, Yan JY, Liu EK, Shen YY, Lu YF, Zhang DP 2004 Water stress induces in pear leaves the rise of betaine level that is associated with drought tolerance in pear. J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. 79: 114-118.

Ghanem M, Fan F, Francis K, Gadda G 2003 Spectroscopic and kinetic properties of recombinant choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiform. Biochemistry 42: 15179-15188.

Ghanem M, Gadda G 2005 On the catalytic role of the conserved active site residue His466 of choline oxidase. Biochemistry 44: 893-904.

Gonzalez-Segura L, Velasco-Garcia R, Munoz-Clares RA 2002 Modulation of the reactivity of the essential cysteine residue of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem. J. 361: 577-585.

Gonzalez-Segura L, Velasco-Garcia R, Rudino-Pinera E, Mujica-Jimenez C, Munoz-Clares RA 2005 Site-directed mutagenesis and homology modeling indicate an important role of cysteine 439 in the stability of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochimie 87: 1056-1064.

Gorham J, McDonnell E 1985 High performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and estimation of choline, glycinebetaine aldehyde and related compounds. J. Chromatogr. 350: 245-254.

Gruez A, Roig-Zamboni V, Grisel S, Salomoni A, Valencia C, Campanacci V, Tegoni M, Cambillau C 2004 Crystal structure and kinetics identify Escherichia coli YdcW gene product as a medium-chain aldehyde dehydrogenase. J. Mol. Biol. 343: 29-41.

Grunewald RW, Eckstein A 1995 Osmotic regulation of the betaine metabolism in immortalized renal cells. Kidney Int. 48: 1714-1720.

Guzman-Partida AM, Valenzuela-Soto EM 1998 Porcine kidney betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase: purification and properties. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [B] 119: 485-491.

Hara M, Terashima S, Fukaya T, Kuboi T 2003 Enhancement of cold tolerance and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by citrus dehydrin in transgenic tobacco. Planta 217: 290-298.

Harinasut P, Tsutsui K, Takabe T, Nomura M, Takabe T, Kishitani S 1996 Exogenous glycinebetaine accumulation and increased salt-tolerance in rice seedlings. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60: 366-368.

Hibino T, Meng YL, Kawamitsu Y, Uehara N, Matsuda N, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa H, Baba S, Takabe T, Wada K, Ishii T, Takabe T 2001 Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betaine-accumulating mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 353-363.

Hjelmqvist L, El-Ahmad M, Johansson K, Norin A, Ramaswamy S, Jornvall H 1999 Structure and function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. An enzyme within the multienzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 463: 39-44.

Hjelmqvist L, Norin A, El-Ahmad M, Griffiths W, Jornvall H 2003 Distinct but parallel evolutionary patterns between alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: addition of fish/human betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase divergence. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60: 2009-2016.

Holmstrom KO, Somersalo S, Mandal A, Palva TE, Welin B 2000 Improved tolerance to salinity and low temperature in transgenic tobacco producing glycine betaine. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 177-185.

Holmstrom KO, Welin B, Mandal A, Kristiansdottir I, Teeri TH, Lamark T, Strom AR, Palva ET 1994 Production of the Escherichia coli betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine, in transgenic plants. Plant J. 6: 749-758.

Ikuta S, Imamura S, Misaki H, Horiuti Y 1977 Purification and characterization of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 82: 1741-1749.

Ikuta S, Matuura K, Imamura S, Misaki H, Horiuti Y 1977 Oxidative pathway of choline to betaine in the soluble fraction prepared from Arthrobacter globiformis. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 82: 157-163.

Incharoensakdi A, Hibino T, Takabe T 2002 Glu 103 gln site-directed mutation causes an alteration in physical properties of spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys. 6: 243-248.

Incharoensakdi A, Matsuda N, Hibino T, Meng YL, Ishikawa H, Hara A, Funaguma T, Takabe T, Takabe T 2000 Overproduction of spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Structural and functional properties of wild-type, mutants and E. coli enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 7015-7023.

Ishitani M, Arakawa K, Mizuno K, Kishitani S, Takabe T 1993 Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in the Gramineae: levels in leaves of both betaine-accumulating and nonaccumulating cereal plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 34: 493-495.

Ishitani M, Nakamura T, Han SY, Takabe T 1995 Expression of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in barley in response to osmotic stress and abscisic acid. Plant Mol. Biol. 27: 307-315.

Izaguirre G, Kikonyogo A, Pietruszko R 1997 Tissue distribution of human aldehyde dehydrogenase E3 (ALDH9): comparison of enzyme activity with E3 protein and mRNA distribution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. [B.] 118: 59-64.

Jenkins T, Blunden G, Wu Y, Hankins SD, Gabrielsen BO 1998 Are the reductions in nematode attack on plants treated with seaweed extracts the result of stimulation of the formaldehyde cycle? Acta Biol. Hung. 49: 421-427.

Johansson K, El-Ahmad M, Ramaswamy S, Hjelmqvist L, Jornvall H, Eklund H 1998 Structure of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase at 2.1 A resolution. Protein Sci. 7: 2106-2117.

Kaenjak A, Graham JE, Wilkinson BJ 1993 Choline transport activity in Staphylococcus aureus induced by osmotic stress and low phosphate concentrations. J. Bacteriol. 175: 2400-2406.

Kanbak G, Ozdemir F, Caliskan F, Sahin F, Inal M 2007 Betaine prevents loss of sialic acid residues and peroxidative injury of erythrocyte membrane in ethanol-given rats. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 25: 103-108.

Kappes RM, Kempf B, Kneip S, Boch J, Gade J, Meier-Wagner J, Bremer E 1999 Two evolutionarily closely related ABC transporters mediate the uptake of choline for synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 32: 203-216.

Kedishvili NY, Popov KM, Rougraff PM, Zhao Y, Crabb DW, Harris RA 1992 CoA-dependent methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, a unique member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. cDNA cloning, evolutionary relationships, and tissue distribution. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 19724-19729.

Kikonyogo A, Pietruszko R 1997 Cimetidine and other H2-receptor antagonists as inhibitors of human E3 aldehyde dehydrogenase. Mol. Pharmacol. 52: 267-271.

Kirch HH, Nair A, Bartels D 2001 Novel ABA- and dehydration-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase genes isolated from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 28: 555-567.

Kishitani S, Takanami T, Suzuki M, Oikawa M, Yokoi S, Ishitani M, Alvarez-Nakase AM, Takabe T, Takabe T 2000 Compatibility of glycinebetaine in rice plants: evaluation using transgenic rice plants with a gene for peroxisomal betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from barley. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 107-114.

Koivula T, Koivusalo M 1975 Different forms of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase and their subcellular distribution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 397: 9-23.

Kumar S, Dhingra A, Daniell H 2004 Plastid-expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in carrot cultured cells, roots, and leaves confers enhanced salt tolerance. Plant Physiol. 136: 2843-2854.

Kurys G, Shah PC, Kikonygo A, Reed D, Ambroziak W, Pietruszko R 1993 Human aldehyde dehydrogenase. cDNA cloning and primary structure of the enzyme that catalyzes dehydrogenation of 4-aminobutyraldehyde. Eur. J. Biochem. 218: 311-320.

Laloknam S, Tanaka K, Buaboocha T, Waditee R, Incharoensakdi A, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Takabe T 2006 Halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica contains a betaine transporter active at alkaline pH and high salinity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6018-6026.

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Lamark T, Rokenes TP, McDougall J, Strom AR 1996 The complex bet promoters of Escherichia coli: regulation by oxygen (ArcA), choline (BetI), and osmotic stress. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1655-1662.

Landfald B, Strom AR 1986 Choline-glycine betaine pathway confers a high level of osmotic tolerance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 165: 849-855.

Le Rudulier D, Gloux K, Riou N 1991 Identification of an osmotically induced periplasmic glycine betaine-binding protein from Rhizobium meliloti. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1061: 197-205.

Lee KH, Cava M, Amiri P, Ottoboni T, Lindquist RN 1992 Betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase from rat liver: purification and inhibition by a boronic acid substrate analog. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 292: 77-86.

Lee MS, Kim KW, Kim YH, Lee GM 2003 Proteome analysis of antibody-expressing CHO cells in response to hyperosmotic pressure. Biotechnol. Prog. 19: 1734-1741.

Legaria J, Rajsbaum R, Munoz-Clares RA, Villegas-Sepulveda N, Simpson J, Iturriaga G 1998 Molecular characterization of two genes encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from amaranth. expression in leaves under short-term exposure to osmotic stress or abscisic acid. Gene 218: 69-76.

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Li QL, Gao XR, Yu XH, Wang XZ, An LJ 2003 Molecular cloning and characterization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Suaeda liaotungensis and its use in improved tolerance to salinity in transgenic tobacco. Biotechnol. Lett. 25: 1431-1436.

Li QL, Gao XR, Yuan XD, Liu DW, An LJ 2002 Rapid amplification of 3' cDNA end of Suaeda liaotungensis betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase using one-step PCR. Yi Chuan 24: 179-181.

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Munoz-Clares RA, Mujica-Jimenez C 2001 Complexes of NADH with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from leaves of the plant Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Chem. Biol. Interact. 130-132: 71-80.

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Perrino LA, Pierce SK 2000 Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase kinetics partially account for oyster population differences in glycine betaine synthesis. J. Exp. Zool. 286: 238-249.

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David Rhodes
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Last Update: 9/20/2007