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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, asparagine synthetase

Abbes Z, Kharrat M, Delavault P, Chaibi W, Simier P. Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 47: 153-159 (2009).

Ackermann U, Graf R. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of a putative asparagine synthetase in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1383: 179-182 (1998).

Andrulis IL, Argonza R, Cairney AE. Molecular and genetic characterization of human cell lines resistant to L-asparaginase and albizziin. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 16: 59-65 (1990).

Andrulis IL, Evans-Blackler S, Siminovitch L. Characterization of single step albizziin-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines with elevated levels of asparagine synthetase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 7523-7527 (1985).

Andrulis IL, Shotwell M, Evans-Blackler S, Zalkin H, Siminovitch L, Ray PN. Fine structure analysis of the Chinese hamster AS gene encoding asparagine synthetase. Gene 80: 75-85 (1989).

Arfin SM, Cirullo RE, Arredondo-Vega FX, Smith M. Assignment of structural gene for asparagine synthetase to human chromosome 7. Somatic Cell Genet. 9: 517-531 (1983).

Baldet P, Devaux C, Chevalier C, Brouquisse R, Just D, Raymond P. Contrasted responses to carbohydrate limitation in tomato fruit at two stages of development. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1639-1649 (2002).

Barbosa-Tessmann IP, Chen C, Zhong C, Schuster SM, Nick HS, Kilberg MS. Activation of the unfolded protein response pathway induces human asparagine synthetase gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 31139-31144 (1999).

Barbosa-Tessmann IP, Pineda VL, Nick HS, Schuster SM, Kilberg MS. Transcriptional regulation of the human asparagine synthetase gene by carbohydrate availability. Biochem. J. 339: 151-158 (1999).

Barsch A, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV, Niehaus K. GC-MS based metabolite profiling implies three interdependent ways of ammonium assimilation in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J. Biotechnol. 127: 79-83 (2006).

Becker HD, Kern D. Thermus thermophilus: A link in evolution of the tRNA-dependent amino acid amidation pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 12832-12837 (1998).

Bellucci M, Ederli L, De Marchis F, Pasqualini S, Arcioni S. Transformation of Lotus corniculatus plants with Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase A: effect on nitrogen assimilation and plant development. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 78: 139-150 (2004).

Berthet-Colominas C, Seignovert L, Hartlein M, Grotli M, Cusack S, Leberman R. The crystal structure of asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase from Thermus thermophilus and its complexes with ATP and asparaginyl-adenylate: the mechanism of discrimination between asparagine and aspartic acid. EMBO J. 17: 2947-2960 (1998).

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN. Nitrogen nutrition in the cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH, a symbiotic isolate from Anthoceros: Uptake and assimilation of inorganic-N and amino acids. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 39: 163-169 (2002).

Boehlein SK, Richards NG, Walworth ES, Schuster SM. Arginine 30 and asparagine 74 have functional roles in the glutamine dependent activities of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 26789-26795 (1994).

Boehlein SK, Schuster SM, Richards NG. Glutamic acid gamma-monohydroxamate and hydroxylamine are alternate substrates for Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry 35: 3031-3037 (1996).

Boehlein SK, Stewart JD, Walworth ES, Thirumoorthy R, Richards NG, Schuster SM. Kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry 37: 13230-13238 (1998).

Boehlein SK, Walworth ES, Richards NG, Schuster SM. Mutagenesis and chemical rescue indicate residues involved in beta-aspartyl-AMP formation by Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12384-12392 (1997).

Boehlein SK, Walworth ES, Schuster SM. Identification of cysteine-523 in the aspartate binding site of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry 36: 10168-10177 (1997).

Brears T, Liu C, Knight TJ, Coruzzi GM. Ectopic overexpression of asparagine synthetase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 103: 1285-1290 (1993).

Calik P, Calik G, Taka S, Ozdamar TH. Metabolic flux analysis for serine alkaline protease fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis in a defined medium: effects of the oxygen transfer rate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 64: 151-167 (1999).

Camacho-Cristobal JJ, Gonzalez-Fontes A. Boron deficiency decreases plasmalemma H+-ATPase expression and nitrate uptake, and promotes ammonium assimilation into asparagine in tobacco roots. Planta 226: 443-451 (2007).

Canas RA, de la Torre F, Canovas FM, Canton FR. High levels of asparagine synthetase in hypocotyls of pine seedlings suggest a role of the enzyme in re-allocation of seed-stored nitrogen. Planta 224: 83-95 (2006).

Canas RA, de la Torre F, Canovas FM, Canton FR. Coordination of PsAS1 and PsASPG expression controls timing of re-allocated N utilization in hypocotyls of pine seedlings. Planta 225: 1205-1219 (2007).

Carvalho HG, Lopes-Cardoso IA, Lima LM, Melo PM, Cullimore JV. Nodule-specific modulation of glutamine synthetase in transgenic Medicago truncatula leads to inverse alterations in asparagine synthetase expression. Plant Physiol. 133: 243-252 (2003).

Casazza AP, Basner A, Hofgen R, Hesse H. Expression of threonine synthase from Solanum tuberosum L. is not metabolically regulated by photosynthesis-related signals or by nitrogenous compounds. Plant Sci. 157: 43-50 (2000).

Chaffei C, Pageau K, Suzuki A, Gouia H, Ghorbel MH, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Cadmium toxicity induced changes in nitrogen management in Lycopersicon esculentum leading to a metabolic safeguard through an amino acid storage strategy. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1681-1693 (2004).

Chevalier C, Bourgeois E, Just D, Raymond P. Metabolic regulation of asparagine synthetase gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.) root tips. Plant J. 9: 1-11 (1996).

Chiyo T, Hongo S, Takeda M. Expression of asparagine synthetase mRNA through asparagine independent signal transduction pathway that might involve protein kinase C in BALB3T3 cells. Anticancer Res. 15: 1929-1935 (1995).

Chopra J, Kaur N, Gupta AK. The role of ammonium assimilating enzymes in lentil roots and nodules. Biol. Plant. 47: 105-109 (2003).

Christie A, Butler M. The adaptation of bhk cells to a non-ammoniagenic glutamate-based culture medium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 64: 298-309 (1999).

Curnow AW, Tumbula DL, Pelaschier JT, Min B, Soll D. Glutamyl-tRNAGln amidotransferase in Deinococcus radiodurans may be confined to asparagine biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 12838-12843 (1998).

Dang VD, Valens M, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Daignan-Fornier B. Cloning of the ASN1 and ASN2 genes encoding asparagine synthetases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: differential regulation by the CCAAT-box-binding factor. Mol. Microbiol. 22: 681-692 (1996).

Davies KM, Seelye JF, Irving DE, Borst WM, Hurst PL, King GA. Sugar regulation of harvest-related genes in asparagus. Plant Physiol. 111: 877-883 (1996).

de Wind N, de Jong M, Meijer M, Stuitje AR. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli chromosome near oriC: identification and characterization of asnC, a regulatory element in E. coli asparagine metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 8797-8811 (1985).

Delavault P, Estabrook E, Albrecht H, R Wrobel, Yoder JI. Host-root exudates increase gene expression of asparagine synthetase in the roots of a hemiparasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor (Scrophulariaceae). Gene 222: 155-162 (1998).

Devaux C, Baldet P, Joubes J, Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Just D, Chevalier C, Raymond P. Physiological, biochemical and molecular analysis of sugar-starvation responses in tomato roots. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1143-1151 (2003).

Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Canioni P, Raymond P. Sugar starvation induced changes of carbon metabolism in excised maize root tips. Plant Physiol. 115: 1505-1513 (1997).

Draczynska-Lusiak B, Brown OR. Asparagine synthetase: an oxidant-sensitive enzyme in Escherichia coli. Microbios 77: 141-152 (1994).

Eason JR, Johnston JW, de Vré L, Sinclair BK, King GA. Amino acid metabolism in senescing Sandersonia aurantiaca flowers: cloning and characterization of asparagine synthetase and glutamine synthetase cDNAs. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27: 389-396 (2000).

Ferrario-Mery S, Thibaud MC, Betsche T, Valadier MH, Foyer CH. Modulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and of nitrate reductase, in untransformed and transformed Nicotiana plumbaginifolia during CO2 enrichment of plants grown in pots and in hydroponic culture. Planta 202: 510-521 (1997).

Fisher SH, Wray LV. Bacillus subtilis 168 contains two differentially regulated genes encoding L-asparaginase. J. Bacteriol. 184: 2148-2154 (2002).

Gatti DL, Tzagoloff A. Structure and evolution of a group of related aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. J. Mol. Biol. 218: 557-568 (1991).

Generalova TG, Abramova OV. Effect of the nitrogen source in the medium on the activity of glutamine synthetase in Candida tropicalis and on the kinetics of the enzymatic reaction of glutamine synthesis. Mikrobiologiia 44: 1016-1021 (1975).

Gong SS, Basilico C. A mammalian temperature-sensitive mutation affecting G1 progression results from a single amino acid substitution in asparagine synthetase. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 3509-3513 (1990).

Gong SS, Guerrini L, Basilico C. Regulation of asparagine synthetase gene expression by amino acid starvation. Mol. Cell Biol. 11: 6059-6066 (1991).

Greco A, Gong SS, Ittmann M, Basilico C. Organization and expression of the cell cycle gene, ts11, that encodes asparagine synthetase. Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 2350-2359 (1989).

Greco A, Ittmann M, Barletta C, Basilico C, Croce CM, Cannizzaro LA, Huebner K. Chromosomal localization of human genes required for G1 progression in mammalian cells. Genomics 4: 240-245 (1989).

Guerrini L, Gong SS, Mangasarian K, Basilico C. Cis- and trans-acting elements involved in amino acid regulation of asparagine synthetase gene expression. Mol. Cell Biol. 13: 3202-3212 (1993).

Hanson J, Hanssen M, Wiese A, Hendriks MM, Smeekens S. The sucrose regulated transcription factor bZIP11 affects amino acid metabolism by regulating the expression of ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE1 and PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE2. Plant J. 53: 935-949 (2008).

Harrison J, Pou De Crescenzo MA, Sene O, Hirel B. Does lowering glutamine synthetase activity in nodules modify nitrogen metabolism and growth of Lotus japonicus? Plant Physiol. 133: 253-262 (2003).

Hausler RE, Bailey KJ, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Control of photosynthesis in barley mutants with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. 3. Aspects of glyoxylate metabolism and effects of glyoxylate on the activation state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Planta 200: 388-396 (1996).

Hausler RE, Blackwell RD, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Control of photosynthesis in barley leaves with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase. 1. Plant characteristics and changes in nitrate, ammonium and amino acids. Planta 194: 406-417 (1994).

Heng HH, Shi XM, Scherer SW, Andrulis IL, Tsui LC. Refined localization of the asparagine synthetase gene (ASNS) to chromosome 7, region q21.3, and characterization of the somatic cell hybrid line 4AF/106/KO15. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66: 135-138 (1994).

Hinchman SK, Henikoff S, Schuster SM. A relationship between asparagine synthetase A and aspartyl tRNA synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 144-149 (1992).

Hinchman SK, Schuster SM. Overproduction, preparation of monoclonal antibodies and purification of E. coli asparagine synthetase A. Protein Eng. 5: 279-283 (1992).

Hirasawa T, Wachi M, Nagai K. A mutation in the Corynebacterium glutamicum itsA gene causes susceptibility to lysozyme, temperature-sensitive growth, and L-glutamate production. J. Bacteriol. 182: 2696-2701 (2000).

Hongo S, Chiyo T, Takeda M. Cloning of cDNA for asparagine synthetase from rat Sertoli cell. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 38: 189-196 (1996).

Hongo S, Sato T. Some molecular properties of asparagine synthetase from rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 742: 484-489 (1983).

Hongo S, Sato T. Kinetic studies of asparagine synthetase from rat liver: role of Mg2+ in enzyme catalysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 238: 410-417 (1985).

Hsieh MH, Lam HM, van de Loo FJ, Coruzzi G. A PII-like protein in Arabidopsis: putative role in nitrogen sensing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 13965-13970 (1998).

Huang H, Yu Y, Yi X, Zhang Y. Nitrogen metabolism of asparagine and glutamate in Vero cells studied by (1)H/ (15)N NMR spectroscopy. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 77: 427-436 (2007).

Huang X, Holden HM, Raushel FM. Channeling of substrates and intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70: 149-180 (2001).

Hughes CA, Beard HS, Matthews BF. Molecular cloning and expression of two cDNAs encoding asparagine synthetase in soybean. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 301-311 (1997).

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David Rhodes
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture
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Last Update: 10/01/09