Aichi M, Omata T. Involvement of NtcB, a LysR family transcription factor, in nitrite activation of the nitrate assimilation operon in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol. 179: 4671-4675 (1997).

Aichi M, Takatani N, Omata T. Role of NtcB in activation of nitrate assimilation genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 183: 5840-5847 (2001).

Aichi M, Yoshihara S, Yamashita M, Maeda SI, Nagai K, Omata T. Characterization of the nitrate-nitrite transporter of the major facilitator superfamily (the nrtP gene product) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70: 2682-2689 (2006).

Akimova NI, Evstigneeva ZG, Kretovich VL. Regulation of glutamine metabolism in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Mechanisms of regulating the activity of glutamine synthetase during ammonia assimilation. Biokhimiia 41: 1306-1312 (1976).

Ali H, Niel C, Guillaume JB. The pathways of ammonium assimilation in Rhizobium meliloti. Arch. Microbiol. 129: 391-394 (1981).

Amon J, Brau T, Grimrath A, HanBler E, Hasselt K, Holler M, JeBberger N, Ott L, Szokol J, Titgemeyer F, Burkovski A. Nitrogen control in Mycobacterium smegmatis: nitrogen-dependent expression of ammonium transport and assimilation proteins depends on OmpR-type regulator GlnR. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7108-7116 (2008).

Amon J, Titgemeyer F, Burkovski A. A genomic view on nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen control in mycobacteria. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 20-29 (2009).

Aon JC, Cortassa S. Involvement of nitrogen metabolism in the triggering of ethanol fermentation in aerobic chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab. Eng. 3: 250-264 (2001).

Arima Y, Kumazawa K. Evidence of ammonium assimilation via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase system in rice seedling roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 18: 1121-1129 (1977).

Aurisano N, Bertani A, Reggiani R. Anaerobic accumulation of 4-aminobutyrate in rice seedlings: causes and significance. Phytochemistry 38: 1147-1150 (1995).

Avila C, Suarez M, Gomez-Maldonado J, Canovas F. Spatial and temporal expression of two cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in Scots pine: functional implications on nitrogen metabolism during early stages of conifer development. Plant J. 25: 93-102 (2001).

Baars JJ, Op den Camp HJ, van der Drift C, Joordens JJ, Wijmenga SS, van Griensven LJ, Vogels GD. 15N-NMR study of ammonium assimilation in Agaricus bisporus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1310: 74-80 (1996).

Baars JJ, Op den Camp HJ, van Hoek AH, van der Drift C, Van Griensven LJ, Visser J, Vogels GD. Purification and characterization of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Curr. Microbiol. 30: 211-217 (1995).

Baev MV, Kiriukhin MY, Tsygankov YD. Regulation of ammonia assimilation in an obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus flagellatum under steady-state and transient growth conditions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 71: 353-361 (1997).

Baggio L, Morrison M. The NAD(P)H-utilizing glutamate dehydrogenase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron belongs to enzyme family I, and its activity is affected by trans-acting gene(s) positioned downstream of gdhA. J. Bacteriol. 178: 7212-7220 (1996).

Barel I, MacDonald DW. Enzyme defects in glutamate-requiring strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113: 267-272 (1993).

Baron AC, Tobin TH, Wallsgrove RM, Tobin AK. A metabolic control analysis of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle in isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 105: 415-424 (1994).

Barsch A, Carvalho HG, Cullimore JV, Niehaus K. GC-MS based metabolite profiling implies three interdependent ways of ammonium assimilation in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J. Biotechnol. 127: 79-83 (2006).

Becker TW, Carrayol E, Hirel B. Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase isoforms in maize leaves: localization, relative proportion and their role in ammonium assimilation or nitrogen transport. Planta 211: 800-806 (2000).

Bedell JP, Chalot M, Garnier A, Botton B. Effects of nitrogen source on growth and activity of nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in Douglas-fir seedlings. Tree Physiol. 19: 205-210 (1999).

Bellucci M, Ederli L, De Marchis F, Pasqualini S, Arcioni S. Transformation of Lotus corniculatus plants with Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase A: effect on nitrogen assimilation and plant development. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 78: 139-150 (2004).

Bender RA, Snyder PM, Bueno R, Quinto M, Magasanik B. Nitrogen regulation system of Klebsiella aerogenes: the nac gene. J. Bacteriol. 156: 444-446 (1983).

Berry AM, Murphy TM, Okubara PA, Jacobsen KR, Swensen SM, Pawlowski K. Novel expression pattern of cytosolic Gln synthetase in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of the actinorhizal host, Datisca glomerata. Plant Physiol. 135: 1849-1862 (2004).

Bhattacharya J, Singh AK, Rai AN. Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant (Clo- R) of the symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc ANTH: heterocyst formation and N(2)-fixation in the presence of nitrate, and evidence for separate nitrate and nitrite transport systems. Curr. Microbiol. 45: 99-104 (2002).

Bijlsma RJ, Lambers H. A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon. 2. Balanced growth driven by C fluxes and regulated by signals from C and N substrate. Plant & Soil 220: 71-87 (2000).

Bijlsma RJ, Lambers H, Kooijman SALM. A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon. 1. Comparative ecological implications of ammonium-nitrate interactions. Plant & Soil 220: 49-69 (2000).

Binda C, Bossi RT, Wakatsuki S, Arzt S, Coda A, Curti B, Vanoni MA, Mattevi A. Cross-talk and ammonia channeling between active centers in the unexpected domain arrangement of glutamate synthase. Structure Fold. Des. 8: 1299-1308 (2000).

Blanco L, Reddy PM, Silvente S, Bucciarelli B, Khandual S, Alvarado-Affantranger X, Sanchez F, Miller S, Vance C, Lara-Flores M. Molecular cloning, characterization and regulation of two different NADH-glutamate synthase cDNAs in bean nodules. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 454-472 (2008).

Brears T, Liu C, Knight TJ, Coruzzi GM. Ectopic overexpression of asparagine synthetase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 103: 1285-1290 (1993).

Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Nitrogen acquisition, PEP carboxylase, and cellular pH homeostasis: new views on old paradigms. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 1396-1409 (2005).

Broach J, Neumann C, Kustu S. Mutant strains (nit) of Salmonella typhimurium with a pleiotropic defect in nitrogen metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 128: 86-98 (1976).

Brown JR, Masuchi Y, Robb FT, Doolittle WF. Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes. J. Mol. Evol. 38: 566-576 (1994).

Bruggeman FJ, Boogerd FC, Westerhoff HV. The multifarious short-term regulation of ammonium assimilation of Escherichia coli: dissection using an in silico replica. FEBS J. 272: 1965-1985 (2005).

Bruggeman FJ, van Heeswijk WC, Boogerd FC, Westerhoff HV. Macromolecular intelligence in microorganisms. Biol. Chem. 381: 965-972 (2000).

Bruggeman FJ, Westerhoff HV, Hoek JB, Kholodenko BN. Modular response analysis of cellular regulatory networks. J. Theor. Biol. 218: 507-520 (2002).

Brugiere N, Dubois F, Masclaux C, Sangwan RS, Hirel B. Immunolocalization of glutamine synthetase in senescing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves suggests that ammonia assimilation is progressively shifted to the mesophyll cytosol. Planta 211: 519-527 (2000).

Bungard RA, Wingler A, Morton JD, Andrews M, Press MC, Scholes JD. Ammonium can stimulate nitrate and nitrite reductase in the absence of nitrate in Clematis vitalba. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 859-866 (1999).

Byun YJ, Kim HJ, Lee DH. LongSAGE analysis of the early response to cold stress in Arabidopsis leaf. Planta 229: 1181-1200 (2009).

Calderon J, Martinez LM. Regulation of ammonium ion assimilation enzymes in Neurospora crassa nit-2 and ms-5 mutant strains. Biochem. Genet. 31: 425-439 (1993).

Camacho-Cristobal JJ, Gonzalez-Fontes A. Boron deficiency decreases plasmalemma H+-ATPase expression and nitrate uptake, and promotes ammonium assimilation into asparagine in tobacco roots. Planta 226: 443-451 (2007).

Canovas FM, Avila C, Canton FR, Canas RA, de la Torre F. Ammonium assimilation and amino acid metabolism in conifers. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2307-2318 (2007).

Canton FR, Suarez MF, Canovas FM. Molecular aspects of nitrogen mobilization and recycling in trees. Photosynth. Res. 83: 265-278 (2005).

Carroll AD, Fox GG, Laurie S, Phillips R, Ratcliffe RG, Stewart GR. Ammonium assimilation and the role of gamma-aminobutyric-acid in pH homeostasis in carrot cell suspensions. Plant Physiol. 106: 513-520 (1994).

Carvalho H, Lima L, Lescure N, Camut S, Salema R, Cullimore J. Differential expression of the two cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in various organs of Medicago truncatula. Plant Sci. 159: 301-312 (2000).

Castillo A, Taboada H, Mendoza A, Valderrama B, Encarnacion S, Mora J. Role of GOGAT in carbon and nitrogen partitioning in Rhizobium etli. Microbiology 146: 1627-1637 (2000).

Cedergreen N, Madsen TV. Nitrate reductase activity in roots and shoots of aquatic macrophytes. Aquat. Bot. 76: 203-212 (2003).

Chaffei C, Gouia H, Masclaux C, Ghorbel MH. Reversibility effects of cadmium in growth and nitrogen metabolism in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). C. R. Biol. 326: 401-412 (2003).

Chavez S, Lucena JM, Reyes JC, Florencio FJ, Candau P. The presence of glutamate dehydrogenase is a selective advantage for the Cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 under nonexponential growth conditions. J. Bacteriol. 181: 808-813 (1999).

Chen Q, Silflow CD. Isolation and characterization of glutamine synthetase genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 112: 987-996 (1996).

Chien HF, Lin CC, Wang JW, Chen CT, Kao CH. Changes in ammonium ion content and glutamine synthetase activity in rice leaves caused by excess cadmium are a consequence of oxidative damage. Plant Growth Regul. 36: 41-47 (2002).

Choo YS, Lee CB, Albert R. Effects of nitrogen nutrition on the pattern of ions and organic solutes in five sedges (Carex spp.). Flora 197: 56-66 (2002).

Chopra J, Kaur N, Gupta AK. The role of ammonium assimilating enzymes in lentil roots and nodules. Biol. Plant. 47: 105-109 (2003).

Christensen T, Hynes MJ, Davis MA. Role of the regulatory gene areA of Aspergillus oryzae in nitrogen metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 3232-3237 (1998).

Chung TW, Lee DI, Kim DS, Jin UH, Park C, Kim JG, Kim MG, Ha SD, Kim KS, Lee KH, Kim KY, Chung DH, Kim CH. Molecular cloning and characterization of a large subunit of Salmonella typhimurium glutamate synthase (GOGAT) gene in Escherichia coli. J. Microbiol. 44: 301-310 (2006).

Cliquet JB, Stewart GR. Ammonia assimilation in Zea mays L. infected with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum. Plant Physiol. 101: 865-871 (1993).

Cohen-Kupiec R, Marx CJ, Leigh JA. Function and regulation of glnA in the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis. J. Bacteriol. 181: 256-261 (1999).

Courchesne WE, Magasanik B. Ammonia regulation of amino acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 672-683 (1983).

Cousins AB, Bloom AJ. Influence of elevated CO2 and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthesis and nitrate photo-assimilation in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1525-1530 (2003).

Cruz C, Bio AF, Dominguez-Valdivia MD, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Lamsfus C, Martins-Loucao MA. How does glutamine synthetase activity determine plant tolerance to ammonium? Planta 223: 1068-1080 (2006).

Cullimore JV, Sims AP. Pathway of ammonia assimilation in illuminated and darkened Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Phytochemistry 20: 933-940 (1981).

D'Apuzzo E, Rogato A, Simon-Rosin U, El Alaoui H, Barbulova A, Betti M, Dimou M, Katinakis P, Marquez A, Marini AM, Udvardi MK, Chiurazzi M. Characterization of three functional high-affinity ammonium transporters in Lotus japonicus with differential transcriptional regulation and spatial expression. Plant Physiol. 134: 1763-1774 (2004).

Dang VD, Bohn C, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Daignan-Fornier B. The CCAAT box-binding factor stimulates ammonium assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, defining a new cross-pathway regulation between nitrogen and carbon metabolisms. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1842-1849 (1996).

Debouba M, Maaroufi-Dghimi H, Suzuki A, Ghorbel MH, Gouia H. Changes in growth and activity of enzymes involved in nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation in tomato seedlings in response to NaCl stress. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 99: 1143-1151 (2007).

DeLuna A, Quezada H, Gomez-Puyou A, Gonzalez A. Asparaginyl deamidation in two glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328: 1083-1090 (2005).

Dijkerman R, Ledeboer J, Verhappen ABM, den Camp HJMO, der Drift CV, Vogels GD. The anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2: nitrogen requirement and enzymes involved in primary nitrogen metabolism. Arch. Microbiol. 166: 399-404 (1997).

Dincturk HB, Knaff DB. The evolution of glutamate synthase. Mol. Biol. Rep. 27: 141-148 (2000).

Dluzniewska P, Gessler A, Dietrich H, Schnitzler JP, Teuber M, Rennenberg H. Nitrogen uptake and metabolism in Populus x canescens as affected by salinity. New Phytol. 173: 279-293 (2007).

Drews M, Doverskog M, Ohman L, Chapman BE, Jacobsson U, Kuchel PW, Haggstrom L. Pathways of glutamine metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells: evidence for the presence of the nitrogen assimilation system, and a metabolic switch by 1H/15N NMR. J. Biotechnol. 78: 23-37 (2000).

Dubois F, Terce-Laforgue T, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM, Sangwan R, Gallais A, Hirel B. Glutamate dehydrogenase in plants: is there a new story for an old enzyme? Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 565-576 (2003).

Dunn-Coleman NS, Garrett RH. Effect of the gln-1b mutation on nitrogen metabolite repression in Neurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol. 145: 884-888 (1981).

Dutilleul C, Lelarge C, Prioul JL, De Paepe R, Foyer CH, Noctor G. Mitochondria-driven changes in leaf NAD status exert a crucial influence on the control of nitrate assimilation and the integration of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Plant Physiol. 139: 64-78 (2005).

Eberl L, Ammendola A, Rothballer MH, Givskov M, Sternberg C, Kilstrup M, Schleifer KH, Molin S. Inactivation of gltB abolishes expression of the assimilatory nitrate reductase gene (nasB) in Pseudomonas putida KT2442. J. Bacteriol. 182: 3368-3376 (2000).

Ehlers C, Grabbe R, Veit K, Schmitz RA. Characterization of GlnK(1) from Methanosarcina mazei strain Go1: Complementation of an Escherichia coli glnK mutant strain by GlnK(1). J. Bacteriol. 184: 1028-1040 (2002).

Ehlting B, Dluzniewska P, Dietrich H, Selle A, Teuber M, Hansch R, Nehls U, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rennenberg H, Gessler A. Interaction of nitrogen nutrition and salinity in Grey poplar (Populus tremula x alba). Plant Cell Environ. 30: 796-811 (2007).

El Alaoui S, Diez J, Toribio F, Gomez-Baena G, Dufresne A, Garcia-Fernandez JM. Glutamine synthetase from the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus spp: characterization, phylogeny and response to nutrient limitation. Environ. Microbiol. 5: 412-423 (2003).

Ely B, Amarasinghe AB, Bender RA. Ammonia assimilation and glutamate formation in Caulobacter crescentus. J. Bacteriol. 133: 225-230 (1978).

Ernsting BR, Atkinson MR, Ninfa AJ, Matthews RG. Characterization of the regulon controlled by the leucine-responsive regulatory protein in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 174: 1109-1118 (1992).

Escobar MA, Geisler DA, Rasmusson AG. Reorganization of the alternative pathways of the Arabidopsis respiratory chain by nitrogen supply: opposing effects of ammonium and nitrate. Plant J. 45: 775-788 (2006).

Esposito S, Guerriero G, Vona V, Di Martino Rigano V, Carfagna S, Rigano C. Glutamate synthase activities and protein changes in relation to nitrogen nutrition in barley: the dependence on different plastidic glucose-6P dehydrogenase isoforms. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 55-64 (2005).

Faires N, Tobisch S, Bachem S, Martin-Verstraete I, Hecker M, Stulke J. The catabolite control protein CcpA controls ammonium assimilation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1: 141-148 (1999).

Fan TWM, Higashi RM, Frenkiel TA, Lane AN. Anaerobic nitrate and ammonium metabolism in flood-tolerant rice coleoptiles. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 1655-1666 (1997).

Feng J, Volk RJ, Jackson WA. Source and magnitude of ammonium generation in maize roots. Plant Physiol. 118: 835-841 (1998).

Feraud M, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Ferrario-Mery S, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Ziegler C, Leboeuf E, Jouglet T, Viret L, Spampinato A, Paganelli V, Hammouda MB, Suzuki A. Expression of a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase gene in mesophyll and vascular cells and functions of the enzyme in ammonium assimilation in Nicotiana tabacum (L.). Planta 222: 667-677 (2005).

Ferrario-Mery S, Masclaux C, Suzuki A, Valadier MH, Hirel B, Foyer CH. Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate are metabolite signals involved in nitrate reductase gene transcription in untransformed and transformed tobacco plants deficient in ferredoxin-glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase. Planta 213: 265-271 (2001).

Filetici P, Martegani MP, Valenzuela L, Gonzalez A, Ballario P. Sequence of the GLT1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the domain structure of yeast glutamate synthase. Yeast 12: 1359-1366 (1996).

Fisher SH. Glutamine synthesis in Streptomyces--a review. Gene 115: 13-17 (1992).

Flores E, Frias JE, Rubio LM, Herrero A. Photosynthetic nitrate assimilation in cyanobacteria. Photosynth. Res. 83: 117-133 (2005).

Flores E, Herrero A. Nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33: 164-167 (2005).

Forchhammer K. Glutamine signalling in bacteria. Front. Biosci. 12: 358-370 (2007).

Forchhammer K, Tandeau de Marsac N. Functional analysis of the phosphoprotein PII (glnB gene product) in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol. 177: 2033-2040 (1995).

Ford YY, Ratcliffe RG, Robins RJ. Phytohormone-induced GABA production in transformed root cultures of Datura stramonium: an in vivo N-15 NMR study. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 811-818 (1996).

Forlani G. Purification and properties of a cytosolic glutamine synthetase expressed in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cultured cells. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38: 201-207 (2000).

Fox GG, Ratcliffe RG, Robinson SA, Slade AP, Stewart GR. Detection of N-15-labeled ammonium: in vivo N-15NMR versus mass spectrometry. J. Magnetic Res. 96: 146-153 (1992).

Frias JE, Flores E, Herrero A. Requirement of the regulatory protein NtcA for the expression of nitrogen assimilation and heterocyst development genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Mol. Microbiol. 14: 823-832. (1994).

Fu J, Sampalo R, Gallardo F, Canovas FM, Kirby EG. Assembly of a cytosolic pine glutamine synthetase holoenzyme in leaves of transgenic poplar leads to enhanced vegetative growth in young plants. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 411-418 (2003).

Fuchs RL, Madonna MJ, Brenchley JE. Identification of the structural genes for glutamate synthase and genetic characterization of this region of the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome. J. Bacteriol. 149: 906-915 (1982).

Gaio-Oliveira G, Dahlman L, Palmqvist K, Martins-Loucao MA, Maguas C. Nitrogen uptake in relation to excess supply and its effects on the lichens Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Planta 220: 794-803 (2005).

Galvan A, Quesada A, Fernandez E. Nitrate and nitrate are transported by different specific transport systems and by a bispecific transporter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 2088-2092 (1996).

Galvez S, Lancien M, Hodges M. Are isocitrate dehydrogenases and 2-oxoglutarate involved in the regulation of glutamate synthesis? Trends Plant Sci. 4: 484-490 (1999).

Ganesan M, Mairh OP, Rao PVS. Effect of pre-incubation of nitrate and ammonium in cultures on nitrate reductase activity in marine red algae Gelidiella and Gracilaria from southeast coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 30: 232-236 (2001).

Garbayo I, Leon R, Vigara J, Vilchez C. Inhibition of nitrate consumption by nitrite in entrapped Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Bioresour. Technol. 81: 207-215 (2002).

Garner RM, Fulkerson J Jr, Mobley HL. Helicobacter pylori glutamine synthetase lacks features associated with transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Infect. Immun. 66: 1839-1847 (1998).

Gaspar T, Bisbis B, Kevers C, Penel C, Greppin H, Le Dily F, Billard JP, Huault C, Garnier F, Rideau M, Foidart JM. Atypical metabolisms and biochemical cycles imposing the cancerous state on plant cells. Plant Growth Reg. 24: 135-144 (1998).

Gazzarrini S, Lejay L, Gojon A, Ninnemann O, Frommer WB, von Wiren N. Three functional transporters for constitutive, diurnally regulated, and starvation-induced uptake of ammonium into Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell 11: 937-948 (1999).

Geigenberger P, Kolbe A, Tiessen A. Redox regulation of carbon storage and partitioning in response to light and sugars. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1469-1479 (2005).

Gerendas J, Heeschen V, Kahl S, Ratcliffe RG, Rudolph H. An investigation of N metabolism and pH regulation in Sphagnum using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and stable isotope mass spectrometry. Isotopes in Environ. & Health Studies 33: 21-29 (1997).

Gerendas J, Ratcliffe RG. Intracellular pH regulation in maize root tips exposed to ammonium at high external pH. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 207-219 (2000).

Gerendas J, Zhu ZJ, Bendixen R, Ratcliffe RG, Sattelmacher B. Physiological and biochemical processes related to ammonium toxicity in higher plants. Z. Pflanzenernahrung Und Bodenkunde 160: 239-251 (1997).

Giordano M, Pezzoni V, Hell R. Strategies for the allocation of resources under sulfur limitation in the green alga Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. 124: 857-864 (2000).

Glass ADM, Erner Y, Kronzucker HJ, Schjoerring JK, Siddiqi MY, Wang MY. Ammonium fluxes into plant roots: energetics, kinetics and regulation. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde 160: 261-268 (1997).

Glevarec G, Bouton S, Jaspard E, Riou MT, Cliquet JB, Suzuki A, Limami AM. Respective roles of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase cycle and glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonium and amino acid metabolism during germination and post-germinative growth in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Planta 219: 286-297 (2004).

Gomez-Maldonado J, Avila C, Torre F, Canas R, Canovas FM, Campbell MM. Functional interactions between a glutamine synthetase promoter and MYB proteins. Plant J. 39: 513-526 (2004).

Gonzalez A, Rodriguez L, Folch J, Soberon M, Olivera H. Coordinated regulation of ammonium assimilation and carbon catabolism by glyoxylate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 2497-2501 (1987).

Gonzalez-Ballester D, Camargo A, Fernandez E. Ammonium transporter genes in Chlamydomonas: the nitrate-specific regulatory gene Nit2 is involved in Amt1;1 expression. Plant Mol. Biol. 56: 863-878 (2004).

Gonzalez-Moro B, Mena-Petite A, Lacuesta M, Gonzalez-Murua C, Munoz-Rueda A. Glutamine synthetase from mesophyll and bundle sheath maize cells: isoenzyme complements and different sensitivities to phosphinothricin. Plant Cell Rep. 19: 1127-1134 (2000).

Grotkjaer T, Christakopoulos P, Nielsen J, Olsson L. Comparative metabolic network analysis of two xylose fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Metab. Eng. 7: 437-444 (2005).

Guaragnella N, Butow RA. ATO3 encoding a putative outward ammonium transporter is an RTG-independent retrograde responsive gene regulated by GCN4 and the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 amino acid sensor system. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 45882-45887 (2003).

Guerrero CA, Aranda C, Deluna A, Filetici P, Riego L, Anaya VH, Gonzalez A. Salt-dependent expression of ammonium assimilation genes in the halotolerant yeast, Debaryomyces hansenii. Curr. Genet. 47: 163-171 (2005).

Guo S, Bruck H, Sattelmacher B. Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Nitrogen form and water uptake. Plant & Soil 239: 267-275 (2002).

Guo S, Schinner K, Sattelmacher B, Hansen UP. Different apparent CO2 compensation points in nitrate- and ammonium-grown Phaseolus vulgaris and the relationship to non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution. Physiol. Plant. 123: 288-301 (2005).

Gutierrez JC, Santero E, Tortolero M. Ammonium repression of the nitrite-nitrate (nasAB) assimilatory operon of Azotobacter vinelandii is enhanced in mutants expressing the nifO gene at high levels. Mol. Gen. Genet. 255: 172-179 (1997).

Gutierrez RA, Stokes TL, Thum K, Xu X, Obertello M, Katari MS, Tanurdzic M, Dean A, Nero DC, McClung CR, Coruzzi GM. Systems approach identifies an organic nitrogen-responsive gene network that is regulated by the master clock control gene CCA1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 4939-4944 (2008).

Hansch R, Fessel DG, Witt C, Hesberg C, Hoffmann G, Walch-Liu P, Engels C, Kruse J, Rennenberg H, Kaiser WM, Mendel RR. Tobacco plants that lack expression of functional nitrate reductase in roots show changes in growth rates and metabolite accumulation. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1251-1258 (2001).

Hartung W, Ratcliffe RG. Utilization of glycine and serine as nitrogen sources in the roots of Zea mays and Chamaegigas intrepidus. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 2305-2314 (2002).

Hausler RE, Blackwell RD, Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Control of photosynthesis in barley leaves with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase. 1. Plant characteristics and changes in nitrate, ammonium and amino acids. Planta 194: 406-417 (1994).

Healy FG, Latorre C, Albrecht SL, Reddy PM, Shanmugam KT. Altered kinetic properties of tyrosine-183 to cysteine mutation in glutamine synthetase of Anabaena variabilis strain SA1 is responsible for excretion of ammonium ion produced by nitrogenase. Curr. Microbiol. 46: 423-431 (2003).

Hirano T, Satoh Y, Ohki A, Takada R, Arai T, Michiyama H. Inhibition of ammonium assimilation restores elongation of seminal rice roots repressed by high levels of exogenous ammonium. Physiol. Plant. 134: 183-190 (2008).

Hirayama C, Nakamura M. Regulation of glutamine metabolism during the development of Bombyx mori larvae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1571: 131-137 (2002).

Hirayama C, Saito H, Konno K, Shinbo H. Purification and characterization of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase from the silkworm fat body (Bombyx mori). Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28: 473-482 (1998).

Hirel B, Andrieu B, Valadier MH, Renard S, Quillere I, Chelle M, Pommel B, Fournier C, Drouet JL. Physiology of maize II: Identification of physiological markers representative of the nitrogen status of maize (Zea mays) leaves during grain filling. Physiol. Plant. 124: 178-188 (2005).

Hirel B, Martin A, Terce-Laforgue T, Gonzalez-Moro MB, Estavillo JM. Physiology of maize I: A comprehensive and integrated view of nitrogen metabolism in a C4 plant. Physiol. Plant. 124: 167-177 (2005).

Hodges M. Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in plant ammonium assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 905-916 (2002).

Holmes AR, Collings A, Farnden KJ, Shepherd MG. Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: evidence for activity of glutamate synthase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 1423-1430 (1989).

Holmes AR, McNaughton GS, More RD, Shepherd MG. Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: a 13N isotope study. Can. J. Microbiol. 37: 226-232 (1991).

Hsu YT, Kao CH. Phosphinothricin tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings is associated with elevated abscisic acid in the leaves. Bot. Bul. Acad. Sin. 45: 41-48 (2004).

Hsu YT, Kao CH. Abscisic acid accumulation and cadmium tolerance in rice seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 124: 71-80 (2005).

Hsu YT, Kao CH. Cadmium toxicity is reduced by nitric oxide in rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul. 42: 227-238 (2004).

Hu P, Leighton T, Ishkhanova G, Kustu S. Sensing of nitrogen limitation by Bacillus subtilis: comparison to enteric bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5042-5050 (1999).

Hua Q, Yang C, Oshima T, Mori H, Shimizu K. Analysis of gene expression in Escherichia coli in response to changes of growth-limiting nutrient in chemostat cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2354-2366 (2004).

Huang GC, Meng SD, Wang R, Yang HY, Tian B. Cloning of glutamate dehydrogenase cDNA from Chlorella sorokiniana and analysis of transgenic tobacco plants. Acta Bot. Sin. 44: 318-324 (2002).

Huang Z, Liang M, Peng J, Xing T, Wang X. Exogenous ammonium inhibits petal pigmentation and expansion in Gerbera hybrida. Physiol. Plant. 133: 254-265 (2008).

Huth J, Liebs P. Nitrogen regulation in microorganisms. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 143: 179-194 (1988).

Ikeda TP, Shauger AE, Kustu S. Salmonella typhimurium apparently perceives external nitrogen limitation as internal glutamine limitation. J. Mol. Biol. 259: 589-607 (1996).

Inokuchi R, Kuma KI, Miyata T, Okada M. Nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in land plants and algae: phylogenic and physiological perspectives. Physiol. Plant. 116: 1 (2002).

Irmler A, Sanner S, Dierks H, Forchhammer K. Dephosphorylation of the phosphoprotein P(II) in Synechococcus PCC 7942: identification of an ATP and 2-oxoglutarate-regulated phosphatase activity. Mol. Microbiol. 26: 81-90 (1997).

Ishiyama K, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Expression of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein in the epidermis and exodermis of rice roots in response to the supply of ammonium ions. Planta 204: 288-294 (1998).

Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Tabuchi M, Yamaya T, Takahashi H. Biochemical background and compartmentalized functions of cytosolic glutamine synthetase for active ammonium assimilation in rice roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 45: 1640-1647 (2004).

Ishiyama K, Inoue E, Watanabe-Takahashi A, Obara M, Yamaya T, Takahashi H. Kinetic properties and ammonium-dependent regulation of cytosolic isoenzymes of glutamine synthetase in Arabidopsis. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 16598-16605 (2004).

Ito O, Mitsumori F. Transformation and translocation of photoassimilated (CO2)-C-13 and glycine-2-C-13 in sunflower leaves detected by C-13-NMR. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 38: 347-360 (1992).

Ito O, Yoneyama T, Kumazawa K. Amino acid metabolism in plant leaf. IV. The effect of light on ammonium assimilation and glutamine metabolism in the cells isolated from spinach leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 19: 1109-1119 (1978).

Izmailov SF, Bruskova RK, Chechetka SA, Kirnos SV, Nikiforova A, Satskaya MV. Nitrate assimilation function of yellow lupine root nodules? Biol. Bull. 30: 140-147 (2003).

Jain M, Pal M, Gupta P, Gadre R. Effect of cadmium on chlorophyll biosynthesis and enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in greening maize leaf segments: role of 2-oxoglutarate. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 45: 385-389 (2007).

Jamai A, Salome PA, Schilling SH, Weber AP, McClung CR. Arabidopsis photorespiratory serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity requires the mitochondrial accumulation of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. Plant Cell 21: 595-606 (2009).

Janes BK, Bender RA. Alanine catabolism in Klebsiella aerogenes: molecular characterization of the dadAB operon and its regulation by the nitrogen assimilation control protein. J. Bacteriol. 180: 563-570 (1998).

Janssen DB, op den Camp HJ, Leenen PJ, van der Drift C. The enzymes of the ammonia assimilation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch. Microbiol. 124: 197-203 (1980).

Jaspard E. A computational analysis of the three isoforms of glutamate dehydrogenase reveals structural features of the isoform EC 1.4.1.4 supporting a key role in ammonium assimilation by plants. Biol. Direct 1: 38 (2006).

Javelle A, Morel M, Rodriguez-Pastrana BR, Botton B, Andre B, Marini AM, Brun A, Chalot M. Molecular characterization, function and regulation of ammonium transporters (Amt) and ammonium-metabolizing enzymes (GS, NADP-GDH) in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Mol. Microbiol. 47: 411-430 (2003).

Javelle A, Thomas G, Marini AM, Kramer R, Merrick M. In vivo functional characterisation of the Escherichia coli ammonium channel AmtB: evidence for metabolic coupling of AmtB to glutamine synthetase. Biochem. J. 390: 215-222 (2005).

Jonsson A, Nordlund S. In vitro studies of the uridylylation of the three PII protein paralogs from Rhodospirillum rubrum: the transferase activity of R. rubrum GlnD is regulated by alpha-ketoglutarate and divalent cations but not by glutamine. J. Bacteriol. 189: 3471-3478 (2007).

Jonsson A, Teixeira PF, Nordlund S. The activity of adenylyltransferase in Rhodospirillum rubrum is only affected by alpha-ketoglutarate and unmodified PII proteins, but not by glutamine, in vitro. FEBS J. 274: 2449-2460 (2007).

Kahl S, Gerendas J, Heeschen V, Ratcliffe RG, Rudolph H. Ammonium assimilation in bryophytes. L-Glutamine synthetase from Sphagnum fallax. Physiol. Plant. 101: 86-92 (1997).

Kanamori K, Weiss RL, Roberts JD. Role of glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonia assimilation in nitrogen-fixing Bacillus macerans. J. Bacteriol. 169: 4692-4695 (1987).

Kanamori K, Weiss RL, Roberts JD. Ammonia assimilation pathways in nitrogen-fixing Clostridium kluyverii and Clostridium butyricum. J. Bacteriol. 171: 2148-2154 (1989).

Kanamori K, Weiss RL, Roberts JD. Glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus azotofixans. 15N NMR and enzymatic studies. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 2817-2823 (1988).

Kanamori K, Weiss RL, Roberts JD. Ammonia assimilation in Bacillus polymyxa. 15N NMR and enzymatic studies. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 11038-11045 (1987).

Kanazawa N, Urushigawa Y. Estimation of nitrogen removal rate in aqueous phase based on delta15N in microorganisms in solid phase. Water Res. 41: 3201-3208 (2007).

Kayumov A, Heinrich A, Sharipova M, Iljinskaya O, Forchhammer K. Inactivation of the general transcription factor TnrA in Bacillus subtilis by proteolysis. Microbiology 154: 2348-2355 (2008).

Kikuchi H, Aichi M, Suzuki I, Omato T. Positive regulation by nitrite of the nitrate assimilation operon in the cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 and Plectonema boryanum. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5822-5825 (1996).

Kim CH, Hollocher TC. 13N isotope studies on the pathway of ammonia assimilation in Bacillus megaterium and Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 151: 358-366 (1982).

Kim YJ, Yoshizawa M, Takenaka S, Murakami S, Aoki K. Ammonia assimilation in Klebsiella pneumoniae F-5-2 that can utilize ammonium and nitrate ions simultaneously: purification and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 93: 584-588 (2002).

King BJ, Siddiqi MY, Ruth TJ, Warner RL, Glass A. Feedback regulation of nitrate influx in barley roots by nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium. Plant Physiol. 102: 1279-1286 (1993).

Kiyomiya S, Nakanishi H, Uchida H, Tsuji A, Nishiyama S, Futatsubashi M, Tsukada H, Ishioka NS, Watanabe S, Ito T, Mizuniwa C, Osa A, Matsuhashi S, Hashimoto S, Sekine T, Mori S. Real time visualization of 13N-translocation in rice under different environmental conditions using positron emitting Ttacer imaging system. Plant Physiol. 125: 1743-1753 (2001).

Kobayashi M, Rodriguez R, Lara C, Omata T. Involvement of the C-terminal domain of an ATP-binding subunit in the regulation of the ABC-type nitrate/nitrite transporter of the Cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 27197-27201 (1997).

Kobayashi M, Takatani N, Tanigawa M, Omata T. Posttranslational regulation of nitrate assimilation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 187: 498-506 (2005).

Kohzu A, Miyajima T, Tateishi T, Watanabe T, Takahashi M, Wada E. Dynamics of 15N natural abundance in wood-decomposing fungi and their ecophysiological implications. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 43: 83-94 (2007).

Kolb KJ, Evans RD. Influence of nitrogen source and concentration on nitrogen isotopic discrimination in two barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1431-1440 (2003).

Kosola KR, Bloom AJ. Methylammonium as a transport analog for ammonium in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Plant Physiol. 105: 435-442 (1994).

Krajewski WW, Collins R, Holmberg-Schiavone L, Jones TA, Karlberg T, Mowbray SL. Crystal structures of mammalian glutamine synthetases illustrate substrate-induced conformational changes and provide opportunities for drug and herbicide design. J. Mol. Biol. 375: 217-228 (2008).

Kronzucker HJ, Schjoerring JK, Erner Y, Kirk GJD, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. Dynamic interactions between root NH4+ influx and long-distance N translocation in rice: Insights into feedback processes. Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 1287-1293 (1998).

Kronzucker HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. Compartmentation and flux characteristics of nitrate in spruce. Planta 196: 674-682 (1995).

Kronzucker HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass ADM. Kinetics of NH4+ influx in spruce. Plant Physiol. 110: 773-779 (1996).

Kuczius T, Kleiner D. Ammonia-excreting mutants of Klebsiella pneumoniae with a pleiotropic defect in nitrogen metabolism. Arch. Microbiol. 166: 388-393 (1997).

Kumar N, Kumar S, Vats SK, Ahuja PS. Effect of altitude on the primary products of photosynthesis and the associated enzymes in barley and wheat. Photosynth. Res. 88: 63-71 (2006).

Kumar PA, Chatterjee SR, Abrol YP. Photorespiratory ammonia assimilation in the leaves of barley, sorghum and Moricandia arvensis. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 27: 164-166 (1990).

Kusnan MB, Berger MG, Fock HP. The involvement of glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase in ammonia assimilation by Aspergillus nidulans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133: 1235-1242 (1987).

Kusnan MB, Klug K, Fock HP. Ammonia assimilation by Aspergillus nidulans: [15N]ammonia study. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 729-738 (1989).

Kwinta J, Bartoszewicz K, Bielawski W. Purification and characteristics of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from triticale roots. Acta Physiol. Plant. 23: 399-405 (2001).

Lacerda V, Marsden A, Ledingham WM. Ammonia assimilation in S. cerevisiae under chemostatic growth. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 32: 15-21 (1992).

Lamparter T. A computational approach to discovering the functions of bacterial phytochromes by analysis of homolog distributions. BMC Bioinformatics 7: 141 (2006).

Lancien M, Gadal P, Hodges M. Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in higher plant ammonium assimilation. Plant Physiol. 123: 817-824 (2000).

Lancien M, Martin M, Hsieh MH, Leustek T, Goodman H, Coruzzi GM. Arabidopsis glt1-T mutant defines a role for NADH-GOGAT in the non-photorespiratory ammonium assimilatory pathway. Plant J. 29: 347-358 (2002).

Lane M, Meade J, Manian SS, O'Gara F. Expression and regulation of the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) in Rhizobium japonicum. Arch. Microbiol. 144: 29-34 (1986).

Lara M, Blanco L, Campomanes M, Calva E, Palacios R, Mora J. Physiology of ammonium assimilation in Neurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol. 150: 105-112 (1982).

Lea PJ, Blackwell RD, Joy KW. Ammonia assimilation in higher plants. In (K Mengel, DJ Pilbeam eds) "Nitrogen Metabolism of Plants", Calrendon Press, Oxford, pp. 153-186 (1992).

Lea PJ, Miflin BJ. Glutamate synthase and the synthesis of glutamate in plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 555-564 (2003).

Lee HM, Flores E, Forchhammer K, Herrero A, Tandeau De Marsac N. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer PII protein and an additional effector are required for the PII-mediated regulation of nitrate and nitrite uptake in the Cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 591-600 (2000).

Lee PY, Kho CW, Lee DH, Kang S, Kang S, Lee SC, Park BC, Cho S, Bae KH, Park SG. Glutathione peroxidase 3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppresses non-enzymatic proteolysis of glutamine synthetase in an activity-independent manner. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 362: 405-409 (2007).

Lee RB, Lewis MJ. Synthesis and 15N-labeling of glutamine and glutamate in maize roots during early stages of 15N-ammonium assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 45: 767-777 (1994).

Lee RW, Robinson JJ, Cavanaugh CM. Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in chemoautotrophic bacteria-marine invertebrate symbioses: expression of host and symbiont glutamine synthetase. J. Exp. Biol. 202: 289-300 (1999).

Leggat W, Buck BH, Grice A, Yellowlees D. The impact of bleaching on the metabolic contribution of dinoflagellate symbionts to their giant clam host. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1951-1961 (2003).

Lemaitre T, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Flesch V, Bismuth E, Fernie AR, Hodges M. NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase mutants of Arabidopsis suggest the enzyme is not limiting for nitrogen assimilation. Plant Physiol. 144: 1546-1558 (2007).

Li Q, Abrashev R, Harvey LM, McNeil B. Oxidative stress-associated impairment of glucose and ammonia metabolism in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger B1-D. Mycol. Res. 112: 1049-1055 (2008).

Liang A, Houghton RL. Coregulation of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in enteric bacteria during nitrogen limitation. J. Bacteriol. 146: 997-1002 (1981).

Lightfoot DA, Baron AJ, Cock JM, Wootton JC. A nitrate reductase gene of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC6301 inferred by heterologous hybridization, cloning and targeted mutagenesis. Genetica 85: 107-117 (1992).

Linka M, Weber AP. Shuffling ammonia between mitochondria and plastids during photorespiration. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 461-465 (2005).

Llorens N, Arola L, Blade C, Mas A. Effects of copper exposure upon nitrogen metabolism in tissue cultured Vitis vinifera. Plant Sci. 160: 159-163 (2000).

Lodwig E, Kumar S, Allaway D, Bourdes A, Prell J, Priefer U, Poole P. Regulation of L-alanine dehydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and its role in pea nodules. J. Bacteriol. 186: 842-849 (2004).

Lomas MW. Nitrate reductase and urease enzyme activity in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae): interactions among nitrogen substrates. Mar. Biol. 144: 37-44 (2004).

Lopes MS, Araus JL. Comparative genomic and physiological analysis of nutrient response to NH4+, NH4+:NO3- and NO3- in barley seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 134: 134-150 (2008).

Lopez-Siles FJ, Cardenas J, Franco AR. Biochemical and genetic analysis of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant devoid of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase activity. Planta 207: 436-441 (1999).

Lu BB, Yuan YZ, Zhang CF, Ou JQ, Zhou W, Lin QH. Modulation of key enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation and carbon metabolism by low temperature in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Plant Sci. 169: 295-302 (2005).

Luque-Almagro VM, Huertas MJ, Martinez-Luque M, Moreno-Vivian C, Roldan MD, Garcia-Gil LJ, Castillo F, Blasco R. Bacterial degradation of cyanide and its metal complexes under alkaline conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 940-947 (2005).

Macheda ML, Hynes MJ, Davis MA. The Aspergillus nidulans gltA gene encoding glutamate synthase is required for ammonium assimilation in the absence of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase. Curr. Genet. 34: 467-471 (1999).

Magasanik B. Ammonia assimilation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot. Cell 2: 827-829 (2003).

Majerowicz N, Kerbauy GB. Effects of nitrogen forms on dry matter partitioning and nitrogen metabolism in two contrasting genotypes of Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae). Environ. Exp. Bot. 47: 249-258 (2002).

Malm S, Tiffert Y, Micklinghoff J, Schultze S, Joost I, Weber I, Horst S, Ackermann B, Schmidt M, Wohlleben W, Ehlers S, Geffers R, Reuther J, Bange FC. The roles of the nitrate reductase NarGHJI, the nitrite reductase NirBD and the response regulator GlnR in nitrate assimilation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiology 155: 1332-1339 (2009).

Man HM, Boriel R, El-Khatib R, Kirby EG. Characterization of transgenic poplar with ectopic expression of pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase under conditions of varying nitrogen availability. New. Phytol. 167: 31-39 (2005).

Mariscal V, Rexach J, Fernandez E, Galvan A. The plastidic nitrite transporter NAR1;1 improves nitrate use efficiency for growth in Chlamydomonas. Plant Cell Environ. 27: 1321-1328 (2004).

Marquez AJ, Betti M, Garcia-Calderon M, Pal'ove-Balang P, Diaz P, Monza J. Nitrate assimilation in Lotus japonicus. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1741-1749 (2005).

Martin F, Ramstedt M, Soderhall K. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas. Biochimie 69: 569-581 (1987).

Martin G, Haehnel W, Boger P. Oxidative inactivation of glutamine synthetase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. J. Bacteriol. 179: 730-734 (1997).

Martinez-Espinosa RM, Esclapez J, Bautista V, Bonete MJ. An octameric prokaryotic glutamine synthetase from the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 264: 110-116 (2006).

Martinez-Espinosa RM, Lledo B, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Bonete MJ. The effect of ammonium on assimilatory nitrate reduction in the haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Extremophiles 11: 759-767 (2007).

Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Pageau K, Lelandais M, Grandjean O, Kronenberger J, Valadier MH, Feraud M, Jouglet T, Suzuki A. Glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway and glutamate dehydrogenase play distinct roles for sink/source nitrogen cycle in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Plant Physiol. 140: 444-456 (2006).

Matheron C, Delort AM, Gaudet G, Liptaj T, Forano E. Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85: a 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymatic study. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1941-1948 (1999).

Matt P, Geiger M, Walch-Liu P, Engels C, Krapp A, Stitt M. The immediate cause of the diurnal changes of nitrogen metabolism in leaves of nitrate-replete tobacco: a major imbalance… Plant Cell Environ. 24: 177-190 (2001).

Melo-Oliveira R, Oliveira IC, Coruzzi GM. Arabidopsis mutant analysis and gene regulation define a nonredundant role for glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 4718-4723 (1996).

Mendoza A, Valderrama B, Leija A, Mora J. NifA-dependent expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in Rhizobium etli modifies nitrogen partitioning during symbiosis. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 11: 83-90 (1998).

Merigout P, Lelandais M, Bitton F, Renou JP, Briand X, Meyer C, Daniel-Vedele F. Physiological and transcriptomic aspects of urea uptake and assimilation in Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol. 147: 1225-1238 (2008).

Mesnard F, Ratcliffe RG. NMR analysis of plant nitrogen metabolism. Photosynth. Res. 83: 163-180 (2005).

Michel-Reydellet N, Kaminski PA. Azorhizobium caulinodans PII and GlnK proteins control nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2655-2658 (1999).

Miflin BJ, Habash DZ. The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 979-987 (2002).

Miflin BJ, Lea PJ. The pathway of nitrogen assimilation in plants. Phytochemistry 15: 873-885 (1976).

Miflin BJ, Lea PJ. Ammonia assimilation. In (BJ Miflin ed) "The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 5." Academic Press, New York, pp. 169-202 (1980).

Miflin BJ, Lea PJ. The path of ammonia assimilation in the plant kingdom. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1976 (May): 103-106 (1976).

Migge A, Carrayol E, Hirel B, Becker TW. Leaf-specific overexpression of plastidic glutamine synthetase stimulates the growth of transgenic tobacco seedlings. Planta 210: 252-260 (2000).

Miller AJ, Fan X, Shen Q, Smith SJ. Amino acids and nitrate as signals for the regulation of nitrogen acquisition. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 111-119 (2008).

Miller SR, Castenholz RW. Ecological physiology of Synechococcus sp. strain SH-94-5, a naturally occurring cyanobacterium deficient in nitrate assimilation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 3002-3009 (2001).

Morel M, Buee M, Chalot M, Brun A. NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase: a dispensable function in ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol. 169: 179-190 (2006).

Morey KJ, Ortega JL, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase in soybean is encoded by a multigene family, and the members are regulated in an organ-specific and developmental manner. Plant Physiol. 128: 182-193 (2002).

Mulholland MR, Ohki K, Capone DG. Nutrient controls on nitrogen uptake and metabolism by natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium (Cyanobacteria). J. Phycol. 37: 1001-1009 (2001).

Mungur R, Glass AD, Goodenow DB, Lightfoot DA. Metabolite fingerprinting in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum altered by the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2005: 198-214 (2005).

Muro-Pastor MI, Reyes JC, Florencio FJ. Ammonium assimilation in cyanobacteria. Photosynth. Res. 83: 135-150 (2005).

Muro-Pastor MI, Strauss J, Ramon A, Scazzocchio C. A paradoxical mutant GATA factor. Eukaryot. Cell 3: 393-405 (2004).

Natera V, Sobrevals L, Fabra A, Castro S. Glutamate is involved in acid stress response in Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 (Arachis hypogaea L.) microsymbiont. Curr. Microbiol. 53: 479-482 (2006).

Navarro MT, Mariscal V, Macias MI, Fernandez E, Galvan A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains expressing nitrate reductase under control of the cabII-1 promoter: isolation of chlorate resistant mutants and identification of new loci for nitrate assimilation. Photosynth. Res. 83: 151-161 (2005).

Nissen TL, Kielland-Brandt MC, Nielsen J, Villadsen J. Optimization of ethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by metabolic engineering of the ammonium assimilation. Metab. Eng. 2: 69-77 (2000).

Nogueira ED, Olivares FL, Japiassu JC, Vilar C, Vinagre F, Baldani JI, Hemerly AS. Characterization of glutamine synthetase genes in sugarcane genotypes with different rates of biological nitrogen fixation. Plant Sci. 169: 819-832 (2005).

Nolden L, Beckers G, Burkovski A. Nitrogen assimilation in Corynebacterium diphtheriae: pathways and regulatory cascades. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 208: 287-293 (2002).

Noor S, Punekar NS. Allosteric NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase from aspergilli: purification, characterization and implications for metabolic regulation at the carbon-nitrogen interface. Microbiology 151: 1409-1419 (2005).

Norkrans B, Tunblad-Johansson I. Changes in free amino acid content and activities of amination and transamination enzymes in yeasts grown on different inorganic nitrogen sources, including hydroxylamine. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 47: 217-230 (1981).

Novitskaya L, Trevanion SJ, Driscoll S, Foyer CH, Noctor G. How does photorespiration modulate leaf amino acid contents? A dual approach through modelling and metabolite analysis. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 821-835 (2002).

Oaks A, Sivasankar S, Goodfellow VJ. The specificity of methionine sulfoximine and azaserine inhibition in plant tissues. Phytochemistry 49: 355-357 (1998).

Okuhara H, Matsumura T, Fujita Y, Hase T. Cloning and inactivation of genes encoding ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent glutamate synthases in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Imbalances in nitrogen and carbon assimilations caused by deficiency of the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme. Plant Physiol. 120: 33-42 (1999).

Oliveira IC, Brears T, Knight TJ, Clark A, Coruzzi GM. Overexpression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase. Relation to nitrogen, light, and photorespiration. Plant Physiol. 129: 1170-1180 (2002).

Olivera M, Tejera N, Iribarne C, Ocana A, Lluch C. Growth, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimilation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): effect of phosphorus. Physiol. Plant. 121: 498-505 (2004).

Op den Camp HJ, Liem KD, Meesters P, Hermans JM, Van der Drift C. Purification and characterization of the NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus fastidiosus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 55: 303-311 (1989).

Orea A, Pajuelo P, Pajuelo E, Quidiello C, Romero JM, Marquez AJ. Isolation of photorespiratory mutants from Lotus japonicus deficient in glutamine synthetase. Physiol. Plant. 115: 352-361 (2002).

Ortega JL, Roche D, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Oxidative turnover of soybean root glutamine synthetase. In vitro and in vivo studies. Plant Physiol. 119: 1483-1496 (1999).

Palomo J, Gallardo F, Suarez MF, Canovas FM. Purification and characterization of NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from scots pine . Evidence for different physiological roles of the enzyme in primary development. Plant Physiol. 118: 617-626 (1998).

Pascual MB, Jing ZP, Kirby EG, Canovas FM, Gallardo F. Response of transgenic poplar overexpressing cytosolic glutamine synthetase to phosphinothricin. Phytochemistry 69: 382-389 (2008).

Pashley CA, Brown AC, Robertson D, Parish T. Identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlnE promoter and its response to nitrogen availability. Microbiology 152: 2727-2734 (2006).

Patriarca EJ, Tate R, Iaccarino M. Key role of bacterial NH4+ metabolism in Rhizobium-plant symbiosis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66: 203-223 (2002).

Paz-Yepes J, Flores E, Herrero A. Transcriptional effects of the signal transduction protein P(II) (glnB gene product) on NtcA-dependent genes in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. FEBS Lett. 543: 42-46 (2003).

Pecsvaradi A, Nagy Z, Varga A, Vashegyi A, Labadi I, Galbacs G, Zsoldos F. Chloroplastic glutamine synthetase is activated by direct binding of aluminium. Physiol. Plant. 135: 43-50 (2009).

Perdomo G, Navarro FJ, Medina B, Machin F, Tejera P, Siverio JM. Tobacco Nia2 cDNA functionally complements a Hansenula polymorpha yeast mutant lacking nitrate reductase. A new expression system for the study of plant proteins involved in nitrate assimilation. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 405-413 (2002).

Perez-Perez JG, Syvertsen JP, Botia P, Garcia-Sanchez F. Leaf water relations and net gas exchange responses of salinized Carrizo citrange seedlings during drought stress and recovery. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 100: 335-345 (2007).

Petoukhov MV, Svergun DI, Konarev PV, Ravasio S, van den Heuvel RHH, Curti B, Vanoni MA. Quaternary structure of Azospirillum brasilense NADPH-dependent glutamate synthase in solution as revealed by synchrotron radiation x-ray scattering. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 29933-29939 (2003).

Pierleoni R, Vallorani L, Sacconi C, Sisti D, Giomaro G, Stocchi V. Evaluation of the enzymes involved in primary nitrogen metabolism in Tilia platyphyllos-Tuber borchii ectomycorrhizae. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39: 1111-1114 (2001).

Poole P, Allaway D. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Rhizobium. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 43: 117-163 (2000).

Poonnachit U, Darnell R. Effect of ammonium and nitrate on ferric chelate reductase and nitrate reductase in Vaccinium species. Ann. Bot. 93: 399-405 (2004).

Potel F, Valadier MH, Ferrario-Mery S, Grandjean O, Morin H, Gaufichon L, Boutet-Mercey S, Lothier J, Rothstein SJ, Hirose N, Suzuki A. Assimilation of excess ammonium into amino acids and nitrogen translocation in Arabidopsis thaliana--roles of glutamate synthases and carbamoylphosphate synthetase in leaves. FEBS J. 276: 4061-4076 (2009).

Prieto R, Dubus A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Isolation and characterization of two new negative regulatory mutants for nitrate assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii obtained by insertional mutagenesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251: 461-471 (1996).

Prieto R, Fernandez E. Toxicity of and mutagenesis by chlorate are independent of nitrate reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237: 429-438 (1993).

Purnell MP, Botella JR. Tobacco isoenzyme 1 of NAD(H)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase catabolizes glutamate in vivo. Plant Physiol. 143: 530-539 (2007).

Qian H, Chen W, Sheng GD, Xu X, Liu W, Fu Z. Effects of glufosinate on antioxidant enzymes, subcellular structure, and gene expression in the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Aquat. Toxicol. 88: 301-307 (2008).

Quesada A, Galvan A, Schnell RA, Lefebvre PA, Fernandez E. Five nitrate assimilation-related loci are clustered in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 240: 387-394 (1993).

Quesada A, Hidalgo J, Fernandez E. Three Nrt2 genes are differentially regulated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 258: 373-377 (1998).

Rajaram H, Apte SK. Nitrogen status and heat-stress-dependent differential expression of the cpn60 chaperonin gene influences thermotolerance in the cyanobacterium Anabaena. Microbiology 154: 317-325 (2008).

Rawat SR, Silim SN, Kronzucker HJ, Siddiqi MY, Glass AD. AtAMT1 gene expression and NH4+ uptake in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana: evidence for regulation by root glutamine levels. Plant J. 19: 143-152 (1999).

Razal RA, Ellis S, Singh S, Lewis NG, Towers GHN. Nitrogen recycling in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Phytochemistry 41: 31-35 (1996).

Read R, Pashley CA, Smith D, Parish T. The role of GlnD in ammonia assimilation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb.) 87: 384-390 (2007).

Rees TA. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is required for ammonium assimilation in light in a marine diatom. Physiol. Plant. 117: 558-563 (2003).

Reggiani R, Bertani A. Anaerobic amino acid metabolism. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 50: 733-736 (2003).

Reitzer L. Nitrogen assimilation and global regulation in Escherichia coli. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 57: 155-176 (2003).

Renne P, Dressen U, Hebbeker U, Hille D, Flugge UI, Westhoff P, Weber AP. The Arabidopsis mutant dct is deficient in the plastidic glutamate/malate translocator DiT2. Plant J. 35: 316-331 (2003).

Restivo FM. Molecular cloning of glutamate dehydrogenase genes of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: structure analysis and regulation of their expression by physiological and stress conditions. Plant Sci. 166: 971-982 (2004).

Rexach J, Fernandez E, Galvan A. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Nar1 gene encodes a chloroplast membrane protein involved in nitrite transport. Plant Cell 12: 1441-1454 (2000).

Rey FE, Oda Y, Harwood CS. Regulation of uptake hydrogenase and effects of hydrogen utilization on gene expression in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J. Bacteriol. 188: 6143-6152 (2006).

Reyes JC, Florencio FJ. A mutant lacking the glutamine synthetase gene (glnA) is impaired in the regulation of the nitrate assimilation system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 176: 7516-7523 (1994).

Rhodes D, Rendon GA, Stewart GR. The regulation of ammonia assimilating enzymes in Lemna minor L. Planta 129: 203-210 (1976).

Rhodes D, Sims AP, Folkes BF. Pathway of ammonia assimilation in illuminated Lemna minor. Phytochemistry 19: 357-365 (1980).

Robertson DL, Tartar A. Evolution of glutamine synthetase in heterokonts: evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer and the early evolution of photosynthesis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23: 1048-1055 (2006).

Robinson SA, Slade AP, Fox GG, Phillips R, Ratcliffe RG, Stewart GR. The role of glutamate dehydrogenase in plant nitrogen metabolism. Plant Physiol. 95: 509-516 (1991).

Roca C, Nielsen J, Olsson L. Metabolic engineering of ammonium assimilation in xylose-fermenting Saccharomyes cerevisiae improves ethanol production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 4732-4736 (2003).

Rodriguez R, Kobayashi M, Omata T, Lara C. Independence of carbon and nitrogen control in the posttranslational regulation of nitrate transport in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. FEBS Lett. 432: 207-212 (1998).

Rogato A, D'Apuzzo E, Barbulova A, Omrane S, Stedel C, Simon-Rosin U, Katinakis P, Flemetakis M, Udvardi M, Chiurazzi M. Tissue-specific down-regulation of LjAMT1;1 compromises nodule function and enhances nodulation in Lotus japonicus. Plant Mol. Biol. 68: 585-595 (2008).

Ruan J, Gerendas J, Hardter R, Sattelmacher B. Effect of nitrogen form and root-zone pH on growth and nitrogen uptake of tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 99: 301-10 (2007).

Rueda-Lopez M, Crespillo R, Canovas FM, Avila C. Differential regulation of two glutamine synthetase genes by a single Dof transcription factor. Plant J. 56: 73-85 (2008).

Sadok S, Uglow RF, Haswell SJ. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in Mytilus edulis: The effect of hyperammonia. Vie Milieu 51: 189-194 (2001).

Sadunishvili T, Gvarliani N, Nutsubidze N, Kvesitadze G. Effect of methionine sulfoximine on nitrogen metabolism and externally supplied ammonium assimilation in kidney bean. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 34: 70-75 (1996).

Sahrawy M, Avila C, Chueca A, Canovas FM, Lopez-Gorge J. Increased sucrose level and altered nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants expressing antisense chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 2495-2503 (2004).

Sakakibara H, Shimizu H, Hase T, Yamazaki Y, Takao T, Shimonishi Y, Sugiyama T. Molecular identification and characterization of cytosolic isoforms of glutamine synthetase in maize roots. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 29561-29568 (1996).

Sakurai N, Katayama Y, Yamaya T. Overlapping expression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in immature leaf blades of rice. Physiol. Plant. 113: 400-408 (2001).

Sanchez E, Rivero RM, Ruiz JM, Romero L. Yield and biosynthesis of nitrogenous compounds in fruits of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Strike) in response to increasing N fertilisation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84: 575-580 (2004).

Saroja GN, Gowrishankar J. Roles of SpoT and FNR in NH4+ assimilation and osmoregulation in GOGAT (glutamate synthase)-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178: 4105-4114 (1996).

Scarpeci TE, Marro ML, Bortolotti S, Boggio SB, Valle EM. Plant nutritional status modulates glutamine synthetase levels in ripe tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). J. Plant Physiol. 164: 137-145 (2007).

Scharff AM, Egsgaard H, Hansen PE, Rosendahl L. Exploring symbiotic nitrogen fixation and assimilation in pea root nodules by in vivo (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant Physiol. 131: 367-378 (2003).

Schjoerring JK, Husted S, Mack G, Mattsson M. The regulation of ammonium translocation in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 883-890 (2002).

Schjoerring JK, Mack G, Nielsen KH, Husted S, Suzuki A, Driscoll S, Boldt R, Bauwe H. Antisense reduction of serine hydroxymethyltransferase results in diurnal displacement of NH assimilation in leaves of Solanum tuberosum. Plant J. 45: 71-82 (2006).

Schneider B. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of low molecular weight compounds in plant cells. Planta 203: 1-8 (1997).

Schneidereit J, Hausler RE, Fiene G, Kaiser WM, Weber AP. Antisense repression reveals a crucial role of the plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator DiT1 at the interface between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Plant J. 45: 206-224 (2006).

Schwartz T, Kusnan MB, Fock HP. The involvement of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase in ammonia assimilation by the basidiomycete fungus Strophia semiglobata. J. Gen Microbiol. 137: 2253-2258 (1991).

Searles PS, Bloom AJ. Nitrate photo-assimilation in tomato leaves under short-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide and low oxygen. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1247-1255 (2003).

Seiffert B, Zhou ZW, Wallbraun M, Lohaus G, Mollers C. Expression of a bacterial asparagine synthetase gene in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and its effect on traits related to nitrogen efficiency. Physiol. Plant. 121: 656-665 (2004).

Serrani F, Rossi B, Berardi E. Nitrogen metabolite repression in Hansenda polymorpha: the nmrl-l mutation. Curr. Genet. 40: 243-250 (2001).

Shinbo H, Konno K, Hirayama C. The pathway of ammonia assimilation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Insect Physiol. 43: 959-964 (1997).

Singh AK, Singh HN, Rai AN. Evidence for a role of glutamine synthetase in assimilation of amino acids as nitrogen source in the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Biochem. Int. 25: 887-894 (1991).

Smith CJ, Hespell RB, Bryant MP. Regulation of urease and ammonia assimilatory enzymes in Selenomonas ruminantium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42: 89-96 (1981).

Sonoda Y, Ikeda A, Saiki S, Yamaya T, Yamaguchi J. Feedback regulation of the ammonium transporter gene family AMT1 by glutamine in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 1396-1402 (2003).

Srivastava A, Tripathi AK. Adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase and adenylylation of glutamine synthetase control ammonia excretion in ethylenediamine-resistant mutants of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Curr. Microbiol. 53: 317-323 (2006).

Srivastava S, Dwivedi UN. Modulation of key nitrogen assimilating enzymes by NAA and in vitro culture in Cuscuta reflexa. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 65-71 (2003).

Stewart GR, Rhodes D. Nitrogen metabolism of halophytes. III. Enzymes of ammonia assimilation. New Phytol. 80: 307-316 (1978).

Stewart V. Regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase synthesis in enterobacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 66: 37-45 (1994).

Stingl K, Schauer K, Ecobichon C, Labigne A, Lenormand P, Rousselle JC, Namane A, de Reuse H. In vivo interactome of Helicobacter pylori urease revealed by tandem affinity purification. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 7: 2429-2441 (2008).

Stitt M, Krapp A. The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: the physiological and molecular background. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 583-621 (1999).

Stitt M, Muller C, Matt P, Gibon Y, Carillo P, Morcuende R, Scheible WR, Krapp A. Steps towards an integrated view of nitrogen metabolism. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 959-970 (2002).

Stohr C, Mack G. Diurnal changes in nitrogen assimilation of tobacco roots. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1283-1289 (2001).

Strosser J, Ludke A, Schaffer S, Kramer R, Burkovski A. Regulation of GlnK activity: modification, membrane sequestration and proteolysis as regulatory principles in the network of nitrogen control in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Mol. Microbiol. 54: 132-147 (2004).

Suarez MF, Avila C, Gallardo F, Canton FR, Garcia-Gutierrez A, Claros MG, Canovas FM. Molecular and enzymatic analysis of ammonium assimilation in woody plants. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 891-904 (2002).

Sun H, Huang QM, Su J. Highly effective expression of glutamine synthetase genes GS1 and GS2 in transgenic rice plants increases nitrogen-deficiency tolerance. Zhi Wu Sheng Li Yu Fen Zi Sheng Wu Xue Xue Bao 31: 492-498 (2005).

Suzuki A, Knaff DB. Glutamate synthase: structural, mechanistic and regulatory properties, and role in the amino acid metabolism. Photosynth. Res. 83: 191-217 (2005).

Suzuki I, Horie N, Sugiyama T, Omata T. Identification and characterization of two nitrogen-regulated genes of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 required for maximum efficiency of nitrogen assimilation. J. Bacteriol. 177: 290-296 (1995).

Suzuki I, Sugiyama T, Omata T. Regulation of nitrite reductase activity under CO2 limitation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. Plant Physiol. 107: 791-796 (1995).

Suzuki I, Sugiyami T, Omata T. Regulation by cyanate of the genes involved in carbon and nitrogen assimilation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2688-2694 (1996).

Tabuchi M, Abiko T, Yamaya T. Assimilation of ammonium ions and reutilization of nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2319-2327 (2007).

Takahashi M, Sasaki Y, Ida S, Morikawa H. Nitrite reductase gene enrichment improves assimilation of NO(2) in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 126: 731-741 (2001).

Takatani N, Omata T. Effects of PII deficiency on expression of the genes involved in ammonium utilization in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol. 47: 679-688 (2006).

Tate JJ, Cooper TG. Tor1/2 regulation of retrograde gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae derives indirectly as a consequence of alterations in ammonia metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 36924-36933 (2003).

Tate R, Riccio A, Merrick M, Patriarca EJ. The Rhizobium etli amtB gene coding for an NH4+ transporter is down-regulated early during bacteroid differentiation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 11: 188-198 (1998).

Temple SJ, Vance CP, Gantt JS. Glutamate synthase and nitrogen assimilation. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 51-56 (1998).

ter Schure EG, Sillje HH, Verkleij AJ, Boonstra J, Verrips CT. The concentration of ammonia regulates nitrogen metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 177: 6672-6675 (1995).

Terce-Laforgue T, Dubois F, Ferrario-Mery S, de Crecenzo MA, Sangwan R, Hirel B. Glutamate dehydrogenase of tobacco is mainly induced in the cytosol of phloem companion cells when ammonia is provided either externally or released during photorespiration. Plant Physiol. 136: 4308-4317 (2004).

Terce-Laforgue T, Mack G, Hirel B. New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes. Physiol. Plant. 120: 220-228 (2004).

Tesch M, de Graaf AA, Sahm H. In vivo fluxes in the ammonium-assimilatory pathways in Corynebacterium glutamicum studied by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1099-1109 (1999).

Tischner R. Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and lower plants. Plant Cell Environ. 23: 1005-1024 (2000).

Tobin AK, Yamaya T. Cellular compartmentation of ammonium assimilation in rice and barley. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 591-604 (2001).

Tsujimoto R, Yamazaki H, Maeda S, Omata T. Distinct roles of nitrate and nitrite in regulation of expression of the nitrate transport genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant Cell Physiol. 48: 484-497 (2007).

Tuli R, Thomas J. Regulation of glutamine synthetase in the blue-green alga Anabaena L-31. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 613: 526-533 (1980).

Unno H, Uchida T, Sugawara H, Kurisu G, Sugiyama T, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H, Hase T, Kusunoki M. Atomic structure of plant glutamine synthetase: a key enzyme for plant productivity. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 29287-29296 (2006).

Upchurch RG, Elkan GH. The role of ammonia, L-glutamate, and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the regulation of ammonia assimilation in Rhizobium japonicum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 538: 244-248 (1978).

Valadier MH, Yoshida A, Grandjean O, Morin H, Kronenberger J, Boutet S, Raballand A, Hase T, Yoneyama T, Suzuki A. Implication of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway in conditioning the amino acid metabolism in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of maize leaves. FEBS J. 275: 3193-3206 (2008).

Valenzuela L, Guzman-Leon S, Coria R, Ramirez J, Aranda C, Gonzalez A. A NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase mutant of the petit-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis uses the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway for glutamate biosynthesis. Microbiology 141: 2443-2447 (1995).

Vallorani L, Polidori E, Sacconi C, Agostini D, Pierleoni R, Piccoli G, Zeppa S, Stocchi V. Biochemical and molecular characterization of NADP glutamate dehydrogenase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii. New Phytol. 154: 779-790 (2002).

van Andel JG, Brown CM. Ammonia assimilation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972. Arch. Microbiol. 111: 265-270 (1977).

van den Heuvel RHH, Svergun DI, Petoukhov MV, Coda A, Curti B, Ravasio S, Vanoni MA, Mattevi A. The active conformation of glutamate synthase and its binding to ferredoxin. J. Mol. Biol. 330: 113-128 (2003).

Van Dommelen A, Keijers V, Somers E, Vanderleyden J. Cloning and characterisation of the Azospirillum brasilense glnD gene and analysis of a glnD mutant. Mol. Genet. Genomics 266: 813-820 (2002).

van Heeswijk WC, Hoving S, Molenaar D, Stegeman B, Kahn D, Westerhoff HV. An alternative PII protein in the regulation of glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 21: 133-146 (1996).

Vance CP, Miller SS, Gregerson RG, Samac DA, Robinson DL, Gantt JS. Alfalfa NADH-dependent glutamate synthase: structure of the gene and importance in symbiotic N2 fixation. Plant J. 8: 345-358 (1995).

Vanlerberghe GC, Horsey AK, Weger HG, Turpin DH. Anaerobic carbon metabolism by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Evidence for partial oxidative and reductive pathways during dark ammonium assimilation. Plant Physiol. 91: 1551-1557 (1989).

Vanoni MA, Curti B. Structure-function studies on the iron-sulfur flavoenzyme glutamate synthase: an unexpectedly complex self-regulated enzyme. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 433: 193-211 (2005).

Vanoni MA, Curti B. Glutamate synthase: a complex iron-sulfur flavoprotein. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 55: 617-638 (1999).

Vanoni MA, Dossena L, van den Heuvel RH, Curti B. Structure-function studies on the complex iron-sulfur flavoprotein glutamate synthase: the key enzyme of ammonia assimilation. Photosynth. Res. 83: 219-238 (2005).

Vaucheret H, Marion-Poll A, Meyer C, Faure JD, Marin E, Caboche M. Interest in and limits to the utilization of reporter genes for the analysis of transcriptional regulation of nitrate reductase. Mol. Gen. Genet. 235: 259-268 (1992).

Vincent R, Fraisier V, Chaillou S, Limami MA, Deleens E, Phillipson B, Douat C, Boutin JP, Hirel B. Overexpression of a soybean gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase in shoots of transgenic Lotus corniculatus L. plants triggers changes in ammonium assimilation and plant development. Planta 201: 424-433 (1997).

von Wiren N, Gazzarrini S, Gojon A, Frommer WB. The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrieval. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 254-261 (2000).

Wagner SJ, Thomas SP, Kaufman RI, Nixon BT, Stevens SE Jr. The glnA gene of the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 is nonessential for ammonium assimilation. J. Bacteriol. 175: 604-612 (1993).

Wang D, Hu Y, Zheng F, Zhou K, Kohlhaw GB. Evidence that intramolecular interactions are involved in masking the activation domain of transcriptional activator Leu3p. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 19383-19392 (1997).

Wang J, Douglas AE. Nitrogen recycling or nitrogen conservation in an alga-invertebrate symbiosis? J. Exp. Biol. 201: 2445-2453 (1998).

Wang L, Zhou Q, Ding L, Sun Y. Effect of cadmium toxicity on nitrogen metabolism in leaves of Solanum nigrum L. as a newly found cadmium hyperaccumulator. J. Hazard. Mater. 154: 818-825 (2008).

Wang TH, Fu HY, Shieh YJ. Monomeric NarB is a dual-affinity nitrate reductase, and its activity is regulated differently from that of nitrate uptake in the unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain RF-1. J. Bacteriol. 185: 5838-5846 (2003).

Wang X, Tabita FR. Interaction between ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity and the ammonia assimilatory system of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 174: 3601-3606 (1992).

Waterhouse RN, Smyth AJ, Massonneau A, Prosser IM, Clarkson DT. Molecular cloning and characterisation of asparagine synthetase from Lotus japonicus: dynamics of asparagine synthesis in N-sufficient conditions. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 883-897 (1996).

Weber A, Flugge UI. Interaction of cytosolic and plastidic nitrogen metabolism in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 865-874 (2002).

Weber AP, Schwacke R, Flugge UI. Solute transporters of the plastid envelope membrane. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 56: 133-164 (2005).

Wei H, Atkins CA, Layzell DB. Adenylate gradients and Ar:O2 effects on legume nodules. II. Changes in the subcellular adenylate pools. Plant Physiol. 134: 1775-1783 (2004).

Wei H, Atkins CA, Layzell DB. Adenylate gradients and Ar:O2 effects on legume nodules: I. Mathematical models. Plant Physiol. 134: 801-812 (2004).

Wen ZT, Peng LS, Morrison M. The glutamine synthetase of Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 is a family III enzyme (GinN) and glutamine supports growth of mutants lacking glutamate dehydrogenase activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 229: 15-21 (2003).

Witte CP, Tiller SA, Taylor MA, Davies HV. Leaf urea metabolism in potato. Urease activity profile and patterns of recovery and distribution of 15N after foliar urea application in wild-type and urease-antisense transgenics. Plant Physiol. 128: 1129-1136 (2002).

Woo KC, Flugge UI, Heldt HW. A two-translocator model for the transport of 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate in chloroplasts during ammonia assimilation in the light. Plant Physiol. 84: 624-632 (1987).

Wyman M, Bird C. Lack of control of nitrite assimilation by ammonium in an oceanic picocyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. strain WH 8103. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 3028-3033 (2007).

Yoneyama T, Ito O, Engelaar WM. Uptake, metabolism and distribution of nitrogen in crop plants traced by enriched and natural 15N: progress over the last 30 years. Phytochem. Rev. 2: 121-132 (2003).

Yoshinaga N, Aboshi T, Abe H, Nishida R, Alborn HT, Tumlinson JH, Mori N. Active role of fatty acid amino acid conjugates in nitrogen metabolism in Spodoptera litura larvae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 18058-18063 (2008).

Young EB, Berges JA, Dring MJ. Physiological responses of intertidal marine brown algae to nitrogen deprivation and resupply of nitrate and ammonium. Physiol. Plant. 135: 400-411 (2009).

Yuan J, Doucette CD, Fowler WU, Feng XJ, Piazza M, Rabitz HA, Wingreen NS, Rabinowitz JD. Metabolomics-driven quantitative analysis of ammonia assimilation in E. coli. Mol. Syst. Biol. 5: 302 (2009).

Zhou J, Zhou J, Yang H, Yan C, Huang F. Characterization of a sodium-regulated glutaminase from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Sci. China C. Life Sci. 51: 1066-1075 (2008).

Number of references = 386