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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
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Sulfate Assimilation
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His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
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References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, aminolevulinate

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Contestabile R, Jenn T, Akhtar M, Gani D, John RA. Reactions of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminomutase with R- and S-enantiomers of a novel, mechanism-based inhibitor, 2,3-diaminopropyl sulfate. Biochemistry 39: 3091-3096 (2000).

Correa Garcia S, Bermudez Moretti M, Ramos E, Batlle A. Carbon and nitrogen sources regulate delta-aminolevulinic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29: 1097-1101 (1997).

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Demko V, Pavlovic A, Valkova D, Slovakova L, Grimm B, Hudak J. A novel insight into the regulation of light-independent chlorophyll biosynthesis in Larix decidua and Picea abies seedlings. Planta 230: 165-176 (2009).

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Friedmann HC, Thauer RK, Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Delta-aminolevulinic acid formation in the archaebacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum requires transfer RNA-glu. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 52: 363-371 (1987).

Ginsburg S, Matile P. Identification of catabolites of chlorophyll-porphyrin in senescent rape cotyledons. Plant Physiol. 102: 521-527 (1993).

Gong J, Hunter GA, Ferreira GC. Aspartate-279 in aminolevulinate synthase affects enzyme catalysis through enhancing the function of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor. Biochemistry 37: 3509-3517 (1998).

Goslings D, Meskauskiene R, Kim C, Lee KP, Nater M, Apel K. Concurrent interactions of heme and FLU with Glu tRNA reductase (HEMA1), the target of metabolic feedback inhibition of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, in dark- and light-grown Arabidopsis plants. Plant J. 40: 957-967 (2004).

Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. 3. Formation of delta-aminolevulinate in tigrina mutants of barley. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 44: 403-416 (1979).

Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate by a chloroplast stroma preparation from greening barley leaves. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 42: 459-464 (1977).

Grimm B. Primary structure of a key enzyme in plant tetrapyrrole synthesis: glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 4169-4173 (1990).

Grimm B. Novel insights in the control of tetrapyrrole metabolism of higher plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 245-250 (1998).

Grimm B, Smith AJ, Kannangara CG, Smith M. Gabaculine-resistant glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase of Synechococcus. Deletion of a tripeptide close to the NH2 terminus and internal amino acid substitution. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 12495-12501 (1991).

Hansson M, Gough SP, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D. Chromosomal locations of six barley genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis and the sequence of the ferrochelatase gene identify two regulatory genes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 36: 545-554 (1998).

Hansson M, Gough SP, Kannangara CG, vonWettstein D. Analysis of RNA and enzymes of potential importance for regulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in the protochlorophyllide accumulating barley mutant tigrina-d(12). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35: 827-836 (1997).

Hayashi S, Noguchi T. Response to light of a specific aminotransferase for delta-aminolevulinate formation in higher plants. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 13693-13696 (1983).

He ZH, Li J, Sundqvist C, Timko MP. Leaf developmental age controls expression of genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiol. 106: 537-546 (1994).

Houen G, Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Delta-aminolevulinate synthesis in greening barley. 5. The structure of glutamate 1-semialdehyde. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 48: 567-572 (1983).

Houghton JD, Brown SB, Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in Cyanidium caldarium: characterization of transfer RNA-glu, ligase, dehydrogenase and glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 54: 131-143 (1989).

Huang DD, Wang WY, Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthesizing enzymes need an RNA moiety for activity. Science 225: 1482-1484 (1984).

Hunter GA, Ferreira GC. Pre-steady-state reaction of 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Evidence for a rate-determining product release. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 12222-12228 (1999).

Iida K, Mimura I, Kajiwara M. Evaluation of two biosynthetic pathways to delta-aminolevulinic acid in Euglena gracilis. Eur. J. Biochem. 269: 291-297 (2002).

Jacobs JM, Jacobs NJ. Porphyrin accumulation and export by isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) plastids. Effect of diphenyl ether herbicides. Plant Physiol. 101: 1181-1187 (1993).

Johansen Y, Wideroe HC, Krane J, Johnsson A. Proton magic angle spinning NMR reveals new features in photodynamically treated bacteria. Z. Naturforsch. [C] 58: 401-407 (2003).

Jung S, Lee HJ, Lee Y, Kang K, Kim YS, Grimm B, Back K. Toxic tetrapyrrole accumulation in protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase-overexpressing transgenic rice plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 67: 535-546 (2008).

Kaczor CM, Smith MW, Sangwan I, O'Brian MR. Plant delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Expression in soybean root nodules and evidence for a bacterial lineage of the Alad gene. Plant Physiol. 104: 1411-1417 (1994).

Kafala B, Sasarman A. Isolation of the Staphylococcus aureus hemCDBL gene cluster coding for early steps in heme biosynthesis. Gene 199: 231-239 (1997).

Kannangara CG, Andersen R, Axelson K, Gough SP, Grimm B, Pontoppidan B, Von Wettstein D. tRNAglu mediated biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole precursor delta-aminolevulinate (ala). Photosynth. Res. 34: 168-168 (1992).

Kannangara CG, Gough SP. Synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid and chlorophyll by isolated chloroplasts. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 42: 441-457 (1977).

Kannangara CG, Gough SP. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves: glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 43: 185-194 (1978).

Kannangara CG, Gough SP. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. 2. Induction of enzyme synthesis by light. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 44: 11-20 (1979).

Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Bruyant P, Hoober JK, Kahn A, Von Wettstein D. Transfer RNA-glu as a cofactor in delta-aminolevulinate biosynthesis: steps that regulate chlorophyll synthesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 13: 139-143 (1988).

Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Oliver RP, Rasmussen SK. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. 6. Activation of glutamate by ligation to RNA. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 49: 417-437 (1984).

Keppler OT, Horstkorte R, Pawlita M, Schmidt C, Reutter W. Biochemical engineering of the N-acyl side chain of sialic acid: biological implications. Glycobiology 11: 11R-18R (2001).

King ND, O'Brian MR. Evidence for direct interaction between enzyme I(Ntr) and aspartokinase to regulate bacterial oligopeptide transport. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 21311-21316 (2001).

Kruse E, Grimm B, Beator J, Kloppstech K. Developmental and circadian control of the capacity for delta- aminolevulinic acid synthesis in green barley. Planta 202: 235-241 (1997).

Kruse E, Mock HP, Grimm B. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase from barley and tobacco--sequence analysis and initial expression studies. Planta 196: 796-803 (1995).

Kumar AM, Csankovszki G, Soll D. A second and differentially expressed glutamyl-tRNA reductase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 419-426 (1996).

Kumar AM, Soll D. Antisense HEMA1 RNA expression inhibits heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 122: 49-56 (2000).

Kumar MA, Chaturvedi S, Soll D. Selective inhibition of HEMA gene expression by photooxidation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry 51: 647-651 (1999).

Kumar Tewari A, Charan Tripathy B. Temperature-stress-induced impairment of chlorophyll biosynthetic reactions in cucumber and wheat. Plant Physiol. 117: 851-858 (1998).

La Rocca N, Rascio N, Oster U, Rudiger W. Amitrole treatment of etiolated barley seedlings leads to deregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis and to reduced expression of Lhc and RbcS genes. Planta 213: 101-108 (2001).

La Rocca N, Rascio N, Oster U, Rudiger W. Inhibition of lycopene cyclase results in accumulation of chlorophyll precursors. Planta 225: 1019-1029 (2007).

Lacourt I, Duplessis S, Abba S, Bonfante P, Martin F. Isolation and characterization of differentially expressed genes in the mycelium and fruit body of Tuber borchii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 4574-4582 (2002).

Lindahl M, Florencio FJ. Thioredoxin-linked processes in cyanobacteria are as numerous as in chloroplasts, but targets are different. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 16107-16112 (2003).

Mayer SM, Gawlita E, Avissar YJ, Anderson VE, Beale SI. Intermolecular nitrogen transfer in the enzymic conversion of glutamate to d-aminolevulinic acid by extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 101: 1029-1038 (1993).

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Murakami K, Hashimoto Y, Murooka Y. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, which is involved in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 347-350 (1993).

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Nogaj LA, Srivastava A, van Lis R, Beale SI. Cellular levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase do not control chlorophyll synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 139: 389-396 (2005).

Papenbrock J, Mock HP, Tanaka R, Kruse E, Grimm B. Role of magnesium chelatase activity in the early steps of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. Plant Physiol. 122: 1161-1170 (2000).

Papenbrock J, Pfundel E, Mock HP, Grimm B. Decreased and increased expression of the subunit CHL I diminishes Mg chelatase activity and reduces chlorophyll synthesis in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 22: 155-164 (2000).

Pasternak C, Haberzettl K, Klug G. Thioredoxin is involved in oxygen-regulated formation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 181: 100-106 (1999).

Pawlowski K, Gough SP, Kannangara CG, Debruijn FJ. Characterization of a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase mutant of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 6: 35-44 (1993).

Reinbothe C, Satoh H, Alcaraz JP, Reinbothe S. A novel role of water-soluble chlorophyll proteins in the transitory storage of chorophyllide. Plant Physiol. 134: 1355-1365 (2004).

Reinbothe S, Runge S, Reinbothe C, van Cleve B, Apel K. Substrate-dependent transport of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase into isolated plastids. Plant Cell 7: 161-172 (1995).

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Sangwan I, O'Brian MR. Expression of the soybean (Glycine max) glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase gene in symbiotic root nodules. Plant Physiol. 102: 829-834 (1993).

Sangwan I, O'Brian MR. Expression of a soybean gene encoding the tetrapyrrole-synthesis enzyme glutamyl-tRNA reductase in symbiotic root nodules. Plant Physiol. 119: 593-598 (1999).

Schroder I, Hederstedt L, Kannangara CG, Gough SP. Glutamyl-transfer RNA reductase activity in Bacillus subtilis is dependent on the hemA gene product. Biochem. J. 281: 843-850 (1992).

Shioi Y, Nagamine M, Sasa T. Purification and properties of L-alanine:4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase from Chlorella regularis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 234: 117-124 (1984).

Smith MA, Kannangara CG, Grimm B, von Wettstein D. Characterization of glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase of Synechococcus. Steady-state kinetic analysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 202: 749-757 (1991).

Smith MA, King PJ, Grimm B. Transient-state kinetic analysis of Synechococcus glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Biochemistry 37: 319-329 (1998).

Sood S, Gupta V, Tripathy BC. Photoregulation of the greening process of wheat seedlings grown in red light. Plant Mol. Biol. 59: 269-287 (2005).

Srivastava A, Lake V, Nogaj LA, Mayer SM, Willows RD, Beale SI. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gtr gene encoding the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic enzyme glutamyl-trna reductase: structure of the gene and properties of the expressed enzyme. Plant Mol. Biol. 58: 643-658 (2005).

Terry MJ, Kendrick RE. Feedback inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis in the phytochrome chromophore-deficient aurea and yellow-green-2 mutants of tomato. Plant Physiol. 119: 143-152 (1999).

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Tzvetkova-Chevolleau T, Franck F, Alawady AE, Dall'Osto L, Carriere F, Bassi R, Grimm B, Nussaume L, Havaux M. The light stress-induced protein ELIP2 is a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 50: 795-809 (2007).

Ujwal ML, McCormac AC, Goulding A, Kumar AM, Soll D, Terry MJ. Divergent regulation of the HEMA gene family encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana: expression of HEMA2 is regulated by sugars, but is independent of light and plastid signalling. Plant Mol. Biol. 50: 83-91 (2002).

Vavilin DV, Vermaas WFJ. Regulation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway leading to heme and chlorophyll in plants and cyanobacteria. Physiol. Plant. 115: 9-24 (2002).

Vothknecht UC, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D. Expression of catalytically active barley glutamyl tRNAGlu reductase in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 9287-9291 (1996).

Vothknecht UC, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D. Barley glutamyl tRNAGlu reductase: mutations affecting haem inhibition and enzyme activity. Phytochemistry 47: 513-519 (1998).

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Wang W-Y, Gough SP, Kannangara CG. Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinate in greeding barley leaves. IV. Isolation of three soluble enzymes required for the conversion of glutamate to delta-aminolevulinate. Carlsberg Res. Commun. 46: 243-257 (1981).

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Yaronskaya E, Ziemann V, Walter G, Averina N, Borner T, Grimm B. Metabolic control of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway for porphyrin distribution in the barley mutant albostrians. Plant J. 35: 512-522 (2003).

Zhang H, Li J, Yoo JH, Yoo SC, Cho SH, Koh HJ, Seo HS, Paek NC. Rice Chlorina-1 and Chlorina-9 encode ChlD and ChlI subunits of Mg-chelatase, a key enzyme for chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development. Plant Mol. Biol. 62: 325-337 (2006).

Number of references = 92

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