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N Use By Plants
Nitrate Assimilation
Ammonia Assimilation
Glu, Gln, Asn, Gly, Ser
Aminotransferases
Asp, Ala, GABA
Val, Leu, Ileu, Thr, Lys
Pro, Arg, Orn
Polyamines
Non-protein AAs
Alkaloids
Sulfate Assimilation
Cys, Met, AdoMet, ACC
His, Phe, Tyr, Tryp
Secondary Products
Onium Compounds
Enzymes
Methods
Simulation
References
HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology

References, APS reductase

Alahari A, Apte SK 2004 A novel potassium deficiency-induced stimulon in Anabaena torulosa. J. Biosci. 29: 153-161.

Ara T, Sekiya J 1997 Non-radioactive adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase assay by coupling with sulfite reductase and O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61: 621-624.

Basu P, Nemykin VN, Sengar RS 2003 Syntheses, spectroscopy, and redox chemistry of encapsulated Oxo-Mo(V) centers: implications for pyranopterin-containing molybdoenzymes. Inorg. Chem. 42: 7489-7501.

Bell CI, Clarkson DT, Cram WJ 1995 Partitioning and redistribution of sulfur during S-stress in Macroptilium atropurpureum cv Siratro. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 73-81.

Berks BC, Richardson DJ, Robinson C, Reilly A, Aplin RT, Ferguson SJ 1994 Purification and characterization of the periplasmic nitrate reductase from Thiosphaera pantotropha. Eur. J. Biochem. 220: 117-124.

Bick JA, Aslund F, Chen Y, Leustek T 1998 Glutaredoxin function for the carboxyl-terminal domain of the plant-type 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 8404-8409.

Bick JA, Dennis JJ, Zylstra GJ, Nowack J, Leustek T 2000 Identification of a new class of 5'-adenylylsulfate (APS) reductases from sulfate-assimilating bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 182: 135-142.

Bick JA, Leustek T 1998 Plant sulfur metabolism - the reduction of sulfate to sulfite. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 240-244.

Bick JA, Setterdahl AT, Knaff DB, Chen Y, Pitcher LH, Zilinskas BA, Leustek T 2001 Regulation of the plant-type 5'-adenylyl sulfate reductase by oxidative stress. Biochemistry 40: 9040-9048.

Blasco R, Castillo F, Martinez-Luque M 1997 The assimilatory nitrate reductase from the phototrophic bacterium, Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1, is a flavoprotein. FEBS Lett. 414: 45-49.

Borges-Walmsley MI, Turner G, Bailey AM, Brown J, Lehmbeck J, Clausen IG 1995 Isolation and characterisation of genes for sulphate activation and reduction in Aspergillus nidulans: implications for evolution of an allosteric control region by gene duplication. Mol. Gen. Genet. 247: 423-429.

Butler CS, Fairhurst SA, Ferguson SJ, Thomson AJ, Berks BC, Richardson DJ, Lowe DJ 2002 Mo(V) co-ordination in the periplasmic nitrate reductase from Paracoccus pantotrophus probed by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. Biochem. J. 363: 817-823.

Castillo F, Dobao MM, Reyes F, Blasco R, Roldán MD, Gavira M, Caballero FJ, Moreno-Vivián C, Martínez-Luque M 1996 Molecular and regulatory properties of the nitrate reducing systems of Rhodobacter. Curr. Microbiol. 33: 341-346.

Chilson OP, Kelly-Chilson AE, Siegel NR 1991 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in soybean nodules: isolation/partial primary structure/evidence for isozymes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288: 350-357.

Cumming M, Leung S, McCallum J, McManus MT 2007 Complex formation between recombinant ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase of Allium cepa (L.). FEBS Lett. 581: 4139-4147.

D'Andrea R, Surdin-Kerjan Y, Pure G, Cherest H 1987 Molecular genetics of met 17 and met 25 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: intragenic complementation between mutations of a single structural gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207: 165-170.

Dahl C 1996 Insertional gene inactivation in a phototrophic sulphur bacterium: APS-reductase-deficient mutants of Chromatium vinosum. Microbiology 142: 3363-3372.

Dahl C, Rakhely G, Pott-Sperling AS, Fodor B, Takacs M, Toth A, Kraeling M, Gyorfi K, Kovacs A, Tusz J, Kovacs KL 1999 Genes involved in hydrogen and sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 180: 317-324.

Durenkamp M, De Kok LJ, Kopriva S 2007 Adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate reductase is regulated differently in Allium cepa L. and Brassica oleracea L. upon exposure to H2S. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1571-1579.

Dzelzkalns VA, Obinger C, Regelsberger G, Niederhauser H, Kamensek M, Peschek GA, Bogorad L 1994 Deletion of the structural gene for the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 4 of Synechocystis 6803 alters respiratory properties. Plant Physiol. 106: 1435-1442.

Ellington MJ, Richardson DJ, Ferguson SJ 2003 Rhodobacter capsulatus gains a competitive advantage from respiratory nitrate reduction during light-dark transitions. Microbiology 149: 941-948.

Fritz G, Buchert T, Huber H, Stetter KO, Kroneck PMH 2000 Adenylylsulfate reductases from archaea and bacteria are 1 : 1 alpha beta-heterodimeric iron-sulfur flavoenzymes - high similarity of molecular properties emphasizes their central role in sulfur metabolism. FEBS Lett. 473: 63-66.

Gao Y, Schofield OM, Leustek T 2000 Characterization of sulfate assimilation in marine algae focusing on the enzyme 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase. Plant Physiol. 123: 1087-1096.

Gleason FK, Holmgren A 1988 Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 4: 271-297.

Goicoechea M, Lacombe E, Legay S, Mihaljevic S, Rech P, Jauneau A, Lapierre C, Pollet B, Verhaegen D, Chaubet-Gigot N, Grima-Pettenati J 2005 EgMYB2, a new transcriptional activator from Eucalyptus xylem, regulates secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis. Plant J. 43: 553-567.

Gutierrez-Marcos JF, Roberts MA, Campbell EI, Wray JL 1996 Three members of a novel small gene-family from Arabidopsis thaliana able to complement functionally an Escherichia coli mutant defective in PAPS reductase activity encode proteins with a thioredoxin-like domain and "APS reductase" activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 13377-13382.

Hajirezaei MR, Peisker M, Tschiersch H, Palatnik JF, Valle EM, Carrillo N, Sonnewald U 2002 Small changes in the activity of chloroplastic NADP(+)-dependent ferredoxin oxidoreductase lead to impaired plant growth and restrict photosynthetic activity of transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 29: 281-293.

Hansen TA 1994 Metabolism of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 66: 165-185.

Harada E, Kusano T, Sano H 2000 Differential expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sulfur assimilation pathways in response to wounding and jasmonate in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol. 156: 272-276.

Haverkamp T, Schwenn JD 1999 Structure and function of a cysBJIH gene cluster in the purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina. Microbiology 145: 115-125.

Heiss S, Schafer HJ, Haag-Kerwer A, Rausch T 1999 Cloning sulfur assimilation genes of Brassica juncea L.: cadmium differentially affects the expression of a putative low-affinity sulfate transporter and isoforms of ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase. Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 847-857.

Herschbach C, Mult S, Kreuzwieser J, Kopriva S 2005 Influence of anoxia on whole plant sulphur nutrition of flooding-tolerant poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba). Plant Cell Environ. 28: 167-175.

Ilbert M, Mejean V, Giudici-Orticoni MT, Samama JP, Iobbi-Nivol C 2003 Involvement of a mate chaperone (TorD) in the maturation pathway of molybdoenzyme TorA. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 28787-28792.

Imsande J 1999 Iron-sulfur clusters: Formation, perturbation, and physiological functions. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 37: 87-97.

Itoh Y, Higeta D, Suzuki A, Yoshida H, Ozeki Y 2002 Excision of transposable elements from the chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes may contribute to the variegation of the yellow-flowered carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 578-585.

Jones L, Ennos AR, Turner SR 2001 Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4 (irx4): a severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 26: 205-216.

Kappler U, Dahl C 2001 Enzymology and molecular biology of prokaryotic sulfite oxidation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203: 1-9.

Kessi J 2006 Enzymic systems proposed to be involved in the dissimilatory reduction of selenite in the purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodobacter capsulatus. Microbiology 152: 731-743.

Kopriva S, Buchert T, Fritz G, Suter M, Benda R, Schunemann V, Koprivova A, Schurmann P, Trautwein AX, Kroneck PM, Brunold C 2002 The presence of an iron-sulfur cluster in adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase separates organisms utilizing adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate for sulfate assimilation. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 21786-21791.

Kopriva S, Koprivova A 2004 Plant adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate reductase: the past, the present, and the future. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1775-1783.

Kopriva S, Muheim R, Koprivova A, Trachsel N, Catalano C, Suter M, Brunold C 1999 Light regulation of assimilatory sulphate reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 20: 37-44.

Krasil'nikova EN, Bogdanova TI, Zakharchuk LM, Tsaplina IA, Karavaiko GI 1998 Metabolism of reduced sulfur compounds in Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, strain 1269. Microbiology 67: 125-132.

Krone FA, Westphal G, Meyer HE, Schwenn JD 1990 PAPS-reductase of Escherichia coli. Correlating the N-terminal amino acid sequence with the DNA of gene cys H. FEBS Lett. 260: 6-9.

Krone FA, Westphal G, Schwenn JD 1991 Characterisation of the gene cysH and of its product phospho-adenylylsulphate reductase from Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 314-319.

Lee DY, Ramos A, Macomber L, Shapleigh JP 2002 Taxis response of various denitrifying bacteria to nitrate and nitrite. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2140-2147.

Leimkuhler S, Klipp W 1999 The molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MobA from Rhodobacter capsulatus is required for the activity of molybdenum enzymes containing MGD, but not for xanthine dehydrogenase harboring the MPT cofactor. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 174: 239-246.

Li C, Peck HD Jr, Przybyla AE 1987 Cloning of the 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate reductase and sulfite reductase genes from Escherichia coli K-12. Gene 53: 227-234.

Lillig CH, Prior A, Schwenn JD, Aslund F, Ritz D, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Holmgren A 1999 New thioredoxins and glutaredoxins as electron donors of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 7695-7698.

Luque-Almagro VM, Blasco R, Saez LP, Roldan MD, Moreno-Vivian C, Castillo F, Martinez-Luque M 2006 Interactions between nitrate assimilation and 2,4-dinitrophenol cometabolism in Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1. Curr. Microbiol. 53: 37-42.

Macaluso A, Best EA, Bender RA 1990 Role of the nac gene product in the nitrogen regulation of some NTR-regulated operons of Klebsiella aerogenes. J. Bacteriol. 172: 7249-7255.

Mahan MJ, Csonka LN 1983 Genetic analysis of the proBA genes of Salmonella typhimurium: physical and genetic analyses of the cloned proB+ A+ genes of Escherichia coli and of a mutant allele that confers proline overproduction and enhanced osmotolerance. J. Bacteriol. 156: 1249-1262.

McCallum JA, Pither-Joyce M, Shaw M 2002 Sulfur deprivation and genotype affect gene expression and metabolism of onion roots. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 127: 583-589.

Montoya G, Svensson C, Savage H, Schwenn JD, Sinning I 1998 Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of phospho-adenylylsulfate (PAPS) reductase from E. coli. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 54: 281-283.

Murguia JR, Belles JM, Serrano R 1996 The yeast HAL2 nucleotidase is an in vivo target of salt toxicity. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 29029-29033.

Nicolls MR, D'Antonio JM, Hutton JC, Gill RG, Czwornog JL, Duncan MW 2003 Proteomics as a tool for discovery: proteins implicated in Alzheimer's disease are highly expressed in normal pancreatic islets. J. Proteome Res. 2: 199-205.

Niehaus A, Gisselmann G, Schwenn JD 1992 Primary structure of the Synechococcus PCC 7942 PAPS reductase gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 1179-1183.

Pasternack LB, Littlepage LE, Laude DA Jr, Appling DR 1996 13C NMR analysis of the use of alternative donors to the tetrahydrofolate-dependent one-carbon pools in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 326: 158-165.

Pau RN, Lawson DM 2002 Transport, homeostasis, regulation, and binding of molybdate and tungstate to proteins. Met. Ions Biol. Syst. 39: 31-74.

Phartiyal P, Kim WS, Cahoon RE, Jez JM, Krishnan HB 2007 The role of 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase in the sulfur assimilation pathway of soybean: molecular cloning, kinetic characterization, and gene expression. Phytochemistry Aug 28 [Epub ahead of print].

Pino C, Olmo-Mira F, Cabello P, Martinez-Luque M, Castillo F, Roldan MD, Moreno-Vivian C 2006 The assimilatory nitrate reduction system of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34: 127-129.

Prieto R, Fernandez E 1993 Toxicity of and mutagenesis by chlorate are independent of nitrate reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237: 429-438.

Prior A, Uhrig JF, Heins L, Wiesmann A, Lillig CH, Stoltze C, Soll J, Schwenn JD 1999 Structural and kinetic properties of adenylyl sulfate reductase from Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1430: 25-38.

Ravina CG, Chang CI, Tsakraklides GP, McDermott JP, Vega JM, Leustek T, Gotor C, Davies JP 2002 The sac mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveal transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of cysteine biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 130: 2076-2084.

Roche CJ, Dantsker D, Samuni U, Friedman JM 2006 Nitrite reductase activity of sol-gel encapsulated deoxy hemoglobin: influence of quaternary and tertiary structure. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 36874-36882.

Rotte C, Leustek T 2000 Differential subcellular localization and expression of ATP sulfurylase and 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase during ontogenesis of Arabidopsis leaves indicates that cytosolic and plastid forms of ATP sulfurylase may have specialized functions. Plant Physiol. 124: 715-724.

Ruiz JM, Castilla N, Romero L 2000 Nitrogen metabolism in pepper plants applied with different bioregulators. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 2925-2999.

Russel M, Model P, Holmgren A 1990 Thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in Escherichia coli is essential for sulfate reduction but not for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 172: 1923-1929.

Savage H, Montoya G, Svensson C, Schwenn JD, Sinning I 1997 Crystal structure of phosphoadenylyl sulphate (PAPS) reductase: a new family of adenine nucleotide alpha hydrolases. Structure 5: 895-906.

Schiff JA 1979 Pathways of assimilatory sulphate reduction in plants and microorganisms. Ciba Found. Symp. 72: 49-69.

Schulte M, Von Ballmoos P, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C 2002 Life-long growth of Quercus ilex L. at natural CO2 springs acclimates sulphur, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism of the progeny to elevated pCO(2). Plant Cell Environ. 25: 1715-1727.

Schwenn JD, Krone FA, Husmann K 1988 Yeast PAPS reductase: properties and requirements of the purified enzyme. Arch. Microbiol. 150: 313-319.

Schwenn JD, Schriek U 1987 PAPS-reductase from Escherichia coli: characterization of the enzyme as probe for thioredoxins. Z. Naturforsch. [C] 42: 93-102.

Setya A, Murillo M, Leustek T 1996 Sulfate reduction in higher plants: molecular evidence for a novel 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 13383-13388.

Shoukry K, Schulz H 1998 Significance of the reductase-dependent pathway for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with odd-numbered double bonds. Mitochondrial metabolism of 2-trans-5-cis-octadienoyl-CoA. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 6892-6899.

Sors TG, Ellis DR, Na GN, Lahner B, Lee S, Leustek T, Pickering IJ, Salt DE 2005 Analysis of sulfur and selenium assimilation in Astragalus plants with varying capacities to accumulate selenium. Plant J. 42: 785-797.

Sperling D, Kappler U, Wynen A, Dahl C, Truper HG 1998 Dissimilatory ATP sulfurylase from the hyperthermophilic sulfate reducer Archaeoglobus fulgidus belongs to the group of homo-oligomeric ATP sulfurylases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162: 257-264.

Stauber EJ, Fink A, Markert C, Kruse O, Johanningmeier U, Hippler M 2003 Proteomics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii light-harvesting proteins. Eukaryot. Cell 2: 978-994.

Stephens JL, Brown SE, Lapitan NLV, Knudson DL 2004 Physical mapping of barley genes using an ultrasensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. Genome 47: 179-189.

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Takahashi H, Yamazaki M, Sasakura N, Watanabe A, Leustek T, Engler JA, Engler G, Van Montagu M, Saito K 1997 Regulation of sulfur assimilation in higher plants: a sulfate transporter induced in sulfate-starved roots plays a central role in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 11102-11107.

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Tsai CJ, Ma BY, Kumar S, Wolfson H, Nussinov R 2001 Protein folding: Binding of conformationally fluctuating building blocks via population selection. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36: 399-433.

Tsakraklides G, Martin M, Chalam R, Tarczynski MC, Schmidt A, Leustek T 2002 Sulfate reduction is increased in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plant J. 32: 879-889.

Tsang ML 1981 Assimilatory sulfate reduction in Escherichia coli: identification of the alternate cofactor for adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate reductase as glutaredoxin. J. Bacteriol. 146: 1059-1066.

Tsang ML, Schiff JA 1978 Assimilatory sulfate reduction in an Escherichia coli mutant lacking thioredoxin activity. J. Bacteriol. 134: 131-138.

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Wilkinson JQ, Crawford NM 1991 Identification of the Arabidopsis CHL3 gene as the nitrate reductase structural gene NIA2. Plant Cell 3: 461-471.

Wray JL, Campbell EI, Roberts MA, Gutierrez-Marcos JF 1998 Redefining reductive sulfate assimilation in higher plants: a role for APS reductase, a new member of the thioredoxin superfamily? Chem. Biol. Interact. 109: 153-167.

Yagi T, Ogata M 1996 Catalytic properties of adenylylsulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki. Biochimie 78: 838-846.

Number of references = 90

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Last Update: 9/20/2007