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 In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium, proline synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by three enzymes: gamma-glutamyl kinase (GK), glutamyl phosphate reductase (GPR) (glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase), and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), encoded by genes proB, proA and proC, respectively (Baich, 1969; 1971; Gamper and Moses, 1974; Hayzer and Moses, 1978ab; Krishna and Leisinger, 1979; Krishna et al, 1979; Adams and Frank, 1980; Hayzer and Leisinger, 1980; 1981; 1982; Deutch et al, 1982; 1984; Smith et al, 1984):
The yeast proline biosynthesis pathway appears to be similar to the bacterial pathway (Li and Brandiss, 1992). The GK of Escherichia coli is inhibited by proline (Baich, 1969; Rushlow et al, 1984; Smith, 1985). Proline over-producing mutants have a GK with markedly altered feedback inhibition (Csonka, 1981; Rushlow et al, 1984; Smith, 1985).
Adams E, Frank L 1980 Metabolism of proline and the hydroxyprolines. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49: 1005-1061. Baich A 1969 Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline-inhibitable glutamic acid kinase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192: 462-467. Baich A 1971 The biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli. Phosphate-dependent glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP), the second enzyme in the pathway. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 244: 129-134. Csonka LN 1981 Proline over-production results in enhanced osmotolerance in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet. 182: 82-86. Deutch AH, Rushlow KE, Smith CJ, Kretschmer PJ 1982 Escherichia coli delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase: gene sequence, protein overproduction and purification. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 7701-7714. Deutch AH, Smith CJ, Rushlow KE 1984 Analysis of the Escherichia coli proBA locus by DNA and protein sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6337-6355. Gamper H, Moses V 1974 Enzyme organization in the proline biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 354: 75-87. Hayzer DJ, Leisinger T 1980 The gene-enzyme relationships of proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 118: 287-293. Hayzer DJ, Leisinger T 1981 Proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Stoichiometry and end-product identification of the reaction catalyzed by glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 197: 269-274. Hayzer DJ, Leisinger T 1982 Proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization of glutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem. 121: 561-565. Hayzer DJ, Moses V 1978a Proline biosynthesis by cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli and potential errors arising from the use of a bioradiological assay procedure. Biochem. J. 173: 207-217. Hayzer DJ, Moses V 1978b The enzymes of proline biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Their molecular weights and the problem of enzyme aggregation. Biochem. J. 173: 219-228. Krishna RV, Beilstein P, Leisinger T 1979 Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Properties of gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase and delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Biochem. J. 181: 223-230. Krishna RV, Leisinger T 1979 Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Partial purification and characterization of gamma-glutamyl kinase. Biochem. J. 181: 215-222. Rushlow KE, Deutch AH, Smith CJ 1984 Identification of a mutation that relieves gamma-glutamyl kinase from allosteric feedback inhibition by proline. Gene 39: 109-112. Smith LT 1985 Characterization of a gamma-glutamyl kinase from Escherichia coli that confers proline overproduction and osmotic tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1088-1093. Smith CJ, Deutch AH, Rushlow KE 1984 Purification and characteristics of a gamma-glutamyl kinase involved in Escherichia coli proline biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 157: 545-551.
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