Hovenia dulcis, Thunb. China: fruit eaten fresh. India (Garhwal Himalayas): flowers eaten. Vernacular name: Raisin Tree. Ref. GUPTA, READ.
Rhamnus virgata, Roxb. China: leaves eaten after boiling with salt and oil. Vernacular name: Buckthorn. Ref. READ.
Zizyphus Jujuba, Mill. Lam. (syn. Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam.) Sudan (western): fruits fermented and prepared into a confection. India (Deccan): dry fruits powdered; (Madras Presidency): ripe fruit eaten. Vernacular names - Tamil: Yellanday kai. Telugu: Reygoo. Ref. IRVINE, SHORTT, WATT.
Zizyphus mauritania, Lam.. India (Rajasthan): the sweet and somewhat acidic fruit of this tree are processed as for Zizyphus nummularia. The fruit are somewhat larger, about 1.5cm. in diameter, and are sometimes eaten fresh; (Garhwal Himalayas): fruit eaten raw. Nigeria (Kano State, northern): fruit eaten. Vernacular names (India) - Rajasthan (Jaisalmer district): Bar - bor. Rajasthan (western): Bor, Bér. (Nigeria) - Hausa: Magarya. Ref. BHANDARI; GUPTA & KANODIA, MORTIMORE, SAXENA.
Zizyphus mucronata, Willd. Sudan. As for Z. Spina -Christi (q.v.); however, the fruit are larger, darker red in color, rather bitter tasting and considered inferior to it. Chemical composition: Protein (crude): 2.8% (dry). Fat = 2.1% (dry). Ash (insoluble) = 4.4% (dry). Fibre (crude) = 4.1%. Carbohydrate (soluble): Starch = 29.5% (dry). Sucrose = 48,5% (dry). D-glucose = 1.1% (dry). D-fructose = 1.0% (dry). Amino acids (g [16g N]-1): Aspartic acid = 16.6g. Threonine = 3.4g. Serine = 3.9g. Glutamic acid = 17.6g. Proline = 5.3g. Glycine = 4.9g. Alanine = 7.5g. Valine= 5.1g. Cysteine = 1.0g. Methionine = 1.0g. Isoleucine = 4.3g. Leucine = 8.5g. Tyrosine = 3.6g. Phenylalanine = 4.3g. Lysine = 3.9g. Histidine = 1.4g. Arginine = 4.7g. Minerals: Sulphur = 0.05% (dry). Potassium = 0.12% (dry). Magnesium = 0.10% (dry). Calcium = 0.27% (dry). Na = 0.01% (dry). K = 2.08% (dry). Zinc = 6mg/kg-1 (dry). Iron = 289 mg/kg-1 (dry). Manganese = 10mg/kg-1 (dry). Copper = 3mg/kg-1 (dry). Vernacular names: Karno, Cidir. Ref. ABDELMUTI.
Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight. & Arn.; DC. India (Rajasthan): the fruit, when fully ripe and less than one centimeter in diameter, are gathered in the beginning of the winter months, dried, ground, and sieved. The powder formed is eaten either alone, mixed with Gur (a sugar condiment) or Bajra (millet) flour. It is also reported that the cotyledons are removed from the seed, fried and eaten separately or mixed with Bajra (millet). Dried fruit used medicinally. Soil type favored by plant: sandy plains and sand dunes. Vernacular names - Rajasthan, Jaisalmer district: Borti. Western Rajasthan: Bordi, Jharbér. Ref. BHANDARI; GUPTA & KANODIA, SAXENA; SHANKARNARAYAN & SAXENA, WATT.
Zizyphus orthacantha, DC. Chad (central): fruit eaten. Vernacular name - Arabic: Nabak. Ref. CRÉAC'H.
Zizyphus rugosa, Lam. India (Deccan): fruit eaten. Ref. WATT.
Zizyphus Spina-Christi, Sudan (western): cherry-type [sic] fruit used as a delicacy [sic]; (Kordofan, Darfur): bitter-sweet pulp of fruit is dried and milled to produce a fine flour. One method of preparation places the flour in small metal cups which are cooked under steam. This process solidifies the flour in the shape of the container. The dried pulp-flour and water are also mixed with seseame and formed into small balls for immediate or future use. The seed coat is also cracked open and the kernels eaten raw. Nigeria (Kano State, northern): fruit eaten. Chemical composition (after Berry-Koch) (per 100g) (fruit, dried): Protein = 4.8g. Fat = .9g. Calcium = 140mg. Fe = 3.0mg. Vitamin B1 = .04mg. Vitamin B2 = .13mg. Niacin = 3.7mg. Vitamin C = 30mg. Chemical composition (after Abdelmuti): Protein (crude) = 5.6% (dry). Fat = 2.1% (dry). Ash (insoluble) = 4.4% (dry). Fibre (crude) (dry) = 4.1%(dry). Carbohydrate (soluble): Starch = 21.8% (dry). Sugars: Sucrose = 21.8% (dry). D-glucose = 9.6% (dry). D- fructose = 16.0% (dry). Amino acids (g [16g N]-1): Aspartic acid = 15.1g. Threonine = 2.2g. Serine = 3.9g. Glutamic acid = 17.6g. Proline = 5.3g. Glycine = 3.1g. Alanine = 3.4g. Valine = 3.1g. Cysteine = 0.5g. Methionine = 0.4g. Isoleucine = 2.3g. Leucine = 3.9g. Tyrosine = 1.8g. Phenylalanine = 2.2g. Lysine = 2.3g. Histidine = 0.9g. Arginine = 3.4g. Sulphur 0.04% (dry). Potassium = 0.13% (dry). Magnesium = 0.12% (dry). Calcium = 0.61% (dry). Na = 0.01% (dry). K = 1.91% (dry). Zinc = 9mg/kg-1 (dry). Iron = 20mg/kg-1 (dry). Manganese = 13mg/kg-1 (dry). Copper = 5mg/kg-1 (dry). Vernacular names - Sudan: Nabag, Nabak, Cidir, Christ's thorn. Nigeria (Hausa): Kurna. Ref. ABDELMUTI, BERRY- KOCH, MORTIMORE.
Zizyphus truncata, Blatt. & Halib. India (Rajasthan): ripe fruit eaten. Ref. GUPTA & KANODIA.
Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam., var. spinosus, Bunge. China: fruit eaten fresh. Unripe fruit boiled and eaten. Vernacular name: Spiny Jujube. Ref. READ.