{\rtf1\mac \deff0 {\fonttbl {\f0\fmodern Courier;} {\f1\fmodern Courier;}{\f2\fmodern MS LineDraw;}{\f3\fdecor Symbol;}} {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue127;\red0\green127\blue0;\red0\green127\blue127;\red127\green0\blue0;\red127\green0\blue127;\red127\green127\blue0;\red127\green127\blue127;\red63\green63\blue63;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red0\green255\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;}\linex0 \sbknone \margl720 \margr1750 \margt1440 \margb720 \plain \fs22 \f0 \linex0 \linemod0 \sbknone \pard \qc \tqr \tx3481 A ItANDbO()K OF ENERGY SPECIES\par \pard \qc \tqr \tx3481 INTKODUCTION\par \pard \tqr \tx3481 \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9749 With the advent of the long gasoline lines during the gas shortage of 1973,\par America and many other countries took a longing harder look at some of the\par renewable energy sources, especially plants. Shortly thereafter, we were deluged\par with exciting experiments with such esoteric energetic ephemerals as the bti1\par bushes, diesel trees, energy grasses, petroleum plants, biomass farms, fuelwood\par farms, etc. As I write this introduction in early 1984, there is a momentary\par petroleum glut on the world market, car sizes and sales are climbing again,\par interest in renewable resources is receding, and it is business as usual.\par Conservatism reigns, conservatioilism wanes; until the gas lines return, America's\par temporary conservationism has retrenct1ed; the car pools are emptier, the storage\par tanks, fuller. Interest in coal conversion, ethanol, gasohol, methane5 methanol,\par oil shales, and synfuels is waning. All this will change within a decade or so!\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9280 The nuclear euphoria is gone, and solar cells are in eclipse. The world\par still runs on fossil fuel. Sitting complacently on its assets of coal, oil,\par and natural gas, the US, world's largest energy consumer, has once again,\par \fs22 \f1 \b temporarily lost interest in renewable energy sources.\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f1 \pard \tqr \tx9534 But tropical countries (especially humid countries with few or no fossil\par \fs22 \f0 \plain \fs22 fuels), bankrupt by high energy costs, must look to what natural \fs22 \f1 \b resources they\par have in their hunger for energy alternatives. \fs22 \f0 \plain \fs22 With \fs22 \f1 \b good reason, they are\par \fs22 \f0 \plain \fs22 reevaluating the potential of plant\_derived energy sources, to help them fuel\par their emergence. They are looking to living plants rather than fossil fuels\par for tomorrow's energy needs.\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9659 Under contract #59\_2246\_1\_6\_054\_0, with the Uepartment of Energy, monitored\par hy 1)r. tIarvin 1lagby, Managel\_, Nvr~l\_~err1 A>~icultural Fncrgy Cr\_r;ter, US1)A, at\par \par \fs22 \f0 \sect \sectd \linex0 \linemod0 \sbknone \margtsxn720 \marglsxn720 \margrsxn1664 \pard \tqr \tx9856 Peoria, Illinois, I was commissioned to prepare information summaries \par on 200 of\par the more promising energy species, i.e., those plant species which \par might make\par significant energy contributions to developed or developing nations. \par It was\par agreed that these sum~aries would be in the same format as the \par \fs22 \f0 \ul Handbook of Legumes\par of World Economic Importance \fs22 \f0 \plain \fs22 (Duke, 1981), but that an energetic \par paragraph would\par be included as well.\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9136 As the program moved along, it became obvious that most of the \par energy\par species fell into one or more of several broad and overlapping \par categories of\par energy plants :\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \qc \tqr \tx3856 Firewood Species (F in \par \pard \qc \tqr \tx3856 Table 1)\par \pard \tqr \tx3856 \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx2916 Oilseeds (O)\par N\_Fixing Species (N)\par Crop Residues (C)\par Bulk Biomass (B)\par Alcohol Species (A)\par Hydrocarbon Species \par (H)\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9576 Each of these categories had their champions, each of whom endorsed \par one or\par more species as most promising. Advocacy was so rampant that it was \par difficult\par for readers to decipher the fine borderline between overadvocacy and \par truth. I\par tried to approach all advocates and advocees from all camps with an \par open mind,\par read and assess what each had to say, then take the more reliable \par information\par and incorporate it into my information summary. I cannot claim a \par complete lack\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9776 of bias because I once published small papers suggesting biomass \par (Duke and Duke,\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx9656 h\par 1975) and oilpalms (Duke, 1977) as energy sources for the future. \par Today, with\par the reading behind me, my bias towards oilpalms has resurfaced. I \par fear for my\par favorite habitat, the Tropical Moist Forest, hereinafter referred to \par as TMF, if\par the world arrives at my same cone ~ sign.\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx1596 J~ \par ~r\\. i~`k3\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f0 \pard \tqr \tx376 * \_\par \par \par \fs18 \f0 \sect \sectd \linex0 \linemod0 \sbknone \margtsxn720 \marglsxn720 \margrsxn1008 \pard \tqr \tx1592 Jamcs A. Dt;ke\par \par \fs22 \f1 \fs22 \f1 \pard \tqr \tx992 TABLE \par 1\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f1 \pard \tqr \tx7712 Two Hundred Energy Species, Their Ecological \par Amplitudes and NPP\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f1 \pard \tx144 \tx1100 \tx1640 \tqc \tx2840 \tqc \tx4000 \tx4960 \tqc \tx6320 \tqr \tx6812 \tab E\par \tab n T\par \tab e y\par \tab r p\tab \tab \_~/\tab \tab Ann.\par \tab g e\tab Life\tab \tab Ann.\tab Temp\tab \par \tab Ann~\par \tab y\tab Zone\tab \tab Precip,\tab ~C\tab pH\par \tab Yield\par \par \fs10 \f0 \fs22 \f1 \pard \tx144 \tqr \tx3300 \tqc \tx4160 \tqc \tx5640 \tqdec \tx7180 \tqc \tx8040 \tqdec \tx10300 \tqr \tx10444 \tab Abies balsamea\tab F\tab g~