March
2006
By
B. Rosie Lerner
Extension Consumer Horticulturist
Purdue University
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Tater Planting Time
Although some dedicated gardeners may have already planted their seed
potatoes, for most of us, the ground has been a little too soggy. Some
gardeners aim for planting on or around St. Patrick's Day, while others
of us will be lucky to have them planted by Mother's Day!
Potatoes are considered to be cool-season plants and can be planted just
as soon as the ground has thawed and dried enough to safely work the soil.
However, it is critical to allow the soil to dry adequately. If worked
while still too wet, soil forms compacted, hard clumps, leading to misshapen
tubers later in the season.
The potato plant can adapt to most types of soil but must have good drainage
to prevent the tubers from rotting before they can be harvested. Choose
a sunny location and work in about 2-3 pounds of a balanced, low-analysis
fertilizer, such as 12-12-12, per 100 square feet to promote vigorous
plant growth.
The part of the potato plant that we eat is called a tuber, a technical
name that refers to an enlarged modified stem that grows underground.
Potato tubers that are used to create a new planting are called seed potatoes.
You'll want to start with the best quality seed potatoes you can, so look
for those that are labeled as certified disease-free at garden shops and
in mail-order catalogs.
To start a new planting, cut the seed potato into pieces so that each
individual piece has at least one healthy-looking bud (eye). That bud
will become the shoot of the new plant and, as the stem develops, it will
also produce new roots. The piece of old tuber attached to the bud provides
a source of carbohydrates to sustain the young plant until those new roots
and shoots develop. Plant the pieces 2-3 inches deep and space them about
12 inches apart within the row and 24-36 inches between rows.
New tubers that will become this year's harvest generally begin to form
sometime in early to mid summer and continue to grow in size until early
fall, as long as adequate moisture, air and nutrients are available.
The tubers can be harvested as new potatoes in mid to late summer, before
they reach full size and before the skins start to toughen. New potatoes
are tender and tasty, but they don't keep very long, and, since the plant
must be pulled up to harvest the tubers, yields are generally small.
If you want bigger yields of full-size tubers, it's best to leave the
plants until they begin to die back on their own, usually by late summer
or early fall. As the plants begin to turn brown, gently lift the tubers
with a digging fork and remove them from the plants. If the potatoes are
going to be used immediately, no further treatment is needed. However,
to be able to store the potatoes for later use, you'll want to allow the
tubers to cure, or air-dry, for 1-2 weeks to allow the skins to thicken
and dry.
The biggest challenge for gardeners is finding dark storage conditions
at a temperature of 40-45 degrees. Both light and warmth promote sprouting
of the buds. Store only the best quality tubers, which are free of cuts,
bruises and diseases, for best results. Potatoes can be stored from 2
to 9 months, depending on the cultivar and storage conditions.
3-16-06
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